组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t—PA）工程细胞系遗传特性及成瘤性分析

组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)因其在防止血栓形成中起重要作用而受到人们的重视。但由于t-PA在血液中半衰期很短,作为溶栓药,一时难于推广。为了延长半衰期、增强其特异活性,本组构建了t-PA突变体并在CHO-dhfr~-细胞中获得了高效表达。我们在细胞培养基中加入秋水仙素,通过低张、固定、染色,进行染色体分析,结果表明,t-PA工程细胞系染色体条数为20条,畸变类型有异着丝粒。四倍体、裂隙、断片,畸变率为15％,属于正常范围。同时我们对该细胞系进行成瘤性试验,选用4周龄裸鼠作为试验鼠,以Hela细胞为阳性对照,CHO-dhfr~-细胞为阴性对照,试验表明:t-PA工程细胞及表达产物对裸鼠均无成瘤性。     

组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)突变体工程细胞株生物学特性分析

t-PA突变体工程细胞株FSGGI48形态与其亲代细胞CHO-dhfr相似呈多角形,类似上皮细胞。在MTX加压至5×10~(-6)mol/L时,少数细胞形态略变瘦长,但仍呈多角形,因此该工程细胞株形态正常。抗体中和抑制试验及纤维蛋白板80℃加热试验显示,FSGGI48细胞表达产物与st-PA的活性均能被抗t-PA抗体所抑制,而胰酶的活性则不被抑制,且二者在80℃加热的纤维蛋白板上均不产生溶解圈,胰酶则产生溶解圈,由此可知,该细胞株表达产物为特异的rt-PA产品。细胞无血清培养上清经FA-PA检测,亚克隆株表达水平为4000IU/10~6细胞/24h。分别测定冻存3个月后复苏和体外传代3个月以上细胞的表达水平,结果显示部分亚克隆细胞株表达水平下降,多数仍为3000-4000IU/10~6细胞/24h,说明细胞株稳定性好。裸鼠试验表明,该工程株活细胞、细胞DNA、纯化的细胞表达产物均无致瘤性。支原体检查结果为阴性。染色体分析显示,FSGGI48细胞与其亲代细胞(CHO-dhfr细胞)染色体数目相同均为20条,但均有不同程度不同类型的畸变。CHO-dhfr细胞畸变率为6%。该工程细胞的畸变率为15%-18%,在允许范围内。结果证明,t-PA突变体细胞株FSGGI48为性能优良的工程细胞株。     

病毒疫苗制备用不同核型VERO细胞系在裸鼠体内致癌/致瘤性的系统实验研究

生产疫苗用细胞系可能具有致瘤性,一些常用的细胞系需要检查不同代次有无致癌性。在建立传代细胞种子库与工作库基础上,对研制生产病毒活疫苗所用8株VERO细胞系在219只裸鼠进行了致癌(瘤)实验。本研究结果表明,VERO细胞染色体核型可发生变异,亚四倍体JA株与超二倍体KA株具有强的致癌性,不能用于致弱活病毒疫苗制备,但可替代HeLa细胞系用作恶性肿瘤阳性对照细胞。筛出无致瘤性的YB、dC、M和JB株亚二倍体VERO细胞系,可替代BHK-21细胞用于狂犬病减毒活疫苗制备。VERO细胞系染色体遗传相对稳定。不同代次变化不大。研究发现细胞染色体遗传特征决定致瘤性质并具有种属特异性,不同核型细胞致瘤性不同,细胞染色体数目变异大小和致癌性成正相关,通过体内外交替选育可在裸鼠体内快速选育成功高变异率肿瘤细胞系。高变异率HeLa或VERO细胞系移植于裸鼠可能产生恶性横纹肌样瘤。因此,应当强调疫苗生产用细胞系致瘤性评价的重要性。     

野生型组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)工程细胞株生物学特性分析

野生型t-PA工程细胞4B3形态与亲代细胞CHO-dhfr-相似呈多角形,类似上皮细胞。在MTX加压达5×10~(-7)mol/L时,少数细胞略变瘦长,但仍显多角形,形态正常。细胞无血清培养上清经FAPA检测,亚克隆株表达水平为10~6细胞4000～5000IU/24h。细胞经体外传代3个月及冻存3个月后复苏,部分亚克隆株表达水平下降,多数仍为10~6细胞4000IU/24h,表明4B3细胞株稳定性好。裸鼠试验表明,该工程株活细胞、细胞DNA、纯化的4B3rt-PA均无致瘤性病毒,支原体检查为阴性。遗传特性分析表明,该工程细胞与其亲代细胞CHO-dhfr-细胞染色体数均为20条,均有不同程度不同类型的畸变。该工程细胞的畸变率为16％。CHO-dhfr-细胞畸变率为6％。属正常范围。结果表明4B3细胞株为高效表达的性能优良的工程细胞株。     

