GCR1和GCR2在N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯调节拟南芥根生长中的作用

N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯（AHLs）是革兰氏阴性细菌群体感应的信号分子。培养基中添加1μmol·L-13OC6-HSL和10μmol·L-13OC8-HSL可显著促进野生型拟南芥主根生长,但拟南芥G蛋白偶联受体GCR1和GCR2基因缺失突变体gcr1-1和gcr2-2对AHLs处理不敏感;实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,这2种AHLs的处理可以使拟南芥GCR1和GCR2基因表达量上调2～4倍。结果表明,G蛋白偶联受体GCR1和GCR2可能参与植物感应细菌信号进而做出根生长响应的信号转导。     

土壤中群体感应淬灭细菌的原位分离与筛选

【背景】许多革兰氏阴性细菌通常以N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acylhomoserine lactones,AHLs)作为群体感应主要的信号分子。【目的】从土壤中筛选和鉴定新型群体感应淬灭细菌。【方法】通过"垫圈法"从土壤中原位培养分离细菌,采用琼脂条法、报告菌平板法及β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定筛选群体感应淬灭细菌,根据16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析确定菌株系统发育地位。【结果】从不同地区土样中原位培养共分离获得细菌502株。以根癌土壤杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4 (pZLR4)作为报告菌,最终得到11株具有较强降解AHLs能力的细菌,包括假单胞菌5株、不动杆菌4株、变形杆菌和莱茵海默氏菌各1株。大部分细菌可完全降解N-3-羰基十二酰基高丝氨酸内酯(3OC12-HSL),部分细菌对N-(3-氧代己酰)高丝氨酸内酯(3OC6-HSL)和N-3-氧代辛酰高丝氨酸内酯(3OC8-HSL)具有一定降解活性。【结论】Proteus和Rheinheimera可降解AHLs,为今后防治依赖群体感应的植物细菌病害提供新型生防资源。     

一株凡纳滨对虾源鳗弧菌群体感应信号分子的检测

旨在检测从凡纳滨对虾体内选取的一株鳗弧菌的群体感应信号分子。利用报告菌株结合薄层层析法鉴定鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum,VA)分泌的高丝氨酸内酯类(AHLs)信号分子,利用哈维氏弧菌V.harveyi JMH597和V.harveyi JAF375作为报告菌株分别检测了VA分泌的AI-2和CAI-1信号分子活性与细菌密度的关系。结果表明,VA能分泌3种类型的信号分子:AHLs信号分子、AI-2信号分子和CAI-1信号分子,其中分泌的AHLs有N-3-羟基-己酰基-高丝氨酸内酯(3-OH-C6-HSL)、N-3-辛酰基-高丝氨酸内酯(C_8-HSL)和N-3-氧代-辛酰基-高丝氨酸内酯(3-oxo-C_8-HSL)。VA分泌的AHLs、AI-2和CAI-1均具有密度依赖性。     

食源假单胞菌群体感应信号分子的研究

从市售鲜鱼中分离的3株革兰氏阴性菌,经16S rDNA鉴定为假单胞菌属,该菌是一种导致食品腐败的重要腐败细菌。N-酰基-高丝氨酸内酯(AHLs)是革兰氏阴性菌群体感应(QS)系统中一类重要的信号分子,以密度依赖的方式调控某些生理性状的表达。利用AHLs检测菌株对3株假单胞菌进行检测发现,均产生AHLs类信号分子,且FML05-1和FML05-2至少产生两种AHLs,主要的信号分子是N-3-氧代-辛酰基-高丝氨酸内酯(N- 3-oxo-C_8-HSL)。同时对菌株FML05-2在生长过程中所产生的AHLs的活性变化进行研究,发现AHLs活性在菌体生长至12h时达到最大。首次对食源假单胞菌所产生的AHLs进行了研究,为以干扰腐败细菌群体感应为靶点的食品防腐保鲜策略提供研究基础。     

