蚜虫雄蚜与雌性母对性信息素及植物挥发物的田间反应

田间观察了桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)、绣线菊蚜Aphis spiraecola Patch 、山楂圆疣蚜Ovatus crataegarius (Walker)等3种蚜虫对性信息素[(4aS,7S,7aR)-荆芥内酯和 (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-荆芥醇]的反应,并且调查了性信息素与植物挥发物对桃蚜的田间引诱活性的相互作用.在有冬寄主或夏寄主植物的田中,性信息素诱捕器诱捕到桃蚜雄蚜与雌性母的数量显著多于对照诱捕器的诱捕数;但在非寄主植物的田中,却引诱不到桃蚜.苯甲醛(冬寄主植物桃树Prunus persica的主要挥发物组分之一)能够增强桃蚜雄蚜的引诱作用.绣线菊蚜雄蚜和雌性母对植物中提取的荆芥内酯有反应,而山楂圆疣蚜雄蚜和雌性母对植物中提取的和人工合成的荆芥内酯都没有反应,但对荆芥醇有反应.并且在荆芥醇中添加荆芥内酯之后对山楂圆疣蚜雄蚜引诱活性显著提高.还讨论了雌性蚜产生化合物被雄蚜作为性信息素、被雌性母作为聚集信息素以及性信息素与寄主植物挥发物的相互作用.     

植物挥发性物质对蚜虫性信息素诱蚜效果的影响(英文)

本研究首先是在不同的寄主植物中利用蚜虫性信息素进行田间诱蚜实验。结果表明寄主植物影响性信息素田间诱蚜的种类和效果。在桃园 ,以蚜虫性信息素荆芥内酯和荆芥醇为性诱剂的水盆诱捕器 ,诱到 3种蚜虫的雄蚜 ,分别是桃蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和莲缢管蚜。其中 ,桃蚜占绝大多数 ,且还被性信息素的单一组分植物提取的荆芥内酯所吸引。麦田中诱到的雄蚜为麦二叉蚜。苹果园中诱到的雄蚜是绣线菊蚜和梨中华圆尾蚜 ,且性信息素诱捕器中的数目远多于对照诱捕器。据田间诱蚜实验结果推测 ,荆芥内酯和荆芥醇对桃粉大尾蚜有吸引作用 ,荆芥内酯可能是绣线菊蚜和梨中华圆尾蚜性信息素的一个组分。另外进行的田间实验表明寄主植物挥发性物质对蚜虫性信息素诱蚜效果有影响 ,当荆芥内酯诱捕器同时释放桃叶挥发物时 ,诱到的桃蚜雄蚜数量明显增加。触角电位记录实验也表明桃蚜雄蚜对桃叶挥发物和桃芽挥发物有反应。     

蚜虫性信息素对桃园蚜虫的引诱作用

将从荆芥Nepeta cataria L.中提取的纯度为96%的荆芥内酯和通过二异丁基铝还原提取的荆芥内酯得到的纯度为67%荆芥醇,配成浓度为5%的不同比例的己烷溶液,于1995年10月19～28日在北京大兴县南郊农场的桃园进行了引诱蚜虫的试验。各种比例的性信息素诱捕器均能引诱到桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)雄蚜、桃粉大尾蚜Hyaloptera amygdali Blanchard雄蚜以及少量的桃蚜产雌性母;荆芥醇和荆芥内酯的比例为1∶1时引诱桃蚜雄蚜的效果最好;单一组分的荆芥醇引诱桃粉大尾蚜雄蚜的效果最好。     

茶互利素和蚜性信息素及其组合调控大草蛉行为的效应

茶蚜群聚于茶梢上刺吸,而茶梢是加工名优茶的原料,不便施药治蚜。大草蛉虽是茶蚜主要天敌之一,但在自然情况下不足以控制茶蚜。遂探讨以茶梢互利素、蚜虫性信息素及其组合引诱大草蛉制约茶蚜的技术。使用顶空吸附法采集蚜害茶梢和健康茶梢挥发物,经GC-MS分析发现蚜害茶梢(E)-2-戊烯醛、苯甲醛和α-法尼烯的含量丰富。将蚜害茶梢挥发物中16种主要成分、蚜虫性信息素荆芥内酯和荆芥醇、以及α-法尼烯、苯甲醛和荆芥醇的2∶2∶6比例混合物分别制成味源,这19种味源的剂量都是200!g。经检测发现荆芥醇、荆芥内酯、α-法尼烯、(E)-2-戊烯醛和苯甲醛引起大草蛉的EAG值明显大于其它13种单组分引起的EAG值,而小于α-法尼烯、苯甲醛和荆芥醇混合物引起的EAG值。再将荆芥内酯和荆芥醇分别按7种比例配成7种味源,还把α-法尼烯、苯甲醛和荆芥醇的2∶2∶6比例混合物、以及(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-戊烯醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛和α-法尼烯分别作为味源,用这13种味源分别制成的诱芯于秋季茶园中诱集大草蛉,每个诱芯含有信息物质总量是10 mg,结果表明:α-法尼烯、苯甲醛和荆芥醇混合物的诱效最强,称为大草蛉诱集剂;荆芥内酯和荆芥醇1∶9或0∶10比例的混合物诱效次之。深秋置大草蛉诱集剂诱芯于蚜群中,可诱来许多大草蛉成虫捕食茶蚜,并产卵于茶园中而增加大草蛉幼虫越冬基数,翌年春季就近捕食越冬蚜卵孵化的茶蚜。该诱集剂及其使用技术可作为一种治理茶蚜手段。     

