华西雨屏区不同退耕模式细根(包括草根)分解过程中土壤酶动态

采用原状土芯(intact core)法, 探讨了四川洪雅柳江退耕模式——光皮桦(Betula luminifera)与扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)复合模式(HN)、扁穗牛鞭草草地模式(NC)、柳杉(Cryptameria fortunei)人工林模式(LS)、光皮桦人工林模式(H)细根(包括草根)分解过程中土壤酶动态。结果表明: 1) HN下的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶活性较大, LS下的土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性最小, 显著低于其他模式(p < 0.05)。2) HN、NC和LS下的土壤脲酶与细根(包括草根)分解速率显著相关, HN的蔗糖酶、NC的酸性磷酸酶、LS的多酚氧化酶活性与细根(包括草根)分解速率也呈显著正相关关系(p < 0.05)。3) 除H外, 土壤脲酶活性与细根C/N、纤维素绝对含量呈显著负相关关系(p < 0.05); 除NC外, 多酚氧化酶活性与细根纤维素绝对含量呈显著负相关关系。4)土壤脲酶活性与需氧固氮细菌或与真菌数量显著相关, HN下的土壤蔗糖酶活性与细菌和纤维素分解菌数量呈正相关关系, H与NC下的土壤酸性磷酸酶还分别与细菌和纤维素分解菌数量呈正相关关系(p < 0.05)。以上结果显示: 由光皮桦与扁穗牛鞭草不同生活型植物构成的复合模式有利于土壤酶活性的提高; 土壤脲酶活性高低能够反映这几种退耕模式细根(包括草根)分解速率的快慢, 细根(包括草根)的C/N是影响土壤脲酶活性的一个重要因素; 土壤酶活性与土壤真菌、需氧固氮细菌、纤维分解菌及细菌数量有关。     

中国北亚热带天然次生林与杉木人工林土壤活性有机碳库的比较

为了了解北亚热带东部地区天然次生林转变成杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林对土壤活性有机碳库的影响, 以浙江省富阳市庙山坞森林生态系统定位研究站杉木人工林和天然次生林为研究对象, 对达到成熟林状态的两种林分类型0-60 cm内各土层土壤活性有机碳含量进行了比较研究。结果表明: 1)天然次生林土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、水溶性有机碳和轻组有机质含量均高于杉木人工林, 与人工杉木林相比, 增幅分别为19.0%-32.6%、0.8%-30.3%、3.8%-54.1%和6.3%-38.6%, 且在0-10和10-20 cm土层差异显著(p < 0.05) (水溶性有机碳仅在0-10 cm土层差异显著); 2)杉木人工林土壤水溶性有机碳与易氧化碳占总有机碳的比率均高于天然次生林; 3)两个林分土壤水溶性有机碳、易氧化碳和轻组有机质与总有机碳含量均呈现极显著相关, 且天然次生林土壤易氧化碳、轻组有机质与总有机碳的相关系数均大于杉木人工林; 4)土壤有机碳、水溶性有机碳、易氧化碳和轻组有机质与土壤养分(全氮、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾、速效钙和速效镁)的相关性均达到显著(p < 0.05)或极显著(p < 0.01)水平。     

若尔盖沙化土地治理土壤微生物群落与功能基因比较研究

【目的】在高寒沙地中建立以赖草和沙生苔草等先锋植物为主的人工草方格,探究其土壤微生物群落动态变化以及养分循环过程。【方法】采用宏基因组测序和qPCR方法进行土壤微生物群落结构组成分析、功能基因注释和绝对丰度测定,并结合土壤理化因子数据进行冗余分析。【结果】人工建立草方格后,沙地土壤中全氮、速效磷以及有机碳含量分别提高了20%-68%、10%-247%、19%-56%;细菌和真菌的群落数量分别提高了17%-81%和2%-95%,与植物促生长相关的鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)、Solirubrobacter属和类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)等细菌种类的相对丰度呈上升趋势;氮循环中与氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化相关的amoCAB基因簇和nxrAB基因簇显著富集,发现了完全氨氧化的基因标志。【结论】人工建立草方格有效提升了高寒沙地土壤养分和微生物群落数量,促进了养分循环。适度放牧可以增加沙地生态系统的氮汇扩散性,有助于本土先锋植物定植,为今后在同等高海拔地区采取沙地生态修复措施提供理论参考。     