黄河鲤水产细菌的分离及其毒力因子和群体感应信号分子的检测

【背景】水产细菌病害制约水产养殖业健康发展,群体感应与细菌毒力因子的产生密切相关,群体感应调控细菌的毒力因子特性值得进一步研究。【目的】探究群体感应与黄河鲤细菌病害的关系,明确群体感应对细菌毒力因子特性的影响。【方法】通过16S rRNA基因测序并构建系统进化树确定筛选菌株的进化地位,通过脱脂牛奶平板法和偶氮酪蛋白法检测菌株胞外蛋白酶活力,采用结晶紫染色法对菌株的生物膜形成能力进行测定,通过报告菌株BB170和CV026分别测定菌株产信号分子AI-2和高丝氨酸内酯的能力,外源添加高丝氨酸内酯检测信号分子对菌株胞外蛋白酶活力和生物膜形成能力的影响。【结果】哈夫尼亚菌(Hafnia sp.) Z11和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sp.) Z12具有高水平的胞外蛋白酶活力和生物膜形成能力,能够分泌AHLs信号分子且具有菌体密度依赖性。外源添加HSL对菌株毒力因子特性有不同程度的影响,外源添加高浓度的N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C4-HSL)和N-己酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C6-HSL)能够分别提高菌株Z11和Z12的胞外蛋白酶活力和生物膜形成能力。【结论】高浓度群体感应信号分子AHLs对哈夫尼亚菌和气单胞菌胞外蛋白酶活性有促进作用,说明该2种菌的群体感应现象可能会影响其毒力。     

N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯调控植物生长发育的研究进展

植物与细菌之间存在着复杂的相互作用关系。N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯（AHLs）是革兰氏阴性细菌进行胞间通讯的信号分子,也是介导植物与细菌互作的重要信号分子,在调控植物生长发育方面起着重要作用。本文对近年来的相关研究进展作一综述,这将有助于全面了解植物与细菌间的信息交流机制,并对实际农业生产具有指导意义。     

凡纳滨对虾源不动杆菌群体感应信号分子分离鉴定及其调控

【目的】鉴定凡纳滨对虾源不动杆菌(Acinetobacter spp.M1)分泌的N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(AHLs)类型,探究细菌生长阶段及环境因素对其分泌信号分子的影响。【方法】报告菌株平板法检测M1的AHLs的活性;采用报告平板与薄层层析(TLC)相结合法对M1分泌的AHLs类型进行鉴定。【结果】菌株M1分泌N-3-氧代-己酰基-高丝氨酸内酯和N-3-氧代-辛酰基-高丝氨酸内酯两种信号分子。在适宜条件下AHLs活性随着培养时间的延长先升高后降低,在对数末期(30 h)达到最大。弱酸和弱碱环境能够降低M1分泌AHLs的能力,p H 7.0是M1分泌AHLs的最适p H。较高浓度的Na Cl促进了个体M1分泌AHLs的能力,但是Na Cl浓度对M1总体分泌AHLs没有显著的影响。菌株M1分泌AHLs的最佳温度为30°C,温度过高或过低都会影响其分泌。【结论】菌株M1主要产生N-3-氧代-己酰基-高丝氨酸内酯和N-3-氧代-辛酰基-高丝氨酸内酯两种类型信号分子。M1的QS系统受菌体密度和环境因素的双重调控。     

细菌信号分子N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯调控植物抗性的研究进展

自然界中植物与细菌长期共存,共同进化,二者之间形成由不同信号分子介导的复杂的相互作用网络。N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯（AHLs）是革兰氏阴性细菌胞间通讯的信号分子,可被植物感知,并能调控植物多种生理行为,包括植物的天然免疫、生长发育、耐逆性等。本文综述近年来的相关研究进展,有助于全面了解植物与细菌间的信息交流机制,并对农业生产提供理论指导。     

不动杆菌属中aidE基因编码高丝氨酸内酯酶

群体感应(Quorum sensing,QS)是细菌在进化过程中形成的依赖于群体密度的细菌间交流方式。许多革兰氏阴性细菌以N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(AHL)为信号分子,感应自身群体密度并调控致病基因表达。因此,淬灭AHLs信号分子可防治此类细菌引起的植物病害。本实验室前期已筛选得到了一株具有AHLs信号降解能力的不动杆菌菌株Acinetobacter sp.77,本研究通过基因组文库筛选,自菌株77中克隆得到具有AHLs降解活性的基因aidE。该基因编码268个氨基酸。序列一致性比较发现aidE的氨基酸序列与吉伦伯不动杆菌Acinetobacter gyllenbergii CIP110306中β-内酰胺酶一致性高达95%,但与已知的AHLs降解酶序列一致性较低,最高为缓黄分支杆菌Mycobacterium lentiflavum中AHL内酯酶Att M/Aii B家族蛋白(CQD23908.1),一致性仅为33%。通过高压液相色谱(HPLC)分析Aid E蛋白处理N-己酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C6-HSL)的反应产物,证明aidE为AHL内酯酶。序列比对研究发现,aidE基因在不动杆菌属中并不保守,其在菌株77基因组中的上下游的基因排列存在菌株水平的特异性,且aidE基因下游存在疑似IS插入序列,上述证据表明aidE基因有可能是通过水平转移进入Acinetobacter sp.77基因组中,或其在基因组中的位置发生过重排。表达aidE的软腐果胶杆菌Z3-3中完全检测不到AHLs信号产生,且致病力明显降低。综上所述,aidE为新发现的AHL内酯酶。在防治依赖QS系统表达致病性的细菌病害中具有应用潜力。     