烟蚜茧蜂对蚜虫信息素及烟草挥发物的触角电位反应

利用触角电位(EAG)技术测定了烟蚜茧蜂(Aphididius gifuensis)对蚜虫性信息素(荆芥醇和荆芥内酯)和报警信息素(反-β-法尼烯)以及烟草挥发性物质的电生理反应.结果表明:雌蜂和雄蜂对蚜虫性信息素、报警信息素、烟草挥发物均有反应,但雌雄蜂对这些化学信息物质的嗅觉敏感性存在差异,雌蜂对荆芥醇、荆芥内酯、顺-3-己烯-1-醇、反-2-己烯醛、水杨酸甲酯和里那醇的EAG反应都大于雄峰,证明雌雄蜂在利用寄主栖境中信息化学物质方面存在不同的策略,它们分别识别了不同的有关寄主的化学指纹图;烟蚜茧蜂对烟草气味组分具有不同的敏感性,对绿叶气味组分的EAG反应要强于对萜类化合物的反应,绿叶气味组分很有可能在其寻找桃蚜的过程中发挥远距离定向作用.     

豌豆蚜触角转录组化学感受蛋白的鉴定、表达和结合特性分析

[目的]本研究旨在鉴定豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum触角转录组中化学感受蛋白(chemosensory protein,CSP)基因,明确触角中高表达的豌豆蚜CSP蛋白与蚜虫报警信息素、性信息素以及植物挥发物的分子结合特性.[方法]通过对豌豆蚜成蚜触角进行转录组测序,鉴定触角中候选CSP基因;采用RPKM...     

桃蚜对报警信息素和烟草挥发物的电生理和行为反应

【目的】探究烟草挥发物和蚜虫报警信息素对桃蚜Myzuspersicae行为的影响,以期为桃蚜的化学生态防治提供理论依据。【方法】采用触角电位技术(EAG)测定了有翅蚜与无翅蚜对蚜虫报警信息素(E)-β-法尼烯与4种烟草挥发物(6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、壬醛、反-β-罗勒烯、乙酸正丁酯)的电生理反应,并利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了桃蚜对这些化合物的行为反应。【结果】蚜虫报警信息素和4种烟草挥发物均能引起有翅蚜和无翅蚜的触角电位反应,有翅蚜的嗅觉感器对报警信息素更为敏感,而无翅蚜对烟草挥发物乙酸正丁酯和反-β-罗勒烯更为敏感。在1、10和100 ng 3个测试剂量范围内,报警信息素在剂量为10 ng和100 ng时对有翅蚜和无翅蚜的驱避作用显著,而1 ng时仅对无翅蚜有驱避作用。烟草挥发物乙酸正丁酯、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和反-β-罗勒烯在剂量为100 ng时,对无翅蚜和有翅蚜具有引诱作用;当剂量10 ng时,乙酸正丁酯对有翅蚜和无翅蚜均有引诱作用,6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮仅对无翅蚜有引诱作用。【结论】报警信息素对无翅蚜的驱避作用强于有翅蚜,烟草挥发物组分6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、乙酸正丁酯、反-β-罗勒烯对桃蚜的无翅蚜和有翅蚜均具有引诱作用。     

蚜虫性信息素田间引诱雄性桃蚜研究(英文)

据报道许多蚜虫性信息素的主要成分是（＋）-（1R,4aR,7S,7aR）-荆齐醇和（＋）－（4aS,7S,7aR）-荆芥内酯。应用这两种物质在1995年和1996年进行引诱桃蚜MyzusPersicae雄蚜的田间试验,在桃园的试验中取得了良好的效果,初步摸索出田间应用最佳时间与合适的配比。     

