静止和充气培养条件下短期紫外辐射对钝顶螺旋藻光化学效率的影响

为了研究短期太阳紫外辐射对钝顶螺旋藻的影响,作者将静止和充气培养的藻体,暴露在全波长太阳辐射PAB(PAR UVA UVB),去除UVB辐射PA(PAR UVA)及切断所有紫外辐射的光合有效辐射P(PAR)三种光处理条件下,测定了其光化学效率的变化。结果表明,紫外辐射(UVP)及光合有效辐射(PAR)均能导致钝顶螺旋藻的光化学效率降低,表现出了明显的光抑制,但是,UVR可导致更大程度的光抑制。充气培养条件下,与早晨(07:00)初始值相比,PAR导致了11%~20%的光抑制,而UVR(PAB-P)所产生的额外光抑制占9%~31%;静止培养条件下,UVR的存在使得螺旋藻的光化学效率趋近于零(无法检出)。在两种培养条件下,藻细胞所受最大光抑制均发生在中午,下午(17:00)表现出不同程度的恢复。紫外辐射使得类胡萝卜素及藻蓝蛋白与叶绿素a含量的比例增大。与PAB和P相比,PA处理使得螺旋藻类胡萝卜素和藻蓝蛋白与叶绿素含量之比明显升高,UVA可能会诱导类胡萝卜素及藻蓝蛋白的合成。     

硒胁迫对钝顶螺旋藻抗氧化酶系统的影响

在钝顶螺旋藻的对数生长期进行硒胁迫处理,研究硒胁迫强度和硒胁迫时间对钝顶螺旋藻抗氧化酶系统与脂质过氧化作用的影响。设置4个胁迫实验组,分别从第5天到第10天分次加硒,累计加硒量均为1000 mg/L。结果表明,硒胁迫实验组中钝顶螺旋藻的抗氧化酶活性均高于对照组或与对照组相当,其中GPX的变化最大,实验组Ⅰ中的GPX活性为对照组的20.5倍;SOD的变化趋势与GPX相近,但对较低的硒胁迫的响应不敏感;POD、CAT和APX的活性均随硒胁迫强度的减小而上升;各硒胁迫实验组中只有实验组Ⅰ的MDA含量高于对照组;藻体对.OH的清除能力与藻体的MDA含量呈负相关,提示了硒对钝顶螺旋藻抗氧化系统的双重效应。     

钝顶螺旋藻藻种的紫外诱变初步筛选

目的:初步筛选钝顶螺旋藻藻种。方法:结合自然分离筛选和紫外诱变育种两种方法。结果:得到4株钝顶螺旋藻突变株Z3、Z7、Z9和Z10。结论:与出发株(螺旋数一般5~7个)相比:藻丝长度均明显变长,螺旋数超过40个,形体较大,易于采收,且其藻胆蛋白含量高于出发藻株6.0%,生长速度较快,上浮性较好,值得进一步研究利用。     

紫外辐射和低盐胁迫对浒苔生长的影响

探究了不同紫外曝光量及低盐胁迫对浒苔生长的影响。结果显示,紫外辐射对浒苔生长有抑制作用,甚至使浒苔呈负增长,而且在盐度为24时抑制作用比盐度为12时大,藻体湿重下降明显。2.3×10⁴KJ·m^-2～4.7×10⁴KJ·m^-2的紫外曝光量使藻体变细、变软、变散,在显微镜下观察发现部分藻体受到损伤,死亡后内容物外溢;1.9×10⁴KJ·m^-2紫外曝光量对浒苔生长率影响较小。实验设置了0、6、12、24四个盐度梯度,培养42d,在盐度为0的情况下,前21 d浒苔藻体颜色没有明显变化,但藻体变软,变散,随后,藻体颜色慢慢变黄、变白直至死亡;其它各组生长均正常,显示出浒苔的盐度适应范围广,对低盐具有一定的耐受性,但不能长时间耐受0盐度。     

