荒漠绿洲过渡带一年生草本植物对干旱胁迫的响应

选取河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带典型一年生草本植物雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）、虎尾草（Chloris virgata）和狗尾草（Setaria viridis）为研究对象,设置5个水分梯度（正常水分（CK）,轻度干旱（5d）、中度干旱（10d）、重度干旱（15d）,重度干旱（15d）复水）,分析了3种一年生草本植物生理和形态等性状对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明：一年生草本植物可以通过生理反应（渗透调节）适应轻度和中度干旱胁迫,而通过个体形态来适应重度干旱胁迫。在轻度和中度干旱处理下,一年生草本植物通过调控叶片渗透调节物质脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖维持叶片渗透压,提高保水能力,叶绿素含量增加,使丙二醛含量维持在较低的水平,同时,根系活力增强,有效促进了根系水分吸收;而在重度胁迫下,渗透调节物质作用降低,丙二醛含量迅速增加,导致可溶性蛋白含量下降,叶绿素分解加速,植物生长受到抑制,在有限的生物量下,一年生草本植物主要通过根系伸长、根长与茎长的比增加和减小茎长来适应重度干旱胁迫,最终导致了种子百粒重和结种数量下降。     

3个树种对不同程度土壤干旱的生理生化响应

利用盆栽试验和采用人工浇水后持续自然耗水的方法,研究了3年生山杏(Prunus sibirica)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)对土壤干旱胁迫的生理生化响应过程。结果表明:随着干旱程度加剧,3个树种叶片相对含水量(LRWC)及叶绿素(Chl)含量持续下降,细胞膜透性逐渐增大;其中,以山杏和沙棘变化幅度较大,油松最小;3个指标发生显著变化的土壤相对含水量(RWC)临界值,油松为54.7%、山杏和沙棘分别为46.7%和48.4%。3个树种超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化物酶(POD)两种抗氧化酶活性,随RWC降低先升高后降低;维持较高抗氧化酶活性的RWC范围,油松为32.9%—76.4%、山杏和沙棘分别为46.7%—77.9%和35.8%—78.2%;在不同土壤干旱程度下,油松的抗氧化酶活性水平高于沙棘和山杏。3个树种两种渗透调节物质脯氨酸(Pro)与可溶性糖(Ss)的含量随RWC降低而增加,油松的增加幅度大于山杏和沙棘;Pro含量的增加速度大于Ss含量。结论:3个树种可通过渗透调节、抗氧化酶活性升高等途径增强对干旱逆境的耐受性和适应性;3个树种的抗旱能力为油松>沙棘>山杏。     

Ride to cell wall: Arabidopsis XTH11, XTH29 and XTH33 exhibit different secretion pathways and responses to heat and drought stress

The xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are enzymes involved in cell wall assembly and growth regulation, cleaving and re-joining hemicellulose chains in the xyloglucan–cellulose network. Here, in a homologous system, we compare the secretion patterns of XTH11, XTH33 and XTH29, three members of the Arabidopsis thaliana XTH family, selected for the presence (XTH11 and XTH33) or absence (XTH29) of a signal peptide, and the presence of a transmembrane domain (XTH33). We show that XTH11 and XTH33 reached, respectively, the cell wall and plasma membrane through a conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway, whereas XTH29 moves towards the apoplast following an unconventional protein secretion (UPS) mediated by exocyst-positive organelles (EXPOs). All XTHs share a common C-terminal functional domain (XET-C) that, for XTH29 and a restricted number of other XTHs (27, 28 and 30), continues with an extraterminal region (ETR) of 45 amino acids. We suggest that this region is necessary for the correct cell wall targeting of XTH29, as the ETR-truncated protein never reaches its final destination and is not recruited by EXPOs. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses performed on 4-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to drought and heat stress suggest a different involvement of the three XTHs in cell wall remodeling under abiotic stress, evidencing stress-, organ- and time-dependent variations in the expression levels. Significantly, XTH29, codifying the only XTH that follows a UPS pathway, is highly upregulated with respect to XTH11 and XTH33, which code for CPS-secreted proteins.     