蚜虫信息素

<正> 一、群集信息素 蚜虫常在寄主植物一定部位群集着。这是由于幼蚜有随母取食习性造成的。蚜属Aphis、短棒蚜属Brevicorync、毛蚜属Chaitophorus、长足大蚜属Cinara和缢管蚜属Rhopalosiphum等蚜虫群集习性尤为突出;另方面,无网长管蚜属Acyrthosiphum、长管蚜属Macrosiphum、瘤蚜属Myzus、伪毛蚜属Sipha和彩斑蚜属Therioaphis等蚜虫则表现有较大外向性,很少集成大群。 群集生活方式的形成可能与蚂蚁共生方式有关。这既便于蚂蚁采集蚜蜜,又便于靠它来驱逐天敌。和通常的观念相反,蚜虫群集在一     

蚜虫性信息素的田间引诱蚜虫试验

据报道蚜虫的性信息素的主要成分是（＋）－（４ａＳ,７Ｓ,７ａＲ）－荆芥内醌（１）和（＋）－（１Ｒ,４ａＳ,７Ｓ,７ａＲ）＝荆芥醇（Ⅱ）。应用这两种物质进行引诱雄性蚜的田间实验,取得了良好的效果,初步获得了应用于田间的合适的配比及使用的时间。     

Electroantennogram responses of the three migratory forms of the damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli, to aphid pheromones and plant volatiles

Electroantennogram (EAG) responses were recorded from alate fundatrigeniae (spring migrants), gynoparae (the winged female form that produces sexual females) and males, the three migratory forms of the damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli (Schrank). EAG responses of gynoparae and males showed typical dose response characteristics to (E)-2-hexenal, (-)-R-carvone, hexanenitrile and (1RS,4aR,7S,7aS)-nepetalactol, the sex pheromone of this species. The 34 plant volatiles elicited broadly similar EAG response profiles in the three migratory forms. Green leaf volatiles produced large responses in all forms; however, the relative order of responsiveness varied. EAG responses to isomers of the monoterpene carvone differed between forms, with males being most, and spring migrants least, responsive. The hop-plant volatile and aphid alarm pheromone, (E)-beta-farnesene, evoked similar EAG responses in all forms. By contrast, males were most responsive to the three sex pheromone components, (-)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol, (+)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone and (1RS,4aR,7S,7aS)-nepetalactol. Males were no more responsive to their own sex pheromone, (1RS,4aR,7S,7aS)-nepetalactol, than to the other aphid sex pheromone components tested. Spring migrants and gynoparae also responded to the three sex pheromone components. This study indicates that migratory forms of P. humuli detect a wide range of volatile compounds, and that they are equally well-adapted for the detection of volatiles associated with host and non-host plants and with other species of aphid.     

Aphid sex pheromones: from discovery to commercial production

This review charts the progress made with aphid sex pheromone chemistry, from initial identification of cyclopentanoid nepetalactones, for example (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone (1). and (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol (2). to commercial production from a renewable non-food crop, the catmint, Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae). The availability of aphid sex pheromone components is now facilitating the development of new aphid pest control strategies, incorporating the use of other semiochemicals, particularly in the manipulation of populations of aphid parasitoids and aphid predators such as lacewings, which can utilise the nepetalactones and closely related molecules to locate their hosts and prey. This is the first example of a plant resource being developed as a feedstock for the production of a commercially valuable insect pheromone. The development of a plant-based production route highlights the tremendous potential that higher plants offer as cheap and renewable resources for the production of insect semiochemicals, through the wide array of secondary metabolites that they can generate.     

Electroantennogram and behavioural responses of different forms of the bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi,to sex pheromone and a plant volatile

Winged (alate) virginoparae were induced in the laboratory by crowding the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) under long-day conditions. Males and gynoparae (the winged female form that produces sexual females) were induced by short days. Electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioural responses were investigated in each of the three forms to two aphid sex pheromone components, (-)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol and (+)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone, and benzaldehyde, a volatile which is released by the winter host plant. All three compounds elicited EAG responses with the males showing the highest sensitivity to each compound. Both the nepetalactol and the nepetalactone elicited larger EAG responses in gynoparae than in the winged virginoparae but antennae from virginoparae were more responsive to benzaldehyde. Although the nepetalactone is not a sex pheromone component in R. padi the EAG responses were similar to those evoked by the nepetalactol, the sex pheromone, in all three aphid forms. In a linear-track olfactometer, significantly more male R. padi moved into air containing nepetalactol, nepetalactone or benzaldehyde than into a simultaneous choice of clean air (i.e. attraction) but nepetalactol was more attractive than nepetalactone. Males, however, showed no response to a mixture of nepetalactol and nepetalactone. Gynoparae were attracted only to the nepetalactol but were less sensitive than the males and showed no response to the nepetalactone or benzaldehyde. In contrast, alate virginoparae showed no behavioural responses to any of the compounds. The present study supports the idea that the male R. padi utilise both sex pheromone and benzaldehyde for mate/host-plant location in autumn. It also demonstrates, for the first time, polyphenic differences in the olfactory responses at the peripheral level between the two female forms. Such differences impact on the life-cycle strategy where winged virginoparae move between graminaceous summer host plants while gynoparae move from the summer hosts to the bird cherry, winter host. The latter move appears to be assisted by the sex pheromone released by sexual females, already present on that host, acting as an aggregation pheromone.     

