钙火花

“钙火花”是细胞钙信号转导的一个基本单位,由程和平、Cannell和Lederer于1993年在心肌细胞中首次发现并命名。当内质网“钙释放单位”（含50-300个簇状排列的钙释放通道分子）激活时,胞浆自由钙离子浓度局部瞬态增高,即产生钙火花。     

1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体参与神经退行性疾病发生的研究进展

1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体(inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors,IP3Rs)是由1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇激活的细胞内质网钙离子通道,调节神经递质释放、突触小泡融合、激活钙敏信号通路和触发基因转录、突触后膜反应和突触可塑性等,从时间、空间和浓度多维度调控钙离子而参与细胞的生物学功能,是维持中枢神经系统正常功能的关键分子。IP3R通道的表达或功能异常在神经退行性疾病的发生过程中起重要作用,如脊髓小脑性共济失调、亨廷顿氏病和阿尔茨海默病等,本文归纳整理了IP3Rs结构和生物学功能的研究结果,综述了IP3Rs参与神经退行性疾病发生过程的一些最新进展。     

内质网蛋白44(ERp44)通过1, 4, 5-三磷酸肌醇受体介导基因转录

细胞核内钙离子浓度的增加可以引起包括钙离子激活的基因转录在内的很多生理功能.运用Western blot、免疫荧光、实时定量聚合酶链反应、钙成像以及外源三磷酸腺苷刺激细胞释放钙离子等试验方法,发现1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体和内质网蛋白44(ERp44)在内质网和核膜上都有很好的共定位.外源三磷酸腺苷可以通过1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体刺激核内钙瞬变并磷酸化环磷酸腺苷反应原件结合蛋白(CREB)、刺激原癌基因c-Myc的表达.但是,这些功能都能被1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体抑制剂2-氨乙氧基二苯酯硼酸(2-APB)和过表达内质网蛋白44(ERp44)所抑制.这些结果均提示在子宫颈癌HeLa细胞中内质网蛋白44(ERp44)通过1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体而介导基因转录.     

IP3R,RYR与Ca^2＋信号

Ｃａ＾２＋在生命活动中起着至关重要的作用,细胞接受外界刺激后,通过胞膜转导,将信息传入胞内。胞内两大Ｃａ＾２＋通道家族－三磷酸肌醇受体（ＩＰ３Ｒ）和斯里兰卡肉桂碱（ｒｙａｎｏｄｉｎｅ,ＲＹ）受体（ＲＹＲ）将胞内信息以周期性的Ｃａ＾２＋波动或振动编码,并藉此形式将所载信息转递给相应的受体,从而诱导复杂的生物学应答,本在介绍ＩＰ３Ｒ和ＲＹＲｃＤＮＡ克隆,受体结构与功能的关系及其活性调节的基础上,讨论     

1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体3促进常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾病囊泡生长

本文旨在阐明1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体3(inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 3, IP₃R3)在常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾病(autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, ADPKD)肾囊泡发生、发展过程中的作用,为ADPKD的治疗提供理论基础。使用2-氨基乙氧基二苯基硼酸盐(2-aminoethoxy-diphenyl borate, 2-APB)和shRNA抑制IP₃R3的表达水平,通过MDCK(MadinDarby canine kidney)囊泡模型、胚胎肾囊泡模型、肾脏特异性Pkd1敲除(PKD)小鼠模型探究IP₃R3在囊泡生长过程中的作用,并通过Western blot、免疫荧光染色技术探究IP₃R3调控囊泡生长的分子机制。结果显示,在PKD小鼠肾脏中,IP₃R3的表达水平显著升高。在胚胎肾囊泡模型和MDCK囊泡模型中,通过2-APB或shRNA抑制IP₃R3...     