Wistar大鼠自发性乳腺肿瘤细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

目的 从Wistar大鼠自发性乳腺肿瘤中分离出乳腺肿瘤细胞系(ZHL2006),并对其进行鉴定,为动物模型的开发、肿瘤发病机制的探讨提供有价值的线索.方法 对一例Wistar大鼠自发性乳腺腺癌瘤组织进行培养.对传代培养细胞进行细胞生长曲线测定、细胞形态结构分析、细胞染色体分析,检测广谱细胞角蛋白(PCK)表达、软琼脂集落形成实验等检测.将细胞接种于10只裸鼠,并对形成的肿瘤进行病理组织学检查,并进行分离培养.结果 ZHL2006细胞在体外生长迅速,群体倍增时间为43.6 h;倒置显微镜及Giemsa染色镜下观察细胞为多边形及梭形;透射电镜观察可见细胞表面有微绒毛,核高度不规则,核浆比例增大,核仁明显等;染色体数目和结构异常,具有癌细胞特性.广谱细胞角蛋白(PCK)染色阳性,说明其自上皮而非来自基质;同时ZHL2006细胞系在软琼脂中可形成克隆,具裸鼠致瘤性.该乳腺肿瘤细胞系经体外长期培养后已形成永生化细胞系,并具有明显的恶性细胞表型.裸鼠接种实验成功率为6/10,复制肿瘤细胞和原发肿瘤形态结构一致,细胞培养形态结构一致.结论 本研究成功的建立了大鼠乳腺肿瘤细胞系,该细胞系具有典型的恶性肿瘤特征,能应用于裸鼠并成功复制出乳腺肿瘤模型.     

外源NF-IL6(C/EBPβ)对肝癌细胞系BEL-7404的肿瘤抑制效应

目的:探讨核转录因子NFIL6对肝癌细胞系BEL7404恶性度的影响。方法:用磷酸钙介导转染技术,将NFIL6表达载体(pCN)和空载体质粒(pCN空)分别导入肝癌细胞系BEL7404,并借助细胞生长曲线,软琼脂集落形成试验,裸鼠成瘤试验对转染细胞的恶性度进行了检测。结果:与原细胞系BEL7404和空载体转染的该细胞系相比较,转染了NFIL6基因的BEL7404的各细胞克隆生长速度减慢,在软琼脂中集落形成率恶性度下降,裸鼠成瘤试验显示成瘤性明显降低。结论:表明外源转染的NFIL6对肝癌细胞系BEL7404具有明显的肿瘤抑制作用 。     

动物细胞系的染色体组型与遗传变异率分析

在建立国内首家犬,猫,猴,鼠传代细胞库,即7种动物肾细胞系（F－81,CRFK,MDCK,Vero,Vero-2,MA-104,BHK-21)的种子库和工作库的基础上,通过细胞染色体组型,G带核型,染色体数目变异率,结构畸变率分析,了解7种细胞系传代培养不同代次的染色体变异情况,以相应的细胞株皮下接种褐 形成肿瘤实验,软琼脂细胞克隆一苦恼经与植物凝集素作用下细胞凝集实验为对照,筛选出无致癌／致瘤性,符合细胞遗传学要求,无传染因子污染的细胞系（F－81,CRFK,Vero,Vero-2)或极低致癌性的MDCK细胞系用于制苗,发现肿瘤细胞系高变异率株可在裸鼠体内快速选育成功,细胞系染色体遗传特征决定致性质并具有种属特异性,得到一些100％成瘤和100％不成瘤的细胞株并了与染色体组型的关系,对于肿瘤的发病机理及实验治疗,都是非常好的模型,一些细胞系不仅成瘤而且还可转移（致恶性横纹肌样瘤的BHK－21和Vero 细胞株）,其他致瘤细胞株只成瘤不转移或不明显转移。     