干旱胁迫下冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)高光谱特征和生理生态响应

2006年于冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期,采用ASD Fieldspec HH光谱仪测定了不同水分胁迫下冬小麦高光谱反射率、红边参数和对应的冬小麦生理生态参数叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、叶绿素a b(Chla b),叶片水分含量(LWC),叶面积指数(LAI).结果表明,冬小麦生理生态参数随生长发育呈现先上升后下降趋势,Chla、Chlb和Chla b开花期达最大值;LWC和LAI孕穗期达最大值.随干旱胁迫程度增加,Chla、Chlb和Chla b、LWC和LAI减少.不同水分处理下冬小麦高光谱反射率具有绿色植物特征.用红边一阶微分光谱特征参数分析,冬小麦孕穗期和开花期红边(λred)位于728～730nm,灌浆期红边(λred)移到734nm.Chla、Chlb和Chla b与Dλ730:Dλ702、Dλ730:Dλ718,LWC与Dλred、Dλ718以及LAI与Dλ718、Dλred、Sred均呈正相关,相关系数大于0.5(p<0.05).经回归分析,Chl与Dλ730:Dλ702、LWC与Dλred呈线性关系(R2=0.87),LAI与Sred呈二次关系(R2=0.68).因此,用冬小麦高光谱特征及红边参数能判断冬小麦生育后期长势和农田水分胁迫程度.     

Protein kinases in plant responses to drought,salt, and cold stress

Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has become critical for developing and breeding climate-resilient crops. In this review,we summarize recent progress on understanding plant drought, salt, and cold stress responses, with a focus on signal perception and transduction by different protein kinases, especially sucrose nonfermenting1(SNF1)-related protein kinases(Sn RKs),mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) cascades,calcium-dependent protein kinases(CDPKs/CPKs),and receptor-like kinases(RLKs). We also discuss future challenges in these research fields.     

胀果甘草种子萌发对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为探讨胀果甘草种子萌发对干旱胁迫的生理生化适应机制,以聚乙二醇(PEG)-6000模拟干旱胁迫,分析了胀果甘草(Glycyrrhiza inflata)种子萌发过程中发芽率(GR)、丙二醛(MDA)及游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的动态变化规律。结果显示,水势为-0.1MPa时,GR达到100%,之后随着干旱胁迫增强而显著降低(P0.05);MDA、Pro含量及SOD、POD活性都表现出水势≥-0.2MPa时增加和-1.4MPa≤水势-0.2MPa时减少的明显趋势(P0.05),这4个指标两两之间的相关关系均达到显著水平(P0.05);而干旱胁迫增强使SS含量显著增加(P0.05)。     

两种野生灌木幼苗对干旱和盐交叉胁迫的生理响应

长枝木蓼(Ateaphaxis viegata)和刺叶锦鸡儿(Caragana acanthophulla)是乌鲁木齐周边植被组成的重要种,在植被恢复中具有潜在价值。该文通过盆栽控水控盐法研究两种野生灌木幼苗在不同程度的干旱和盐交叉胁迫下的生理反应。结果表明,干旱和盐交叉胁迫下,长枝木蓼可溶性糖增幅较刺叶锦鸡儿大;轻度交叉胁迫时,两种灌木的可溶性糖含量高于仅干旱胁迫或盐胁迫下的。中度和重度交叉胁迫下,长枝木蓼叶片丙二醛含量增幅高于刺叶锦鸡儿。交叉胁迫下,两种灌木叶片叶绿素含量下降,且长枝木蓼叶片的叶绿素含量降幅大于刺叶锦鸡儿。因膜系统的过氧化作用,使MDA含量升高。轻度干旱胁迫提高了两种野生灌木对盐胁迫的耐受能力。两种灌木能很好地适应中度交叉胁迫,重度交叉胁迫对两种灌木的伤害很大,但也能生存。综合比较各参数发现,刺叶锦鸡儿更耐早,而长枝木蓼更耐盐;综合比较各生理参数发现,刺叶锦鸡儿对干旱和盐胁迫的耐受能力较长枝木蓼强。     