Cereal aphid responses to sex pheromones and host-plant odours in the laboratory

Abstract. The movement of Sitobion fragariae (Wlk.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) males towards odours from conspecific sexual females (oviparae) and the aphid sex pheromone component (4a S ,7 S ,7a R )-nepetalactone were demonstrated in a linear-track olfactometer. Males of the closely related Sitobion avenae (Fab.) were attracted to odours from conspecific oviparae and also oviparae of S. fragariae. These results were consistent with the recent identification of this nepetalactone isomer as the major component of the sex pheromone in these species. Males of S.fragariae were not significantly attracted to oviparae of S.avenae. indicating some qualitative or quantitative difference in the pheromones of the two species. Males did not respond to the related (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol or to host-plant odours. Gynoparae of these species moved towards the nepetalactone and also to host-plant odours. A combination of both stimuli was more attractive than plant odour alone. Gynoparae of S.fragariae also responded significantly to the combined treatment when this was tested against the nepetalactone.     

The responses ofPraon spp. parasitoids to aphid sex pheromone components in the field

In autumn 1991, aphid parasitoids of the genusPraon (Hymenoptera; Braconidae) were caught in water traps with lures containing synthetic aphid sex pheromone components at three sites in England and one in Germany. At two of the English sites and at the German site, the traps were placed in winter cereal fields whilst the third English site was in woodland. Three species were caught,P. volucre, P. dorsale andP. abjectum. Those caught in cereal fields were almost entirelyP. volucre, whilstP. dorsale dominated at the woodland site. Of the known aphid sex pheromone components, the most effective lure was the (+)-(4aS, 7S, 7aR)-nepetalactone. Nepetalactone traps placed at the woodland site in spring and summer caught fewPraon females, and attraction may be confined to the autumn, when sexual female aphids are present in the field. Male parasitoids did not respond to the aphid pheromones at any time, although they were caught in suction traps operated at the woodland site during the autumn. At the cereal sites height had a significant influence on the efficiency of the pheromone traps, those placed just above the crop canopy being most effective. There was no evidence that any other genus of parasitoid responded to aphid sex pheromones at these sites.     

Synthesis and Pseudomonas lipase inhibition study of stereoisomers of decahydro-2-naphthyl-N-n-butylcarbamate

(2S,4aR,8aS)-Cis,cis-, (2R,4aS,8aR)-cis,cis-, rac-cis,cis-, and rac-trans,cis-decahydro-2-naphthyl-N-n-butylcarbamates are synthesized from condensation of (2S,4aR,8aS)-cis,cis-, (2R,4aS,8aR)-cis,cis-, rac-cis,cis-, and rac-trans,cisdecahydro- 2-naphthols, respectively, with n-butyl isocyanate in the presence of triethylamine in dichloromethane. Optically pure (2S,4aR,8aS)-(-)- and (2R,4aS,8aR)-(+)-cis,cis-decahydro-2-naphthols are resolved by the porcine pancreatic lipase- catalyzed acetylation of decahydro-2-naphthols with vinyl acetate in t-butyl methyl ether. Absolute configurations of (2S,4aR,8aS)-(-)- and (2R,4aS,8aR)-(+)- cis,cis-decahydro-2-naphthols are determined from the 1?F NMR spectra of their Mosher's ester derivatives. (2S,4aR,8aR)-Trans,cis- and (2R,4aS,8aS)-trans,cis-decahydro-2-naphthols can't be resolved from the porcine pancreatic lipase-catalyzed acetylation of decahydro-2-naphthols with vinyl acetate in t-butyl methyl ether. For the inhibitory potency of Pseudomonas lipase, (2S,4aR,8aS)-cis,cis-decahydro-2-naphthyl-N-n-butylcarbamate is 3.5 times more potent than (2R,4aS,8aR)-cis,cis-decahydro-2-naphthyl-N-n-butylcarbamate; racemic cis,cis-decahydro- 2-naphthyl-N-n-butylcarbamate is about the same with trans,cis-decahydro-2-naphthyl-N-n-butylcarbamate. These inhibitors also show similar effects on porcine pancreatic lipase.