构建冻干无细胞生物传感器快速检测临床铜绿假单胞菌感染北大核心

【目的】铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)是常见于医院感染的条件致病革兰氏阴性细菌,其群体感应信号3-氧代十二烷酰基高丝氨酸内酯(3-oxo-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone,3OC12-HSL)可作为铜绿假单胞菌感染的生物标志物。本研究期望开发针对3OC12-HSL的冻干无细胞生物传感器,以实现临床铜绿假单胞菌感染的快速诊断。【方法】首先构建报告质粒以重建3OC12-HSL的应答过程,而后将该质粒加入冻干无细胞表达系统中以实现生物传感器的制备;接着利用梯度浓度的3OC12-HSL表征该传感器的灵敏度与动力学特征,并测试其底物特异性;最后通过临床样本测试验证其效果,并优化临床样本的预处理方法。【结果】本研究构建的冻干无细胞生物传感器能够在60 min内实现对临床呼吸道样本中铜绿假单胞菌感染的诊断,具有高灵敏度和高特异性。【结论】本研究构建了针对3OC12-HSL的冻干无细胞生物传感器,并借助RNase抑制蛋白预表达的策略提升了其对体液样本的耐受性,最终证明其具备开发成临床铜绿假单胞菌感染的快速检测方法的潜力。     

Detection of quorum-sensing N-acyl homoserine lactone signal molecules by bacterial biosensors

Many Gram-negative bacteria use N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as quorum-sensing (QS) signal molecules. AHL QS has been the subject of extensive investigation in the last decade and has become a paradigm for bacterial intercellular signaling. Research in AHL QS has been considerably aided by simple methods devised to detect AHLs using bacterial biosensors that phenotypically respond when exposed to exogenous AHLs. This article reviews and discusses the currently available bacterial biosensors which can be used in detecting and studying the different AHLs.     

Detection of different quorum-sensing signal molecules in a virulent Edwardsiella tarda strain LTB-4

Aims:  The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential quorum-sensing (QS) signal molecules of an emerging pathogen ( Edwardsiella tarda strain LTB-4) of cultured turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ).
Methods and Results:  A sensitive and rapid double-layer plate method using biosensor strain Agrobacterium tumefaciens KYC55 was developed to detect the N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)-related compounds in bacteria. LTB-4 was found to have two QS systems, one was based on the AHLs and the other was based on the autoinducer-2 (AI-2). The AI-2 activity produced by LTB-4 was growth phase dependent and topped at OD₆₀₀ of 1·0. The protocol to detect cholerae autoinducer 1 (CAI-1) activity in bacteria was modified, lowering the background luminescence of biosensor strain Vibrio harveyi JAF375. CAI-1 activity could not be detected in LTB-4.
Conclusion:  Edwardsiella tarda LTB-4 produced at least four kinds of AHLs during its whole growth phase. In comparison with the AHL-inducing QS, AI-2 may be the first predominant signal, functioning at early exponential phase. LTB-4 did not produce any CAI-1 activity.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Different QS signal molecules of Edw. tarda LTB-4 were clarified by improved bioassays. In contrast to earlier studies detecting two types of AHLs, strain LTB-4 produced at least four kinds of AHLs, which seemed to be C₄-HSL, C₆-HSL, 3-oxo-C₆-HSL and an uncharacterized AHL molecule.     

细菌群体感应LuxR solos蛋白研究进展

N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones,AHLs)信号分子介导的群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)是一种普遍的革兰氏阴性细菌信息交流方式。AHL-QS系统包括Lux I型AHLs合成酶和LuxR型受体蛋白。然而,部分革兰氏阴性菌缺失1个或多个LuxI型AHLs合成酶,仅有未配对的LuxR型受体蛋白,该LuxR型受体蛋白称为LuxR solo或Orphan蛋白。LuxR solos蛋白在细菌窃听、种间和种内的信号交流中起重要作用,为群体感应研究领域的热点。本文主要综述细菌LuxR solos蛋白的发现、基本概念、蛋白结构及类型,阐述感应AHLs和非AHLs信号分子的重要LuxR solos蛋白及功能,并对群体感应LuxR solos蛋白的研究前景和意义进行了展望。     

Quorum quenching activity in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120: identification of AiiC, a novel AHL-acylase