口服TRPV4抑制剂改善无菌性心包炎大鼠心房钙稳态失衡

钙稳态失衡,主要涉及雷诺丁受体(ryanodine receptor, RyR)和肌浆网钙离子ATP酶(sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase,SERCA)等功能异常,是心房颤动(atrial fibrillation, AF)的一种重要发病机制。本课题组前期已发现瞬时感受器电位离子通道家族香草素受体亚家族4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4, TRPV4)在无菌性心包炎(sterile pericarditis, SP) AF大鼠模型中表达和功能上调,口服TRPV4抑制剂GSK2193874缓解SP大鼠的AF发作。本文旨在探讨口服GSK2193874是否缓解SP大鼠的钙稳态失衡。Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠在进行心包切开术后,将无菌性滑石粉均匀涂抹在心房上以创建SP模型,模拟术后心房颤动(postoperative atrial fibrillation, POAF)的发病过程。于术后第3天,利用光学标测(optical mapping)技术采集心房钙信...     

Ca2+调节1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体活性的温度依赖性及其构象基础

分离纯化了牛小脑1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇(IP3)受体,并将其重建到脂质体中,无论4℃还是25℃Ca2+对未重建的IP3受体结合IP3活性都没有影响;而Ca2+对重建的IP3受体的影响则与温度有关.4℃时脂蛋白体外侧Ca2+([Ca2+].)不影响IP3受体与IP3结合,而25℃时[Ca2+].从0上升到100 nmol/L时IP3结合活力逐步增加,但[Ca2+].继续增加会使IP3结合迅速下降,并最终导致完全被抑制.构象测定表明,在4℃时,[Ca2+].并不影响重建IP3受体的整体构象,在25℃时,10μmol/L的[Ca2+].对重建IP3受体的整体构象、膜结构域和胞质结构域构象的影响显著不同于100 nmol/L的[Ca2+].     

内皮素-1通过L-型钙通道的Ca^2＋内流和钙致钙释放诱导心肌细胞内[Ca^2＋]的增加

本研究利用fura-2-AM荧光成像和膜片钳技术,发现内皮素-1（Endothelin-1,ET-1）可显著提高大鼠分离心肌细胞内钙离子水平（[Ca^2＋]i）,激活心肌细胞钙通道．ETA受体阻滞剂BQ123能够消除ET-1提高[Ca^2＋]i的效应,而ETB受体阻滞剂BQ788对该效应无影响,用ryanodine受体阻断剂ryanodine（10μmol／L）预处理,可以使ET-1诱导的[Ca^2＋]i的增加抑制46.7％,蛋白激酶A（PKA）的抑制剂、蛋白激酶C（PKC）的抑制剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ-型受体（ATI receptor）的抑制剂都能够抑制ET-1诱导的[Ca^2＋]i的增加,本研究发现ET-1能够提高全细胞L-型钙通道电流的幅度,增加L-型钙通道单通道的开放概率．并且BQ123完全阻止了ET-1诱导的L-型钙通道开放概率增加的效应．本研究证明了ET-1通过一系列机制调节钙超载,包括L-型钙通道的激活,钙致钙释放（CICR）,ETA受体,PKC,PKA和血管紧张素Ⅱ-型受体也参与到了这个途径中。     

内皮素-1通过L-型钙通道的Ca~(2+)内流和钙致钙释放诱导心肌细胞内[Ca~(2+)]的增加

本研究利用fura-2-AM荧光成像和膜片钳技术,发现内皮素-1(Endothelin-1,ET-1)可显著提高大鼠分离心肌细胞内钙离子水平([Ca2+]i),激活心肌细胞钙通道.ETA受体阻滞剂BQ123能够消除ET-1提高[Ca2+]i的效应,而ETB受体阻滞剂BQ788对该效应无影响.用ryanodine受体阻断剂ryanodine(10 μmol/L)预处理,可以使ET-1诱导的[Ca2+]i的增加抑制46.7%.蛋白激酶A(PKA)的抑制剂、蛋白激酶C(PKC)的抑制剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ一型受体(AT1 receptor)的抑制剂都能够抑制ET-1诱导的[Ca2+]i的增加.本研究发现ET-1能够提高全细胞L-型钙通道电流的幅度,增加L-型钙通道单通道的开放概率.并且BQ123完全阻止了ET-1诱导的L-型钙通道开放概率增加的效应.本研究证明了ET-1通过一系列机制调节钙超载,包括L-型钙通道的激活,钙致钙释放(CICR),ETA受体,PKC,PKA和血管紧张素Ⅱ一型受体也参与到了这个途径中.     