钝顶螺旋藻形态、生长及光合作用对不同波段太阳辐射的响应

为探讨中不同波段的光合有效辐射对钝顶螺旋藻(Arthrospira platensis)形态、生长及光合作用的影响,实验将钝顶螺旋藻D-0083藻液转入带塞的石英管中, 石英管水平置于阳光下并在其上覆盖不同的截止型和带通型滤光片, 以使藻丝接受不同波段的太阳辐射; 并检测其生长、形态与光合活动的变化。结果发现: 所有波段 (320500、395700、510700和610700 nm) 光合有效辐射下的藻丝均螺旋变紧且生物量增加。其中以包含少量紫外辐射A (Ultraviolet-A)的蓝光波段 (320500 nm)和红光波段(600700 nm) 对藻丝形态变化、生长及光合速率的诱发效率较高。在320500、395700、510700和 610700 nm波段上的单位能量光照引起钝顶螺旋藻螺距变化的效率分别为0.070、0.015、0.021、0.045 m/(Wm2)。 波段320500 nm虽然会轻微抑制钝顶螺旋藻D-0083的有效光化学效率(Fv'/Fm')、电子传递速率(ETR)和藻蓝蛋白的荧光发射, 但是却能够有效诱导其藻丝变紧促进生长。此外, 钝顶螺旋藻D-0083的藻丝变紧程度、比生长速率变化与不同波段太阳辐射下藻丝体的光合性能相一致。该研究表明任何波段的光合有效辐射都能使螺旋藻藻丝螺旋变紧并引发生长和光合作用, 其中以蓝光和红光的效率最高。     

硒对H2O2胁迫钝顶螺旋藻的保护作用及其机制

以钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)为实验对象,用H2O2构建氧化损伤模型,研究不同浓度硒对H2O2胁迫钝顶螺旋藻的生长、干重、水溶性蛋白、光合色素、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、APX、CAT和GSH-PX)及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,探讨硒作为过氧化保护剂的可能性及其机制.结果显示:(1)在 0.25～2.5 mmol/L H2O2胁迫下,钝顶螺旋藻的藻密度、干重均显著降低,藻丝出现明显的断裂、破碎,藻体中MDA含量呈剂量性增加.(2)预添加一定浓度(2～1 000 μmol/L)的Na2SeO3可显著抑制1 mmol/L H2O2胁迫下的钝顶螺旋藻藻密度和干重的降低趋势,改善藻丝的断裂受损,诱导藻体中SOD、POD、APX、CAT和GSH-PX抗氧化酶系活性的提高,同时显著增加水溶性蛋白的含量,缓解脂溶性色素的降解,降低MDA的积累和羟自由基的相对含量,拮抗H2O2诱导的氧化损伤.研究表明,硒的预处理可以有效提高钝顶螺旋藻的抗氧化能力,对氧化胁迫引起的生理伤害起到明显的缓解作用,以达到较理想的保护效果.     

倍频Nd：YAG激光对钝顶螺旋藻的诱变效应

利用倍频 Nd:YAG激光 (波长 53 2 nm,功率 50 0 m W,功率密度 1 60 m W/cm2 )诱变钝顶螺旋藻 ,辐照时间为 1 5min、1 0 min、5min通过测定藻丝形态参数、叶绿素 a、β 胡萝卜素、生长速度 ,比较倍频 Nd:YAG激光对钝顶螺旋藻生长的影响。实验结果表明 :与出发株相比 ,经倍频 Nd:YAG激光辐照后 ,藻丝形态发生变化 ,藻丝长、螺旋数、螺旋长变小 ;1 5min,1 0 min辐照组出现螺旋变松驰 ;1 0 min,5min辐照组促进藻的生长和叶绿素 a含量提高 ,使生长速度提高。三个诱变时间剂量都有利于 β 胡萝卡素积累 ,含量增幅最高达 2 2 .3 %。     

阳光紫外辐射对褐藻羊栖菜生长和光合作用的影响

为探讨经济褐藻羊栖菜对阳光紫外辐射变化的响应,我们在全波段阳光辐射(280－700 nm),去除UV-B辐射(320－700 nm)以及光合有效辐射PAR (400－700 nm)三种辐射条件下对其进行培养,测定了其光合作用与生长的变化。羊栖菜的生长是通过每两天测量一次藻体的湿重来测定的,光合放氧是用Clark型氧电极测定的,为了测定藻体叶绿素a和紫外吸收物质的含量,从250 nm到750 nm对羊栖菜的甲醇提取液进行扫描,叶绿素a的浓度用Porra的公式计算,紫外吸收物质的计算是根据Dunlap的方法先计算紫外吸收物质和叶绿素a的比率,然后乘以每单位藻体叶绿素a的含量。结果表明,当藻体接收较多的日辐射量时有较高的相对生长速率,当滤除UVR后,较高的太阳辐射也导致了较高的光合放氧。然而太阳紫外辐射能够抑制藻体的光合放氧和生长速率,降低叶绿素a的浓度,并且这种抑制作用随着辐射水平的升高而增强。此外,阳光紫外辐射也诱导产生了一定量的紫外吸收物质,但并不足以抵抗紫外辐射对藻体的伤害作用。     