不同水旱复种轮作方式对稻田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

通过连续2年的田间试验,研究不同水旱复种轮作方式对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响.结果表明: 稻田2年水旱复种轮作后的土壤总有机碳(TOC)呈现先升高后下降的趋势,易氧化有机碳(ROC)分蘖期最高、成熟期最低,土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)在分蘖期最高,可溶性有机碳(DOC)则在成熟期达到最高.土壤TOC的差异变化最大值和最小值分别出现在孕穗期和成熟期,ROC出现在返青期和孕穗期,DOC出现在成熟期和返青期,SMBC出现在分蘖期和返青期.“冬闲-早稻-晚稻→冬闲-早稻-晚稻”的土壤TOC、DOC变化幅度最大,“紫云英-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻”的土壤ROC变化幅度最大,“蔬菜-花生/玉米-晚稻→紫云英-早稻-晚稻”模式的SMBC变化幅度最大.“马铃薯-玉米/大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生/玉米-晚稻”在孕穗期的TOC含量较高;“紫云英-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻”能在晚稻生长的前期和中期积累较多的土壤ROC;“油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米/大豆-晚稻”在返青期和成熟期的土壤DOC含量较高,在孕穗期和抽穗期的SMBC较高.土壤各有机碳及其组分的大小关系为:TOC>ROC>SMBC>DOC.可见在当地土壤肥力条件下,水旱复种轮作方式能提高土壤有机碳及其组分的含量,有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力.     

秦岭天然林凋落物去除对土壤团聚体稳定性及细根分布的影响

研究凋落物去除对秦岭天然林土壤团聚体稳定性及细根分布特征的影响机制,为森林生态治理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)凋落物去除导致云杉林10-40 cm土层土壤中粒径大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WR_0.25)较对照显著降低(P<0.05);混交林10-40 cm土层的大于0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量(DR_0.25)显著降低(P<0.05);红桦林表层0-10 cm土壤团聚体的平均质量直径(MWD)显著降低(P<0.05);(2)凋落物去除导致三种天然林0-20 cm土层的细根生物量密度(FRBD)较对照显著降低44.18%-57.24%,细根体积(FRV)显著降低24.64%-60.41%;三种天然林中红桦林0-40 cm各土层的FRV最高;(3)凋落物去除导致云杉林0-40 cm土层的土壤容重较对照显著增加5.24%-13.04%,三种天然林0-40 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量显著降低7.92%-25.21%,全氮含量显著降低10.17%-18.10%;(4)相关分析表明,云杉林土壤的团聚体破坏率(PAD)和土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_LT)与FRBD、细根根长密度(FRLD)和FRV均呈极显著负相关,混交林土壤的PAD与FRBD呈极显著负相关关系(r=-0.814),红桦林土壤团聚体MWD与FRBD、FRLD和细根比根长(FSRL)均呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.777、-0.771和-0.786)。综上,凋落物去除在总体上降低了天然林土壤团聚体的稳定性及有机碳和全氮含量,并且不利于林木细根的生长。     

滇南喀斯特断陷盆地土地利用方式对土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

土地利用方式是影响土壤有机碳库的重要因素,为探究喀斯特断陷盆地土壤有机碳库对土地利用方式及环境因素的响应,以滇南喀斯特地区5种典型土地利用方式(耕地、草地、灌丛、人工林、天然林)为研究对象,分析不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳(SOC)及活性有机碳(LOC)组分,即可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化性有机碳(EOC)及微生物量碳(MBC)的含量、储量及分配比例在土壤垂直剖面(0-60 cm)的变化特征。结果表明：5种土地利用方式的SOC含量随土层深度的增加逐渐降低,其储量依次为灌丛(191.77 t/hm²)、草地(166.86 t/hm²)、耕地(142.47 t/hm²)、人工林(134.31 t/hm²)和天然林(102.62 t/hm²);EOC和MBC的平均含量及储量均以草地及灌丛最高、人工林及天然林次之,二者在土壤垂直剖面上与SOC含量的变化特征一致,但EOC和MBC含量在土层间的下降幅度大于SOC;土地利用方式和土层深度对DOC无显著影响(P>0.05);活性有机碳的分配比例受土地利用方式及土层深度的显著影响(P<0.01),其中人工林的EOC/SOC和MBC/SOC显著低于草地、灌丛及天然林。通径分析指出SOC和EOC主要受C/P比、全磷、砂粒和交换性钙的影响,砂粒和C/P比是影响MBC的主要因子。研究阐明在喀斯特断陷盆地地区EOC和MBC对土地利用方式的响应比SOC更敏感。另外,今后在土壤碳库的研究中应更多关注土壤磷和物理结构对其的影响。     