小凹蛋白-1下调人脐静脉内皮细胞外钙敏感受体介导的钙内流

为了探讨小凹蛋白-1(caveolin-1,Cav-1)在人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)细胞外钙敏感受体(extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor,CaR)介导Ca2+内流中的作用,本实验研究了细胞膜穴样凹陷(caveolae)结构破坏剂Filipin或Cav-1基因沉默后对CaR介导Ca2+内流的影响。Fura-2/AM负载检测细胞内Ca2+浓度(intracellular Ca2+ concentration,[Ca2+]i)。结果显示,HUVECs中CaR对不同浓度细胞外Ca2+刺激无反应。无论细胞外为零钙液或含钙液时,精胺(Spermine,2mmol/L)刺激CaR时均引起[Ca2+]i升高(P<0.05),其中细胞外液为含钙液时,[Ca2+]i升高较细胞外为零钙液时更明显(P<0.05),CaR的负性变构调节剂Calhex231(1μmol/L)均可完全阻断Spermine刺激引起的[Ca2+]i升高(P<0.05);相反,Spermine升高[Ca2+]i作用可被Filipin(1.5μ...     

CIRCADIAN PROFILES IN THE EMBRYONIC CHICK HEART: L-TYPE VOLTAGE-GATED CALCIUM CHANNELS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS

Circadian clocks exist in the heart tissue and modulate multiple physiological events, from cardiac metabolism to contractile function and expression of circadian oscillator and metabolic-related genes. Ample evidence has demonstrated that there are endogenous circadian oscillators in adult mammalian cardiomyocytes. However, mammalian embryos cannot be entrained independently to light-dark (LD) cycles in vivo without any maternal influence, but circadian genes are well expressed and able to oscillate in embryonic stages. The authors took advantage of using chick embryos that are independent of maternal influences to investigate whether embryonic hearts could be entrained under LD cycles in ovo. The authors found circadian regulation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCCs), the ion channels responsible for the production of cardiac muscle contraction in embryonic chick hearts. The mRNA levels and protein expression of VGCCα1C and VGCCα1D are under circadian control, and the average L-VGCC current density is significantly larger when cardiomyocytes are recorded during the night than day. The phosphorylation states of several kinases involved in insulin signaling and cardiac metabolism, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), stress-activated protein kinase (p38), protein kinase B (Akt), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), are also under circadian control. Both Erk and p38 have been implicated in regulating cardiac contractility and in the development of various pathological states, such as cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Even though both Erk and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathways participate in complex cellular processes regarding physiological or pathological states of cardiomyocytes, the circadian oscillators in the heart regulate these pathways independently, and both pathways contribute to the circadian regulation of L-VGCCs. (Author correspondence: gko@cvm.tamu.edu)     