NaCI胁迫对盐芥和拟南芥光合作用的影响

本研究检测了与盐芥(Ghellungiella halophila)和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)光合作用相关的叶绿素、净光合速率(photosynthetic rate,Pn)、气孔导度(stomatal conductance,Gs)、胞间隙CO2浓度以及叶绿素荧光参数等指标,观察到随着NaCl浓度逐渐增加,盐芥的叶绿素a／b值(Chl a／Chl b)、类胡萝卜素／总叶绿素值(Car／Chl)显著高于拟南芥,且二比值变化幅度较小并保持较高水平。盐胁迫下拟南芥净光合速率下降、气孔导度下降和胞间CO2浓度减小。气孔因素是引起拟南芥光合能力下降的主要因素。叶绿素荧光参数的变化表明,50-200 mmol·L-1NaCl降低拟南芥叶绿体对光能的吸收能力,而且降低叶绿体的光化学活性,使电子传递速率和光能转化效率大幅度下降,造成光能转化为化学能的过程受阻,进一步加剧了光合放氧和碳同化能力的降低。而50-200 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫没有使盐芥的光合作用受到不良影响。     

Application of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis biomass for silver removal from aqueous solutions

The cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis was used to study the process of silver biosorption. Effects of various parameters such as contact time, dosage of biosorbent, initial pH, temperature, and initial concentration of Ag(I) were investigated for a batch adsorption system. The optimal biosorption conditions were determined as pH 5.0, biosorbent dosage of 0.4 g, and initial silver concentration of 30 mg/L. Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models – however, the Freundlich model provided a better fit to the experimental data. The kinetic data fit the pseudo-second-order model well, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The analysis of thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) revealed that the adsorption process of silver ion by spirulina biomass was exothermic and spontaneous (ΔG° < 0), and exothermic (ΔH° < 0) process. The biosorption capacity of biomass A. platensis serves as a basis for the development of green technology for environmental remediation.     

鄂尔多斯高原碱湖的钝顶螺旋藻光合生理研究

鄂尔多斯高原碱湖的钝顶螺旋藻光合色素含量高低排列为藻胆素>叶绿素a>类胡萝卜素;各色素具有特定的吸收光谱,活体吸收光谱体现出了各色素的吸收;各色素的荧光发射主峰波长约长于活体的13￣35nm,相对荧光强度约是活体的11倍。其光合速率的日变化呈单峰曲线,13:00时达到最高;光补偿点为28￣30μmol.m-2.s-1;光饱和点为220￣235μmol.m-2.s-1;光合作用的最适温度为35℃。呼吸速率日变化随温度的升高呈缓慢上升的趋势。     

Kinetic and growth parameters of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultivated in tubular photobioreactor under different cell circulation systems

Arthrospira platensis was cultivated in tubular photobioreactor in order to evaluate growth and biomass production at variable photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD = 60, 120, and 240 μmol photons m(-2)s(-1)) and employing three different systems for cell circulation, specifically an airlift, a motor-driven pumping and a pressurized system. The influence of these two independents variables on the maximum cell concentration (X(m)), cell productivity (P(x)), nitrogen-to-cell conversion factor (Y(X/N) ), photosynthetic efficiency (PE), and biomass composition (total lipids and proteins), taken as responses, was evaluated by analysis of variance. The statistical analysis revealed that the best combination of responses' mean values (X(m) = 4,055 mg L(-1), P(x) = 406 mg L(-1)day(-1), Y(X/N) = 5.07 mg mg(-1), total lipids = 8.94%, total proteins = 30.3%, PE = 2.04%) was obtained at PPFD = 120 μmol photons m(-2)s(-1); therefore, this light intensity should be considered as the most well-suited for A. platensis cultivation in this photobioreactor configuration. The airlift system did not exert any significant positive statistical influence on the responses, which suggests that this traditional cell circulation system could successfully be substituted by the others tested in this work.     