甘薯愈伤组织对干旱胁迫和盐胁迫的生理反应对比

研究干旱胁迫和盐胁迫对“芦选一号”。日‘薯愈伤组织可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性等的影响,从而在细胞水平上探讨甘薯抵御渗透胁迫的生理机制。并分析甘薯细胞对干旱处理（PEG-6000）和盐处理（NaCl）的反应差异。结果表明,可溶性蛋白质含量在干旱胁迫下缓慢升高,在轻度和中度盐胁迫的生长前期和中期有较大幅度的上升。但后期下降,表明短时间盐胁迫下,Na^＋可能促进可溶性蛋白的合成;MDA在重度干旱胁迫下的含量显著低于重度盐胁迫,而SOD活性显著高于盐胁迫。表明在盐胁迫下细胞膜透性增加的主要原网是膜脂过氧化作用。干旱处理则是PEG-6000脱水的直接结果;重度干旱胁迫下,可溶性糖含量在短期内迅速升高,然后下降,而脯氨酸含量则在胁迫中后期迅速上升。脯氨酸可能有补偿可溶性糖含量降低的作用。     

Adaptations to water gradient in three Rorippa plant species correspond with plant resistance against insect herbivory under drought and waterlogged conditions

1. Plants live in environments where they are constantly, and often simultaneously, exposed to different types of biotic and abiotic stress, such as insect herbivory and water availability. How plants are adapted to abiotic conditions may determine how a surplus or shortage of water affects plant resistance to insect herbivory. Moreover, this effect may vary depending on the feeding mode of the herbivore.
2. We explored how three closely related Rorippa plant species that vary in adaptations to different water levels, resist herbivory by four different insects (aphids: Myzus persicae, Lipaphis erysimi, and caterpillars: Pieris brassicae, Plutella xylostella) under waterlogging or drought conditions. We hypothesized that plants that are differently adapted to water availability will be disparately affected by water availability in their resistance to insect herbivory.
3. On the semi-aquatic plant species Rorippa amphibia, both aphid species reached a larger colony size under drought conditions. This indicates that R. amphibia was compromised in resistance to aphid feeding when under drought conditions, to which it is less well adapted. Water conditions did not affect aphid performance on the flood-plain species Rorippa palustris. On the terrestrial plant species Rorippa sylvestris, aphids performed worse on waterlogged than drought-treated plants. Neither caterpillar species was significantly affected by the water availability of their food plant.
4. Our findings suggest that water availability can have distinct effects on plant–insect interactions. We propose that plant adaptations to water conditions can be a major predictor towards explaining the variation of effects that water availability can have on plant–insect interactions.

     

Genetic mapping of the early responses to salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

Salt stress decreases plant growth prior to significant ion accumulation in the shoot. However, the processes underlying this rapid reduction in growth are still unknown. To understand the changes in salt stress responses through time and at multiple physiological levels, examining different plant processes within a single set-up is required. Recent advances in phenotyping has allowed the image-based estimation of plant growth, morphology, colour and photosynthetic activity. In this study, we examined the salt stress-induced responses of 191 Arabidopsis accessions from 1 h to 7 days after treatment using high-throughput phenotyping. Multivariate analyses and machine learning algorithms identified that quantum yield measured in the light-adapted state (F_v′/F_m′) greatly affected growth maintenance in the early phase of salt stress, whereas the maximum quantum yield (QY_max) was crucial at a later stage. In addition, our genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 770 loci that were specific to salt stress, in which two loci associated with QY_max and F_v′/F_m′ were selected for validation using T-DNA insertion lines. We characterized an unknown protein kinase found in the QY_max locus that reduced photosynthetic efficiency and growth maintenance under salt stress. Understanding the molecular context of the candidate genes identified will provide valuable insights into the early plant responses to salt stress. Furthermore, our work incorporates high-throughput phenotyping, multivariate analyses and GWAS, uncovering details of temporal stress responses and identifying associations across different traits and time points, which are likely to constitute the genetic components of salinity tolerance.     

Natural variation reveals relationships between pre-stress carbohydrate nutritional status and subsequent responses to xenobiotic and oxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

Background

Soluble sugars are involved in responses to stress, and act as signalling molecules that activate specific or hormone cross-talk transduction pathways. Thus, exogenous sucrose treatment efficiently induces tolerance to the herbicide atrazine in Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets, at least partially through large-scale modifications of expression of stress-related genes.

Methods

Availability of sugars in planta for stress responses is likely to depend on complex dynamics of soluble sugar accumulation, sucrose–starch partition and organ allocation. The question of potential relationships between endogenous sugar levels and stress responses to atrazine treatment was investigated through analysis of natural genetic accessions of A. thaliana. Parallel quantitative and statistical analysis of biochemical parameters and of stress-sensitive physiological traits was carried out on a set of 11 accessions.