缺血后功能低下大鼠心肌钙与水含量的变化及高渗甘露醇的影响

缺血后心室功能减低(myocardial stunning)的发生机制迄今尚不明了。本实验以 Lang-cndorff 法在离体灌流的大鼠心脏,研究了全心缺血20min 及再灌注40min 后心肌 Ca~(2+)、Na~+K~+、Mg~(2+)及 H_2O 含量的变化,以及高渗甘露醇对缺血后功能低下心肌的影响。实验发现:(1)缺血/再灌注后心肌组织中 Ca~(2+),H_2O 的含量与非缺血组相比分别增加42%(P<0.01)及7.6%(P0.05)。(2)于再灌注同时给予12%高渗甘露醇可明显改善缺血后心室功能:再灌注40min 时,心率-左室压乘积恢复达缺血前的85%,而不给甘露醇仅恢复66.3%(p<0.01);高渗甘露醇同时消除了缺血后功能低下心肌中 Ca~(2+)超负荷与心肌水肿,此现象提示缺血/再灌注引起的肌膜非特异性通透性改变,很可能是钙进入细胞内的路径之一。本研究结果表明,心肌 Ca~(2+)超负荷及轻度心肌水肿参与了缺血后心室功能低下,高渗甘露醇在离体大鼠心脏可明显改善缺血后功能低下心肌的功能,此作用至少部分是由于其具有减低心肌钙与水含量的效应。     

Dissociation of Calmodulin-Target Peptide Complexes by the Lipid Mediator Sphingosylphosphorylcholine: IMPLICATIONS IN CALCIUM SIGNALING*

Previously we have identified the lipid mediator sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) as the first potentially endogenous inhibitor of the ubiquitous Ca²⁺ sensor calmodulin (CaM) (Kovacs, E., and Liliom, K. (2008) Biochem. J. 410, 427–437). Here we give mechanistic insight into CaM inhibition by SPC, based on fluorescence stopped-flow studies with the model CaM-binding domain melittin. We demonstrate that both the peptide and SPC micelles bind to CaM in a rapid and reversible manner with comparable affinities. Furthermore, we present kinetic evidence that both species compete for the same target site on CaM, and thus SPC can be considered as a competitive inhibitor of CaM-target peptide interactions. We also show that SPC disrupts the complex of CaM and the CaM-binding domain of ryanodine receptor type 1, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1, and the plasma membrane Ca²⁺ pump. By interfering with these interactions, thus inhibiting the negative feedback that CaM has on Ca²⁺ signaling, we hypothesize that SPC could lead to Ca²⁺ mobilization in vivo. Hence, we suggest that the action of the sphingolipid on CaM might explain the previously recognized phenomenon that SPC liberates Ca²⁺ from intracellular stores. Moreover, we demonstrate that unlike traditional synthetic CaM inhibitors, SPC disrupts the complex between not only the Ca²⁺-saturated but also the apo form of the protein and the target peptide, suggesting a completely novel regulation for target proteins that constitutively bind CaM, such as ryanodine receptors.     

鱼类和哺乳类RLR介导的抗病毒免疫反应的泛素化修饰调控

RLR[retinoic acid-inducible gene Ⅰ(RIG-Ⅰ)-like Receptors]是一类表达在胞浆中的模式识别受体, 在识别细胞质中经病毒复制产生的病毒RNA后, 启动一系列信号级联反应, 以诱导机体Ⅰ型干扰素及干扰素诱导的抗病毒基因的表达, 最后达到清除机体病毒感染的目的。由于在病毒感染时机体干扰素反应必须迅速启动, 当病毒清除后干扰素反应又需要立即恢复到正常本底水平, 因此RLR激活的信号转导途径受到了严格的调控, 其中就包括由E3泛素连接酶参与的泛素化修饰调控和由去泛素化酶参与的去泛素化修饰调控。自2003年成功鉴定出鱼类干扰素基因以来, 鱼类也被发现具有保守的RLR信号转导途径诱导干扰素抗病毒免疫反应, 该信号途径同样受到泛素化修饰的调控。文章总结了近年来泛素化修饰在哺乳类和鱼类RLR介导的抗病毒免疫应答通路中的调节机制。     