Influence of ammonium chloride feeding time and light intensity on the cultivation of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis

This study dealt with the influence of both the feeding time and light intensity on the fed-batch culture of the cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis using ammonium chloride as a nitrogen source. For this purpose, a 2(2) plus star central composite experimental design combined with response surface methodology was employed, and the maximum cell concentration (X(m)), the cell productivity (P(X)), and the yield of biomass on nitrogen (Y(X/N)) were selected as the response variables. The optimum values of X(m) (1,833 mg L(-1)) and Y(X/N) (5.9 g g(-1)) estimated by the model at light intensity of 13 klux and feeding time of 17.2 days were very close to those obtained experimentally under these conditions (X(m) = 1,771 +/- 41 mg L(-1); Y(X/N) = 5.7 +/- 0.17 g g(-1)). The cell productivity was a decreasing function of the ammonium chloride feeding time and a quadratic function of the light intensity. The protein and lipid contents of dry biomass collected at the end of cultivations were shown to decrease with increasing light intensity.     

低温胁迫对螺旋藻脱氢酶活性的影响

低温胁迫试验结果表明,处理的温度越低、天数越长,鄂尔多斯高原碱湖的钝顶螺旋藻S1、引进的钝顶螺旋藻S2和极大螺旋藻S3细胞内脱氢酶活性越低。在每一种处理下,脱氧酶活性高低的排列顺序均为S1〉S2〉S3。脱氢酶活性的Q10值变化范围排列为S1〈S2〈S3。S1的生理活动临界低温为5℃,S2和S3的为15℃。S1对低温有较强的适应性,为耐寒植物;S2和S3为冷敏感植物。     

A new approach to ammonium sulphate feeding for fed‐batch Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultivation in tubular photobioreactor

Arthrospira platensis was cultivated in tubular photobioreactor using different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) and protocols of (NH₄)₂SO₄ fed‐batch supply. Results were evaluated by variance analysis selecting maximum cell concentration (X_m), cell productivity (P_x), nitrogen‐to‐cell conversion factor (Y_X/N) and biomass, protein and lipid contents as responses. At PPFD of 120 and 240 μmol‐photons/m² s, a parabolic profile of (NH₄)₂SO₄ addition aiming at producing biomass with 7% nitrogen content ensured X_m values (14.1 and 12.2 g/L, respectively) comparable to those obtained with NaNO₃. At PPFD of 240 μmol‐photons/m² s, P_x (1.69 g/Ld) was 36% higher, although the photosynthetic efficiency (3.0%) was less than one‐half that at PPFD of 120 μmol‐photons/m² s. Biomass was shown to be constituted by about 35% proteins and 10% lipids, without any dependence on PPFD or kind of nitrogen source. These results highlight the possible use of (NH₄)₂SO₄ as alternative, cheap nitrogen source for A. platensis cultivation in tubular photobioreactors. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010     

Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 and N supply on photosynthesis, growth and cell composition of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira)

The consequences of the addition of CO2 (1%) in cultures of S. platensis are examined in terms of biomass yield, cell composition and external medium composition. CO2 enrichment was tested under nitrogen saturating and nitrogen limiting conditions. Increasing CO2 levels did not cause any change in maximum growth rate while it decreased maximum biomass yield. Protein and pigments were decreased and carbohydrate increased by high CO2, but the capability to store carbohydrates was saturated. C:N ratio remained unchanged while organic carbon released to the external medium was enhanced, suggesting that organic carbon release in S. platensis is an efficient mechanism for the maintenance of the metabolic integrity, balancing the cell C:N ratio in response to environmental CO2 changes. CO2 affected the pigment content: Phycocyanin, chlorophyll and carotenoids were reduced in around 50%, but the photosynthetic parameters were slightly changed. We propose that in S. platensis CO2 could act promoting degradation of pigments synthetised in excess in normal CO2 conditions, that are not necessary for light harvesting. Nitrogen assimilation was significantly not affected by CO2, and it is proposed that the inability to stimulate N assimilation by CO2 enrichment determined the lack of response in maximum growth rate. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Photosynthetic efficiency and rate of CO2 assimilation by Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis continuously cultivated in a tubular photobioreactor