表达Rta的杆状病毒载体和更昔洛韦联用治疗鼻咽癌的实验研究

目的 联合使用一种新的表达Epstein Barr病毒（EBV）裂解性复制极早期基因Rta的杆状病毒载体及抗病毒药物更昔洛韦,试验其对激活鼻咽癌细胞中潜伏性EBV的复制和杀伤肿瘤细胞的作用。方法 用携带EBV的复制起点OriP和CMV启动子表达Rta基因的重组杆状病毒处理EBV潜伏感染的鼻咽癌细胞Hone1-EBV,和由该细胞系建立的裸鼠肿瘤模型,同时联合使用更昔洛韦,研究细胞和肿瘤生长的情况。结果 重组杆状病毒和更昔洛韦联合处理肿瘤细胞后,细胞生长活性仅为对照的51%,裸鼠活体实验中肿瘤生长也受到明显的抑制,10 d后瘤体积仅为对照的20%,瘤重仅为对照的30%。组织化学分析证实大量肿瘤细胞坏死。结论 杆状病毒载体与更昔洛韦联合可以用于EBV相关的鼻咽癌的治疗。     

t-PA cDNA在CHO细胞中的高效稳定表达

我们曾报道t-PA mRNA非翻译区序列对其表达有明显的抑制作用,在此基础上,通过对5′-UTR及3′-UTR的改造,使t-PA在COS-7细胞中的表达水平提高30倍左右。将t-PA表达质粒用电击法转染中国仓鼠卵巢细胞二氢叶酸还原酶缺陷株(CHO-dhfr),经过混合加压及筛选,在CHO细胞中高效表达了t-PA,表达水平达到5000～6000 IU/10~6细胞/24hr。重组t-PA具有与天然t-PA相同的分子量及酶活性。经过8个月连续传代,表达水平未下降,表明细胞株是稳定的,其主要指标均符合工程细胞株的要求。     

HBsAg重组DNA转化中国地鼠卵巢细胞二氢叶酸还原酶阴性突变株的细胞染色体变化及致瘤性

整合了含乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)基因和dhfr基因的CHO-dhfr~-细胞,其染色体的畸变率和畸变类型都比亲代CHO-dhfr~-细胞高。但转化前后两系细胞的重要特性都未发生变异,即两者的染色体总数无差别,都是20条。两系细胞株接种裸鼠,均未发现有致瘤性。     

组织型纤溶酶原激活剂突变体细胞t—PA基因拷贝数测定及分析

组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t—PA）溶栓特异性高,但半衰期短。本组构建了增强纤维蛋白亲合力和延长半衰期的t—PA突变体表达细胞株。测定工程细胞株基因拷贝数是细胞生物学特性鉴定的一个方面。我们采用狭缝杂交法和SouthernBlot法对该细胞株t—PA基因进行了拷贝数测定,结果为30—60个拷贝。     

半衰期延长获得PAI－1抗性的t—PA突变体的构建、表达及特性分析

用基因重级及定位突变技术成功地构建了ｔ－ＰＡ的Ｋ１区缺失突变体ｔ－ＰＡｄｅｌＫ１、ＰＡＩ－１结合位点缺失突变体ｔ－ＰＡｄｅｌ（２９６－３０２）及两的组合突变全ｔ－ＰＡｄｅｌ（Ｋ１,２９６－３０２）,并在ＣＯＳ－７细胞中实现三的暂时性表达,在ＣＨＯ细胞中实现了ｔ－ＰＡｄｅｌ（Ｋ１,２９６－３０２）的稳定性表达。对表达产物的生物学特性分析表明,ｔ－ＰＡｄｅｌ（２９６－３０２）及ｔ－ＰＡｄｅｌ（Ｋ１     

人t-PA溶栓突变体的研究进展

人t-PA在机体循环中的纤溶系统中起重要作用,是一种内源性溶血栓因子,t-PA蛋白分子可直接用于溶栓治疗,但天然的t-PA分子在体内半衰期短,极最被清除,因而限制其广泛应用,根据它的结构特点而改造的一系列t-PA变体分子将成为新一代溶栓药物,在溶栓治疗中广泛应用。     

A novel variant of t-PA resistant to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; expression in CHO cells based on in silico experiments

Resistance to PAI-1 is a factor which confers clinical benefits in thrombolytic therapy. The only US FDA approved PAI-1 resistant drug is Tenecteplase?. Deletion variants of t-PA have the advantage of fewer disulfide bonds in addition to higher plasma half lives. A new variant was developed by deletion of the first three domains in t-PA in addition to substitution of KHRR 128-131 amino acids with AAAA in truncated t-PA. The specific activity of this new variant, 570 IU/μg, was found to be similar to those found in full length t-PA (Alteplase?), 580 IU/μg. A 65% and 85% residual activity after inhibition by rPAI-1 was observed for full length and truncated-mutant form, respectively. This new variant as the first PAI-1 resistant truncated t-PA may offer more advantages in clinical conditions in which high PAI-1 levels makes the thrombolytic system prone to re-occlusion.     