Ca^2＋参与茉莉酸诱导蚕豆气孔关闭的信号转导

以Fluo-3 AM为Ca^2＋荧光探针,结合激光共聚焦扫描显微技术,观察到在处理后数十秒内,气孔关闭之前,茉莉酸（JA）可引起[Ca^2＋]cyt的迅速上升;对照和JA的前体物亚麻酸（LA）几乎不能引起[Ca^2＋]cyt的明显变化;钙的螯合剂EGTA预处理可完全阻断JA诱导气孔关闭的效应,并且JA不再引起保卫细胞[Ca^2＋]cyt增加;质膜Cah通道的抑制剂硝苯吡啶（nifedipine,NIF）可减弱JA诱导气孔关闭的效应,也使JA诱导保卫细胞[Ca^2＋]cyt增加的幅度有所下降;胞内Ca^2＋释放的抑制剂钌红不能明显改变JA诱导气孔关闲的趋势,但使JA引起的保卫细胞[Ca^2＋]cyt增加有所降低。实验结果表明：Ca^2＋参与JA诱导气孔关闭的信号转导;推测JA引起的[Ca^2＋]cyt升高可能主要来源于胞外,但不能完全排除胞内Ca^2＋的释放。     

Ca2+参与茉莉酸诱导蚕豆气孔关闭的信号转导

以Fluo-3AM为Ca~(2 )荧光探针,结合激光共聚焦扫描显微技术,观察到在处理后数十秒内,气孔关闭之前,茉莉酸(JA)可引起[Ca~(2 )]cyt的迅速上升;叶照和JA的前体物亚麻酸(LA)几乎不能引起[Ca~(2 )]cyt的明显变化;钙的螯合剂EGTA预处理可完全阻断JA诱导气孔关闭的效应,并且JA不再引起保卫细胞[Ca~(2 )]cyt增加;质膜Ca~(2 )通道的抑制剂硝苯吡啶(nifedipine,NIF)可减弱JA诱导气孔关闭的效应,也使JA诱导保卫细胞[Ca~(2 )]cyt增加的幅度有所下降;胞内Ca~(2 )释放的抑制剂钌红不能明显改变JA诱导气孔关闭的趋势,但使JA引起的保卫细胞[Ca~(2 )]cyt增加有所降低。实验结果表明:Ca~(2 )参与JA诱导气孔关闭的信号转导;推测JA引起的[Ca~(2 )]cyt升高可能主要来源于胞外,但不能完全排除胞内Ca~(2 )的释放。     

TEMPERATURE AND HEART RATE IN PTEROTRACHEA AND TIEDEMANNIA

1. For the heart rate in Pterotrachea coronata, intermediate temperatures disclose a thermal increment of 11,200 ±. This value is identical with the one reported by Crozier and Stier for the lamelli-branch, Anodonta. In the pteropod, Tiedemannia neapolitana the same temperatures typically reveal in the heart rate a µ value of 16,200 ± This agrees quantitatively with 16,300 found by Crozier and Stier for the heart of the slug, Limax maximus. 2. At high temperatures the average value of µ for Pterotrachea is 7,300: for Tiedemannia, 7,400. The corresponding averages at the lower limits are 22,000 and 23,000. 3. The great variability found near the edges of the temperature field are explicable in two ways. During intermissions characteristic of high temperatures and occurring also at low, we can assume a restorative process; while at both the upper and lower limits we may, in addition, find that reactions assume control which under ordinary circumstances never do so. Special evidence indicates that the highest temperatures employed, 27°C., and the lowest, 4°C., caused no irreversible changes in mechanism. 4. The theoretical analysis of the experimental facts makes use of Meyerhof''s conception of carbohydrate metabolism and projects the cyclical nature of rhythm into the substrate of control. Assuming as a source of energy an original supply of material O, the value of 22,000 ± is assigned provisionally to a mobilization hydrolysis while 11,200 ± and 16,000 ± are attached to oxidative reactions influenced respectively by OH'' and possibly Fe, or some other catalyst. The lowest value, 7,300 ± is assumed to indicate a synthetic process (lactic acid → glycogen?), possibly limited by CO₂ excretion. In the present state of our knowledge, this distribution and interpretation seems to account reasonably for the experimental facts, but until we know more about the neurogenic controls, is entitled to rank only as an hypothesis.