巨桉林草间作模式中牧草的耐阴生理适应性

研究了不同郁闭度巨桉林下鸭茅、多年生黑麦草和扁穗牛鞭草的耐阴生理适应性.结果表明:随着林分郁闭度的增加,3种牧草的光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、叶绿素a/b(Chla/Chlb)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量呈下降趋势,表观量子效率(AQY)、叶绿素 (Chl)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性有不同程度的提高;随着林分郁闭度的增加,扁穗牛鞭草的日均净光合速率(P_n)呈下降趋势,鸭茅和多年生黑麦草的P_n先增加后下降,且在林分郁闭度分别小于0.54和0.27时,二者的P_n均高于对照;3种牧草的11项生理指标与郁闭度的相关性均达到显著水平（P<0.05）;运用平均隶属函数法对3种牧草的耐阴适应性进行排序,结果为鸭茅＞多年生黑麦草＞扁穗牛鞭草.     

氮添加对樟子松人工林氮转化及相关功能基因丰度的影响

土壤氮(N)的有效性是影响土壤微生物群落结构以及土壤氮循环的重要因子。为探索N添加对樟子松人工林氮素转化及N功能基因(NFGs)表达的影响及其作用机制,该文以塞罕坝千层板林场的樟子松人工林为研究对象,进行了2年的氮添加处理,设置4个不同氮添加水平0、1、5、10 g N·m^-2·a^-1,分别记作N0、N1、N5、N10,采用功能基因微阵GeoChip 5.0系统及室内土壤培养法,探讨了土壤NFGs对氮添加的反应及其对氮转化过程的影响。结果表明:(1)与N0相比,中低N添加处理(N1、N5)促进了氨化(ureC、nirA、nrfA)、硝化(amoA)和反硝化(norB)相关基因的相对丰度,高N处理(N10)则抑制了所有NFGs的表达。(2)相关分析表明,N1、N5的促进作用与土壤有机碳(SOC)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)显著相关,N10处理显著降低了所有氮转化过程NFGs的相对丰度,这种负面影响与溶解性有机碳(DOC)、MBC含量的减少有关。(3)与氮转化基因丰度规律趋势相似,N1和N5处理显著增加了净N硝化、净N矿化以及N₂O的排放速率,但N10促进作用不明显,表明氮添加对氮转化的促进作用存在阈值。(4)多元回归分析进一步表明,amoA-AOB和MBC是影响净N硝化的关键因素,ureC、nirK和MBC是影响净氮矿化的关键因素,narG、nirS是影响N₂O排放的关键因素。综上,N添加可提高促进樟子松人工林的氮转化及提高部分特定酶功能基因的相对丰度,但氮添加水平存在阈值,当施用10 g N·m^-2·a^-1时,氮转化受到抑制,添加5 g N·m^-2·a^-1是促进樟子松人工林土壤N转化的较佳水平。     

秸秆覆盖与施磷对西南冬小麦叶肉导度和CO2同化效率的影响

为探究西南麦区冬小麦旗叶叶肉导度(g_m)与CO₂同化对土壤速效磷缺乏的响应。试验于2020-2022年在四川仁寿试验站进行秸秆覆盖和磷素水平的二因素裂区试验,以秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM)为主区;三个磷水平0(P0)kg/hm²、75(P75)kg/hm²和120(P120)kg/hm²为裂区,分析小麦旗叶光响应曲线、叶肉导度和CO₂同化对旗叶磷素水平的响应。结果表明:与NSM相比,SM下旗叶比叶重(LMA)、单位面积磷含量(PA)、单位质量磷含量(PM)和净光合速率(P_n)分别提高4.1%、16.9%、12.2%和6.9%,且随着施磷量的增加,旗叶的LMA、PA、PM和P_n呈增加趋势。秸秆覆盖与施磷显著提高旗叶最大净光合速率(P_nmax)和表观量子效率(AQY),增加旗叶的光合潜能。施磷显著提高旗叶光系统II实际光化学效率(ΦPSII),最大羧化效率(V_cmax)、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)活力、胞间CO₂浓度(C_c)、叶绿体CO₂浓度(C_c)、气孔导度(g_s)和g_m,P75和P120较P0分别提高16.8%-23.8%、27.9%-35.3%、30.9%-61.7%、1.4%-3.6%、4.8%-13.1%、9.0%-10.2%和16.0%-16.9%,P75和P120无显著差异。秸秆覆盖与施磷降低旗叶的气孔限制(L_s)和叶肉限制(L_m),生化限制(L_b)是光合速率的主要限制因子。综上所述,秸秆覆盖配施75kg/hm²磷肥可提高西南冬小麦旗叶磷素含量、光系统II实际光化学效率、叶肉导度和CO₂同化效率,降低气孔限制和叶肉限制,从而提高旗叶净光合速率。     

桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地不同植被恢复方式下土壤有机碳组分变化特征

植被恢复被认为是提升退化区域土壤有机碳（SOC）固持的有效措施。然而,喀斯特脆弱生态系统植被人工恢复和自然恢复模式下SOC不同组分变化特征、稳定性和固持能力的研究还较缺乏。以典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为研究区,以耕地为对照,以恢复15年的人工恢复（人工林）和自然恢复（耕地撂荒后植被自然演替为灌丛）为研究对象,分析不同植被恢复模式下SOC、颗粒态有机碳（POC）、矿质结合态有机碳（MOC）、易氧化态有机碳（ROC）、惰性碳指数（RI）和SOC相对固持能力（SCS_capacity）变化特征。结果发现：（1）人工林和灌丛SOC、POC和ROC含量显著高于耕地,且灌丛POC和ROC含量显著高于人工林,MOC则在三者之间差异不显著;（2）与耕地相比,人工林和灌丛RI显著下降,但SCS_capacity差异不显著。研究表明,桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地植被恢复15年后主要提升土壤活性碳组分,且自然恢复比人工恢复更有利于于提升土壤活性碳组分;然而,耕地退耕后短期内土壤碳稳定性并未增加,强调植被恢复后避免再次毁林开荒对于维持土壤碳固持的必要性。     

Fine root heterogeneity by branch order: exploring the discrepancy in root turnover estimates between minirhizotron and carbon isotopic methods

Fine roots constitute a large and dynamic component of the carbon cycles of terrestrial ecosystems. The reported fivefold discrepancy in turnover estimates between median longevity (ML) from minirhizotrons and mean residence time (MRT) using carbon isotopes may have global consequences. Here, a root branch order-based model and a simulated factorial experiment were used to examine four sources of error. Inherent differences between ML, a number-based measure, and MRT, a mass-based measure, and the inability of the MRT method to account for multiple replacements of rapidly cycling roots were the two sources of error that contributed more to the disparity than did the improper choice of root age distribution models and sampling bias. Sensitivity analysis showed that the rate at which root longevity increases as order increases was the most important factor influencing the disparity between ML and MRT. Assessing root populations for each branch order may substantially reduce the errors in longevity estimates of the fine root guild. Our results point to the need to acquire longevity estimates of different orders, particularly those of higher orders.     

Variation in root system traits among African semi‐arid savanna grasses: Implications for drought tolerance

In arid to semi‐arid grasslands and savannas, plant growth, population dynamics, and productivity are consistently and strongly limited by soil water and nutrient availability. Adaptive traits of the root systems of grasses in these ecosystems are crucial to their ability to cope with strong water and/or nutrient limitation and the increasing drought stress associated with ecosystem degradation or projected climate change. We studied 18 grass species in semi‐arid savanna of the Kalahari region of Botswana to quantify interspecific variation in three important root system traits including root system architecture, rhizosheath thickness and mycorrhizal colonization. Drought‐tolerant species and shorter‐lived species showed greater rhizosheath thickness and fine root development but lower mycorrhizal colonization compared to later successional climax grasses and those characteristic of wetter sites. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between root fibrousness index and rhizosheath thickness among species and a weak negative correlation between root fibrousness index and mycorrhizal colonization. These patterns suggest that an extensive fine root system and rhizosheath development may be important complementary traits of grasses coping with drought conditions, the former aiding in the acquisition of water by the grass plant and the latter aiding in water uptake and retention, and reducing water loss in the rhizosphere. Within species, both rhizosheath development and mycorrhizal colonization were significantly greater in a wet year than in a year with below‐average precipitation. The observed patterns suggest that the primary benefit of rhizosheath development in African savanna grasses is improved drought tolerance and that it is a plastic trait that can be adjusted annually to changing environmental conditions. The functioning of mycorrhizal symbiosis is likely to be relatively more important in infertile savannas where nutrient limitation is higher relative to water limitation.     