Key Results

Important natural variation was found between accessions of A. thaliana in pre-stress shoot endogenous sugar levels and responses of plantlets to subsequent atrazine stress. Moreover, consistent trends and statistically significant correlations were detected between specific endogenous sugar parameters, such as the pre-stress end of day sucrose level in shoots, and physiological markers of atrazine tolerance.

Conclusions

These significant relationships between endogenous carbohydrate metabolism and stress response therefore point to an important integration of carbon nutritional status and induction of stress tolerance in plants. The specific correlation between pre-stress sucrose level and greater atrazine tolerance may reflect adaptive mechanisms that link sucrose accumulation, photosynthesis-related stress and sucrose induction of stress defences.Key words: Arabidopsis thaliana, natural variation, atrazine sensitivity, carbon nutrition, endogenous soluble sugars, oxidative stress, sucrose, xenobiotic stress     

不同西瓜基因型对干旱胁迫的生理响应及其抗旱性评价

以来源于不同地区的12个西瓜基因型为试材,采用盆栽控水的方式进行持续干旱处理,研究干旱胁迫对西瓜幼苗株高、根长、鲜质量及干物质积累等生长状况的影响,比较不同基因型材料对干旱胁迫的生理响应差异,同时依据旱害指数对其抗旱性进行直接评价,并采用隶属函数法进一步验证和综合评价.结果表明: 干旱处理下,12个西瓜基因型对干旱胁迫的耐受能力存在明显差异,各基因型开始出现旱害症状的时间和发生旱害的程度各不相同.干旱胁迫降低了西瓜幼苗的株高、地上、地下鲜质量和地上干物质积累量,普遍提高了根冠比,而对根长和地下干质量存在正向和负向两种不同的影响.干旱处理后,西瓜叶片的相对含水量和叶绿素含量均不同程度降低,丙二醛、过氧化氢和超氧阴离子含量增加,脯氨酸大量积累,而可溶性蛋白含量以及抗氧化酶活性则因基因型的不同而表现出不同的结果.分析认为,3个野生型材料M20、KY-3和Y-2为抗旱性强的西瓜种质,Y34、金美人和04-1-2为敏感种质,而其余基因型为中抗种质.     

华北夏玉米干物质分配系数对干旱胁迫的响应

干物质分配系数反映作物各器官干物质的分配与积累,研究干物质分配系数对干旱胁迫的响应,是研究干旱胁迫对作物生长发育影响的基础.本文基于华北夏玉米主产省山东、河北和山西3个试验点2013—2015年田间水分控制试验资料,建立了夏玉米苗期、抽雄期、灌浆期3个主要发育阶段叶、茎、穗的干物质分配系数与土壤相对湿度的定量关系模型,分析了叶、茎、穗干物质分配系数对不同程度干旱胁迫的响应.结果表明: 3个阶段叶、茎、穗的干物质分配系数与土壤相对湿度均呈显著的一元二次关系.干旱胁迫下,叶片向外转运的干物质相对减少,叶干物质分配比例增加,并且在轻、中度干旱胁迫时的灌浆期(叶干物质分配系数增加0.04~0.09)以及重度干旱胁迫时的抽雄期(叶干物质分配系数增加0.17)响应最敏感.穗干物质分配系数对干旱胁迫表现为负响应,干旱胁迫越严重,分配系数越小,轻-重度干旱胁迫使穗干物质分配系数减小0.08~0.34.茎干物质分配系数对干旱胁迫的响应总体表现为灌浆期(正响应)＞抽雄期(负响应)＞苗期(负响应).     