Similar to other photosynthetic microorganisms, the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis can be used to produce pigments, single cell proteins, fatty acids (which can be used for bioenergy), food and feed supplements, and biofixation of CO₂. Cultivation in a specifically designed tubular photobioreactor is suitable for photosynthetic biomass production, because the cultivation area can be reduced by distributing the microbial cells vertically, thus avoiding loss of ammonia and CO₂. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of light intensity and dilution rate on the photosynthetic efficiency and CO₂ assimilation efficiency of A. platensis cultured in a tubular photobioreactor in a continuous process. Urea was used as a nitrogen source and CO₂ as carbon source and for pH control. Steady‐state conditions were achieved in most of the runs, indicating that continuous cultivation of this cyanobacterium in a tubular photobioreactor could be an interesting alternative for the large‐scale fixation of CO₂ to mitigate the greenhouse effect while producing high protein content biomass.     

Effects of Solar UV Radiation on Morphology and Photosynthesis of Filamentous Cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis

To study the impact of solar UV radiation (UVR) (280 to 400 nm) on the filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, we examined the morphological changes and photosynthetic performance using an indoor-grown strain (which had not been exposed to sunlight for decades) and an outdoor-grown strain (which had been grown under sunlight for decades) while they were cultured with three solar radiation treatments: PAB (photosynthetically active radiation [PAR] plus UVR; 280 to 700 nm), PA (PAR plus UV-A; 320 to 700 nm), and P (PAR only; 400 to 700 nm). Solar UVR broke the spiral filaments of A. platensis exposed to full solar radiation in short-term low-cell-density cultures. This breakage was observed after 2 h for the indoor strain but after 4 to 6 h for the outdoor strain. Filament breakage also occurred in the cultures exposed to PAR alone; however, the extent of breakage was less than that observed for filaments exposed to full solar radiation. The spiral filaments broke and compressed when high-cell-density cultures were exposed to full solar radiation during long-term experiments. When UV-B was screened off, the filaments initially broke, but they elongated and became loosely arranged later (i.e., there were fewer spirals per unit of filament length). When UVR was filtered out, the spiral structure hardly broke or became looser. Photosynthetic O₂ evolution in the presence of UVR was significantly suppressed in the indoor strain compared to the outdoor strain. UVR-induced inhibition increased with exposure time, and it was significantly lower in the outdoor strain. The concentration of UV-absorbing compounds was low in both strains, and there was no significant change in the amount regardless of the radiation treatment, suggesting that these compounds were not effectively used as protection against solar UVR. Self-shading, on the other hand, produced by compression of the spirals over adaptive time scales, seems to play an important role in protecting this species against deleterious UVR. Our findings suggest that the increase in UV-B irradiance due to ozone depletion not only might affect photosynthesis but also might alter the morphological development of filamentous cyanobacteria during acclimation or over adaptive time scales.     

Physiological behaviour of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima during acclimation to changes in irradiance

The physiological behaviour of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima during acclimation to sudden changes in irradiance from high (HL) to low light (LL) and vice versa was studied by following parameters concerning growth rate, pigment, carbohydrate and protein cell contents. Applying first order kinetics, the specific acclimation rates for the parameters considered were calculated. During HL to LL shift, pigments increased to compensate for a reduction in growth irradiance in order to maintain relatively high growth rates, whereas carbohydrates decreased at the highest rate. The synthesis of phycobiliproteins proceeded at a rate similar or little higher than that of chlorophyll a, indicating their importance in the light harvesting at low irradiance. During LL to HL shift, carbohydrate biosynthesis was increased, whereas pigment and protein cell contents decreased. The kinetic analysis suggested that the pigment decrease could be accounted for both by dilution through growth and in vivo degradation. During this transition, the initially high cell pigment content gave rise to a very heavy carbohydrate synthesis, which for a short time, after the shift to HL conditions, overshot the final steady-state. In the same period the specific growth rate also increased notably, overshooting the μmax. The acclimation rates of the measured parameters were faster during LL to HL transition then during the reverse. The physiological response of A. maxima during the acclimation to sudden irradiance shifts points out the ability of this cyanobacterium to alter light harvesting and highlights again the key role of carbohydrates when the cells underwent an energy crisis during down-shift. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.