根修剪对黄土旱塬冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)根系分布、根系效率及产量形成的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同时期根修剪处理对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）根系大小与分布、根系效率、水分利用效率及产量形成的影响。设置4个根修剪处理：越冬期小剪根（WS）、越冬期大剪根（WB）,返青期小剪根（GS）、返青期大剪根（GB）,未剪根小麦作为对照（CK）。结果表明,到花期时,各根修剪处理小麦的在0～120cm总根量均显著小于对照。与对照相比各根修剪处理主要是显著地减少了上层土壤中的根量。但WS和GS两小剪根处理和对照相比在中层土壤中有较大的根量;花后各处理小麦旗叶的气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著大于对照。这说明根修剪处理减少了小麦表层的根量,从而削弱了表土干旱信号对作物与外界气体交换的抑制作用。花期时各根修剪小麦的净光合速率均显著高于对照,而单位面积上的根呼吸速率均显著小于对照,根修剪处理提高了小麦的根系效率,使更多的光合产物用于籽粒生产,从而提高了小麦的收获指数。根修剪还提高了小麦的水分利用效率,其中WS、WB、GS处理的水分利用效率显著高于对照。但是GB处理的水分利用效率却没有显著提高。因此,本研究进一步证明了由不同年代品种得到的推测,认为在旱地农业中,通过遗传育种或采用适当农艺措施优化根系分布,既可以减少生长前期作物对水分的过度消耗,又能够削弱花后表土过度干旱对作物生长抑制作用,同时降低根系对同化产物的消耗,对作物产量及水分利用效率的提高具有积极的作用。     

The effect of isoproturon on root growth and ultrastructure of the photosynthetic apparatus of two wheat cultivars and a weed

The effect of isoproturon [N,N-dimethyl N'4-(1-methyl-ethyl) phenyl urea] on the germination, growth of root and ultrastructure of the photosynthetic apparatus was investigated in two wheat cultivars ( Triticum sativum L. cvs Castan and Esquilache) and a weed ( Lolium rigidum Gaud.). No inhibition of germination was apparent in any of the three plants studied. The inhibition of root growth was considerably significant, especially in cv. Esquilache. After 48 h treatment with isoproturon (340 μ M ), the chloroplasts of the two wheat cultivars were found to be similar, showing a higher number of grana with fewer thylakoids per granum (lower stacking degree), broader grana stacks than in the control and an absence of starch. However, after 60 h of treatment, swelling of the thylakoids occurred in the Esquilache cultivar.
The rye grass was the most affected by the herbicide; at low concentration (3.4 μ M ) the number and size of the grana decreased considerably and the stroma thylakoids were destroyed. At higher concentration (17 μ M ), there was a strong accumulation in certain areas of the stroma of a substance with a lipid-like appearance, probably derived from the disintegrating thylakoids. At the same concentrations some chloroplast envelopes were completely desintegrated.
The Hill reaction of the three plants exhibited a similar sensitivity towards the herbicide.     

Assessing root death and root system dynamics in a study of grape canopy pruning

Defining root death in studies of root dynamics is problematic because cell death occurs gradually and the resulting effects on root function are not well understood. In this study, metabolic activity of grape roots of different ages was assessed by excised root respiration and tetrazolium chloride reduction. We investigated changes in metabolic activity and patterns of cell death occurring with root age and changes in root pigmentation. Tetrazolium chloride reduction of roots of different ages was strongly correlated to respiration ( R ² = 0.786). As roots aged, respiration and tetrazolium chloride reduction declined similarly, with minimum metabolic activity reached at six weeks. Tetrazolium chloride reduction indicated that the onset of root browning corresponded to a 77% reduction in metabolic activity ( P < 0.001). Anatomical examination of roots at each pigmentation stage showed that even though some cells in brown roots were still alive, these roots were functionally dead. The effect of using different definitions of root death in relation to root survivorship was determined in a study of 'Concord' grapes with two pruning treatments, using three criteria for root death: browning, blackening or shriveling, and disappearance. There was no effect of vine pruning on root life span when life span was defined as the time from first appearance to the onset of browning. However, if death was judged as the point when roots either became black or shriveled or disappeared, vine pruning decreased root life span by 34% and 40%, respectively ( P < 0.001), and also increased the decay constant for root decomposition by about 45% ( P < 0.001). We conclude that the discrepancy among determinations of root life span assessed with different definitions of death might be partly caused by the latter evaluations of root life span incorporating a portion of root decomposition in definitions of root death.     

不同温度条件下杉木、桤木和火力楠细根分解对土壤活性有机碳的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了不同温度(9 ℃、14 ℃、24 ℃和28 ℃)条件下桤木、杉木和火力楠细根分解对土壤活性有机碳的影响.结果表明,不同树种细根的分解率不同,树种间差异显著,大小依次为火力楠>桤木>杉木.细根分解率随着培养温度的增加而增大,随着培养时间的延长而降低.添加细根的种类、培养温度和培养时间均对实验系统中土壤微生物碳和水溶性有机碳的含量产生影响.3个树种细根分解使土壤微生物碳和水溶性有机碳含量显著高于对照,大小依次为火力楠>桤木>杉木>对照; 培养中期以及中等培养温度条件下细根分解对应着较高的土壤微生物碳和水溶性有机碳含量.细根分解对土壤易氧化碳含量无显著影响.