抗凝血蛋白质分子的研究现状

凝血酶抑制剂,纤溶酶原激活剂（t-Pa,u-Pa,SK和SAK等）,蚯蚓纤溶酶和蛇毒抗凝血蛋白等是血栓类疾病领域的研究重点,纤溶分子突变体的应用,纤维蛋白水解特异性的增加,溶栓效率的提高以及半衰期的延长等是溶栓研究的方向。     

溶栓剂研究的新进展

近年来对溶栓剂的研究取得了很好的成果 ,主要集中在单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂 (scu PA) ,组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 (t PA) ,葡萄球菌激酶 (SAK)等 ,对分子进行设计改造 ,保留它们高效的溶栓功能同时赋予新的功能。在对分子空间结构域和活性功能区分析的基础上 ,研制出更有效的、更安全的溶栓制剂具有广阔的发展前景。     

Human recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator and its effect on microvascular thrombosis in the rabbit

A new potent thrombolytic agent, human tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA), has become available for study through recombinant DNA technology. In this series of experiments, we have tested t-PA in a reliable microvascular thrombosis model previously developed in our laboratory. Its action in preventing thrombus formation and lysing fresh clot by direct local infusion and systemic infusion was tested. The results revealed that t-PA was able to keep locally infused vessels open for 4 hours and reopen them after they were allowed to clot in 100 percent of the animals tested. Those vessels exposed only to systemic levels of t-PA achieved by the same local infusion remained thrombosed and were unaffected. Laboratory studies showed no evidence of activation of the systemic lytic state or alteration in coagulation parameters. t-PA has proved to be a protein with characteristics that make it attractive for use in microvascular surgery. The results suggest that further research may lead the way toward clinical use.     

Structure-function analysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator. Effect of deletion of NH2-terminal domains on its biochemical and biological properties

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a mosaic protein containing several distinct structural domains attached to the serine protease catalytic unit present at its COOH terminus. To investigate structure-function relationships in t-PA, we deleted the NH2-terminal domains, finger and epidermal growth factor, by genetic engineering. The genes for the parent and mutant t-PA were expressed in a bovine papilloma virus-dependent mammalian cell system. The secreted proteins were purified to homogeneity. The mutant protein was processed to the expected size of about 60 kDa compared to approximately 68 kDa for the parent t-PA, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fibrin autography. While the mutant t-PA had amidolytic activity comparable to native t-PA, it did not bind appreciably to fibrin. Consequently, fibrin-dependent enzymic activity, i.e. plasminogen activation in the presence of soluble fibrin and fibrinolysis were lower than with native recombinant t-PA. The effect of deletion of NH2-terminal domains on the plasma half-life (t1/2) was investigated by injecting native and mutant t-PA into mice. While the majority of the t-PA disappeared initially with a t1/2 of about 2 min, mutant t-PA cleared at a much slower rate with t1/2 of about 50 min. These findings suggest that the NH2-terminal domains of t-PA not only determine its specificity for binding to fibrin but also mediate its clearance from plasma in vivo. Furthermore, the catalytic unit in t-PA seems to function autonomously.     

Increased t-PA yields using ultrafiltration of an inhibitory product from CHO fed-batch culture

Fed-batch operation for the production of t-PA using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells was optimized using serial and parallel experimentation. The feed, an isotonic concentrate, was improved to obtain 2- to 2.5-fold increases in integrated viable cell days versus batch. With a low glucose inoculum train, the viability index was further increased up to 4.5-fold. Hydrolysates were substituted for the amino acid portion of the concentrate with no significant change in fed-batch results. The concentrate addition rate was based on a constant 4 pmol/cell.day glucose uptake rate that maintained a relatively constant glucose concentration (approximately 3 mM). Increased viable cell indices did not lead to concomitant increases in t-PA concentrations compared to batch. The fed-batch concentrate and feeding strategy were shown to be effective in hybridoma culture, where a 4-fold increase in viable cell index yielded a 4-fold increase in antibody concentration. The half-life of t-PA decreased from 43 to 15 days with decreasing cell viability (from 92% to 71%), but this was not sufficient to explain the apparent t-PA threshold. Instead, the CHO results were explained by a reduction in t-PA production at higher extracellular t-PA concentrations that limited the fed-batch maximum at 35 mg/L for the cell line investigated. Analysis of both the total and t-PA mRNA levels revealed no response to increasing extracellular t-PA concentrations upon exogenous additions. Instead, intracellular t-PA levels were increased, revealing a possible secretory pathway limitation. A new reactor configuration was developed using an acoustic filter to retain the cells in the reactor while an ultrafiltration module stripped t-PA from the clarified medium before the permeate was returned to the reactor. By adding this harvesting step, the t-PA fed-batch production was increased over 2-fold, up to a yield of 80 mg/L.