模拟氮沉降和干旱对准噶尔盆地两种一年生荒漠植物生长和光合生理的影响

氮素和水分是荒漠生态系统的两个主要限制因子, 研究两者对荒漠植物的效应有助于深入了解荒漠生态系统对全球变化的响应。该文选择准噶尔盆地荒漠地区两种常见的一年生植物涩荠(Malcolmia africana)和钩刺雾冰藜(Bassia hyssopifolia), 设置0、0.18和0.72 g N·m ^-2·week ^-13个施氮浓度和湿润与干旱两个土壤水分处理, 研究模拟氮沉降增加和干旱对其生长和光合生理的影响。结果表明: (1)两种植物的根长、根重、叶片数、叶面积、总生物量和冠根比均随着施氮浓度的增加而增加, 干旱能够抑制氮对植物生长的促进作用, 但是, 氮的增加同时也能部分缓解干旱对植物生长的影响。与钩刺雾冰藜相比, 涩荠的根长、生物量和冠根比更易受氮增加和干旱的影响。(2)两种植物的最大净光合速率、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量随着氮浓度增加而增加, 但涩荠和钩刺雾冰藜对氮增加和干旱的生理响应也有所不同, 涩荠的响应更加敏感。两种植物对氮沉降和干旱胁迫响应的差异可能是其生活型等生物学特性差异所引起。通过对两种一年生植物的生长和光合生理分析表明, 在古尔班通古特沙漠, 春季丰富的降水和氮素增加将有利于涩荠和钩刺雾冰藜的生长和生产力的增加, 相对地下生长, 地上部分增加更显著。当干旱季节来临时, 氮的增加又能够在一定程度上降低干旱对这两种植物的负效应, 说明其对干旱具有一定的生态补偿作用。     

春小麦不同发育阶段抗氧化系统对田间缓慢干旱的响应

研究了两种抗旱性不同的春小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种定西24(抗旱性较强)和品种8139(抗旱性较弱)不同发育阶段体内抗氧化系统对田间缓慢干旱的响应情况。结果表明,在田间自然干旱条件下,随着土壤水分含量的逐渐降低,两品种小麦叶片水势和含水量均缓慢降低,叶片色素及可溶性蛋白含量也于幼苗期显著降低,植株生长受抑。叶片抗氧化酶系统如SOD、：POD、CAT以及GSH—ASC循环中的两种关键酶APX和GR活性,均在小麦发育前期如幼苗期和拔节期显著升高而于后期下降。主要抗氧化物质ASC含量也表现出相似的变化趋势。虽然抗氧化系统在两春小麦品种不同发育阶段对田间干旱的响应行为大体相同,而且干旱较敏感品种8139各物质对干旱的响应强于干旱较耐受品种定西24,但后者减轻干旱导致的氧化损伤的效率高于前者。试验还表明,在作物的不同发育阶段,抗氧化系统对田间缓慢干旱响应的策略不同,前期如幼苗期和拔节期主要表现为积极应对,后期如抽穗期和灌浆期主要表现为被动忍耐。     

白刺花幼苗对不同强度干旱胁迫的形态与生理响应

为了探讨白刺花 (Sophora davidii (Franch.) Skeels) 幼苗对持续干旱胁迫的适应能力及对策,用盆栽方法人工模拟土壤干旱条件,设置土壤田间持水量 (WHC) 100%、80%、60%、40%和20% 5个干旱胁迫处理,研究了幼苗生长、生物量分配、水分利用效率 (WUE) 、叶形态解剖结构以及光合色素等在不同干旱胁迫强度下的变化特点.结果显示,胁迫处理96d后,100% WHC条件下白刺花幼苗的总叶面积、分枝数、基径及最大根长等均最大;80% WHC对幼苗产生了轻度胁迫,随着干旱胁迫强度的进一步增加,幼苗生长显著减小.干旱胁迫限制了新生叶发生与单叶面积扩展,导致冠层总叶面积减小,从而引起幼苗光合能力及生物量积累均降低.随着胁迫强度的增加,叶生物量所占的比例及叶面积/根生物量的比值都明显减小,而根生物量所占的比例增大,这说明叶生长对干旱胁迫反应比根更加敏感.另外,干旱胁迫下WUE随着生物量与耗水量的减小而降低,表明幼苗具有浪费型水分利用对策.叶绿素 (Chla、Chlb和Chla+b) 及类胡萝卜素含量 (Car) 都随着干旱胁迫增强而呈增大趋势,但Chla/b及 Chl/Ca变化趋势相反.干旱胁迫对叶片解剖结构影响较小,土壤水分减少时仅栅栏组织厚度略有增厚,海绵组织变薄.研究结果证明,60% WHC是幼苗生长、生物量积累、WUE和光捕获复合体活性受到明显抑制的干旱胁迫强度阈值;20% WHC胁迫处理对幼苗产生了严重危害.但是在实验过程中,即使在20%WHC条件下也未出现叶片凋落及幼苗死亡,表明当年生白刺花具有较强的干旱忍受能力,幼苗通过减小地上蒸发面积、增加地下生长及叶绿素含量等多种形态与生理策略适应干旱胁迫.