Many bacteria use quorum sensing (QS) to coordinate responses to environmental changes. In Gram-negative bacteria, the most extensively studied QS systems rely on the use of N -acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) signal molecules. Some bacteria produce enzymes that are able to inactivate AHL signals produced by other bacteria and hence interfere with QS-mediated processes via a phenomenon known as quorum quenching. Acylase-type AHL degradation activity has been found in the biomass of the filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena ( Nostoc ) sp. PCC 7120, being absent from the culture media. The gene all3924 has been identified and cloned whose product exhibits homology to the acylase QuiP of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, demonstrating that it is at least partially responsible for the AHL-acylase activity. The recombinant enzyme, which was named auto-inducer inhibitor from Cyanobacteria (AiiC), shows broad acyl-chain length specificity. Because the presence of AHLs in the biomass of nitrogen-fixing cultures of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 has been described recently, AiiC could represent a self-modulatory system to control the response to its own QS signals but could also be involved in the interference of signalling within complex microbial communities in which Cyanobacteria are present.     

细菌群体感应信号分子——酰基高丝氨酸内酯的检测

革兰氏阴性菌根据信号分子N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(AHLs)的浓度可以监测周围环境中自身或其他细菌的数量变化,当信号分子达到一定浓度阈值时,能启动相关基因的表达来适应环境的变化,这一调控系统被称为细菌的群体感应(quorumsensing,QS)系统。快速简便而有效地检测细菌是否以及产生何种信号分子成为深入研究和了解细菌群体感应的重要手段。现对信号分子AHLs敏感的用于检测不同的信号分子AHLs的微生物传感菌进行综述,并对其检测能力进行了讨论。     

Identification of N-acyl homoserine lactones produced by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5 cultured in complex and synthetic media

The endophytic diazotrophic Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5 was originally isolated from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). The biological nitrogen fixation, phytohormones secretion, solubilization of mineral nutrients and phytopathogen antagonism allow its classification as a plant growth-promoting bacterium. The recent genomic sequence of PAL5 unveiled the presence of a quorum sensing (QS) system. QS are regulatory mechanisms that, through the production of signal molecules or autoinducers, permit a microbial population the regulation of the physiology in a coordinated manner. The most studied autoinducers in gram-negative bacteria are the N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). The usage of biosensor strains evidenced the presence of AHL-like molecules in cultures of G. diazotrophicus PAL5 grown in complex and synthetic media. Analysis of AHLs performed by LC-APCI-MS permitted the identification of eight different signal molecules, including C6-, C8-, C10-, C12- and C14-HSL. Mass spectra confirmed that this diazotrophic strain also synthesizes autoinducers with carbonyl substitutions in the acyl chain. No differences in the profile of AHLs could be determined under both culture conditions. However, although the level of short-chain AHLs was not affected, a decrease of 30% in the production of long-chain AHLs could be measured in synthetic medium.     

The vitamin riboflavin and its derivative lumichrome activate the LasR bacterial quorum-sensing receptor

Many bacteria use quorum sensing (QS) as an intercellular signaling mechanism to regulate gene expression in local populations. Plant and algal hosts, in turn, secrete compounds that mimic bacterial QS signals, allowing these hosts to manipulate QS-regulated gene expression in bacteria. Lumichrome, a derivative of the vitamin riboflavin, was purified and chemically identified from culture filtrates of the alga Chlamydomonas as a QS signal-mimic compound capable of stimulating the Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasR QS receptor. LasR normally recognizes the N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) signal, N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl homoserine lactone. Authentic lumichrome and riboflavin stimulated the LasR receptor in bioassays and lumichrome activated LasR in gel shift experiments. Amino acid substitutions in LasR residues required for AHL binding altered responses to both AHLs and lumichrome or riboflavin. These results and docking studies indicate that the AHL binding pocket of LasR recognizes both AHLs and the structurally dissimilar lumichrome or riboflavin. Bacteria, plants, and algae commonly secrete riboflavin or lumichrome, raising the possibility that these compounds could serve as either QS signals or as interkingdom signal mimics capable of manipulating QS in bacteria with a LasR-like receptor.     

The virtue of temperance: built-in negative regulators of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas

Many bacteria are now believed to produce small signal molecules in order to communicate in a process called quorum sensing (QS), which mediates cooperative traits and a co-ordinated behaviour. Pseudomonads have been extensively studied for their QS response highlighting that it plays a major role in determining their lifestyle. The main QS signal molecules produced by Pseudomonas belong to the family of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs); these are synthesized by a LuxI-family synthase and sensed by a LuxR-family regulator. Most often in Pseudomonas, repressor genes intergenically located between luxI and luxR form an integral part of QS system. Recent studies have highlighted an important role of these repressors (called RsaL and RsaM) in containing the QS response within cost-effective levels; this is central for pseudomonads as they have very versatile genomes allowing them to live in constantly changing and highly dynamic environments. This review focuses on the role played by RsaL and RsaM repressors and discusses the important implications of this control of the QS response.