北柴胡和狭叶柴胡的萌发试验研究

目的：提高北柴胡和狭叶柴胡种子的发芽率,加大黑龙江省道地药材的开发力度。方法：采用40℃温水浸种8h后,流水冲洗4h;150w微波辐射25s（北柴胡）、20s（狭叶柴胡）;柳枝浸出液为萌发剂;浓H2SO4浸种2s,同时培养未经处理的种子作为对照组。结果流水组两种柴胡的发芽率分别为82%、86%;微波组发芽率分别为77%、75%;柳浸组发芽率分别为67%、72%;浓硫酸组发芽率分别为45%和35%;对照组发芽率41%、47%。结论：大规模播种可采用40℃温水浸种8h,流水冲洗4h,150w微波辐射25s（北柴胡）、20s（狭叶柴胡）,采用柳枝浸出液为萌发剂均可提高发芽率。     

理化因子对龙血树柴胡种子萌发的影响

本研究以龙血树柴胡（Bupleurum dracaenoides Huan C.Wang,Z.R.He&H.Sun）的种子为材料,采用不同温度、不同浓度赤霉素、不同化学试剂以及紫外线照射和微波辐射等方式处理后,统计其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和发芽时间等指标。结果表明：龙血树柴胡种子萌发最适温度为20℃;100 mg/L的GA₃、0.5％的KMnO₄和3％的H₂O₂处理均能促进其种子萌发,但不能使种子萌发和出苗时间提前;25 s微波辐射处理可大幅提高种子发芽率;紫外线照射处理种子0.5 h,萌发效果最佳,但随照射时间的延长对种子萌发则有不同程度的抑制。     

野生药食两用植物青葙种子萌发的初步研究

测定青葙种子吸水和温度、光、暗、不同浓度GA,和0．2％KNO,影响其种子发芽的结果表明：青葙种子于25℃恒温下浸种8h后吸水达到饱和,其适宜发芽温度为30-35℃,萌发受光照抑制。10、50和100mg·L^-1GA3浸种的发芽率分别为61％、66％和72％,0．2％KNO3处理的发芽率达到81％。     

温水浸种对蒙古黄芪种子萌发特性的影响

研究温水浸种破除蒙古黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus Bge.var.mongholicus（Bge.） Hsiao）种子休眠的适宜条件,采用恒温和变温2种浸种方式,测定蒙古黄芪种子在不同时间、不同温度梯度条件下的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数。结果表明,温水浸种破除蒙古黄芪种子休眠的效果显著,变温浸种效果略优于恒温浸种。不同温度破除休眠效果排序依次为60℃> 70℃> 80℃,其中60℃变温浸种2 min和5 min的发芽率分别为对照的2.87倍和2.31倍。浸种时间、浸种温度均可显著影响蒙古黄芪种子萌发,与对照相比,随着浸种时间增加,发芽率总体呈现出先急速升高后逐渐降低的趋势;发芽指数与浸种温度极显著正相关;浸种温度与发芽势和发芽指数均显著正相关。本研究结果表明温水浸种可以提高种子发芽率,保持种子活力。     

沙葱种子的萌发特性和几种贮藏物质含量的变化

研究沙葱种子的萌发和贮藏物质含量变化的结果表明:(1)沙葱种子萌发的温度范围为5~30℃,最适温度为19℃;(2)浸种8~24h可提高沙葱种子的发芽率,最佳浸种时间为12h,浸种超过24h,发芽率下降;(3)每天0h光照下的种子发芽势和发芽率比每天光照24h的高65.6%和74.5%,显示沙葱种子萌发有嫌光性。(4)在萌发过程中的种子蛋白质含量下降,可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉含量先降低后升高,脂肪含量在萌发的2d内急剧下降,6d后呈缓慢升高的趋势。     

温水浸种对杜仲种子萌发过程中保护酶活性及内源激素含量变化的影响

探讨杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides Oliver）种子萌发过程中保护酶活性及内源激素含量的变化，为其种子破眠及萌发不同时期采取有效处理措施，从而提高出苗率提供参考。利用室温（CK）、40℃、50℃、60℃和70℃不同水温，探讨温水浸种对杜仲种子萌发的影响。种子萌发进程中，利用常规生理生化方法测定种子内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量，以及酶联免疫法测定赤霉素（GA₃）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、脱落酸（ABA）和玉米素核苷（ZR）含量。结果表明：①温水浸种处理能提高了杜仲种子的发芽率及发芽势，其中以50℃温水处理最为显著。②与室温浸种处理相比，50℃温水浸种处理提高了种子内SOD及POD活性，减轻了质膜氧化损伤程度，致使MDA含量的持续下降，从而促使种子朝向有利于萌发的方向发展。此外，50℃温水浸种处理在提高种子内促进生长内源GA₃、IAA及ZR含量的同时，并降低了抑制生长的内源ABA含量，致使GA₃/ABA、IAA/ABA和ZR/ABA值均明显高于室内浸种处理，最终促进了杜仲种子的萌发。     

药食同源植物羊乳种子萌发影响因素研究

目的：探究药食同源植物羊乳种子萌发的影响因素,为规模化种植提供依据。方法：探讨了不同浸种时间（0,2,4,6,8,10 d）,不同土壤含水量（70%,50%,30%,10%）,不同播种深度（0,1,3,5,7 cm）,不同光照条件（光/暗=0 h/24h,光/暗=24 h/0 h,光/暗=12 h/12 h）,不同基质（沙土,营养土,黄土,1/2黄土+1/2营养土）,不同消毒方式（0.1%NaClO溶液/3 d,0.2%NaClO溶液/3 d,2.0%NaClO溶液/15 d,4.0%NaClO溶液/15 d）对羊乳种子发芽率的影响。结果：随着浸种时间（0～10 d）的加长,羊乳种子发芽率呈降低趋势;随着土壤含水量（10%～70%）的升高,羊乳种子发芽率先升后降;0～7 cm播种深度范围内,羊乳种子发芽率呈先升后降趋势,最适播种深度为3 cm;黑暗条件更利于羊乳种子萌发;4种基质中,黄土处理的羊乳种子发芽率最高;高浓度低频率消毒方式可提高羊乳种子的发芽率。结论：将未浸种的羊乳种子播于含水量为30%的黄土中3 cm深,保持黑暗条件,4.0%NaClO溶液/15 d消毒可有效提高其发芽率。     

不同预处理方法对牛皮杜鹃和小叶杜鹃种子萌发的影响

采用3种方法(用100、200、400、600和800 mg·L-1GA3浸种24 h、用清水浸种6、12和24 h以及用超声波处理10、20和30 min)对牛皮杜鹃(Rhododendron aureum Georgi)和小叶杜鹃(R.parvifolium Admas.)种子进行预处理,以未经预处理的种子为对照,选择发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数以及萌发时滞、萌发高峰期、发芽持续时间为分析指标,对预处理后种子的萌发状况进行了比较分析。结果表明:采用适宜的预处理方法对牛皮杜鹃和小叶杜鹃种子的萌发有促进作用;总体上看,GA3浸种的促进作用优于另外2种预处理方法。用不同质量浓度GA3浸种24 h,2种植物种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均极显著高于对照,萌发时滞和萌发高峰期均较对照缩短;其中,用400 mg·L-1GA3浸种的牛皮杜鹃种子和用600 mg·L-1GA3浸种的小叶杜鹃种子的发芽率最高,分别达到73.50%和81.00%。用清水浸种6 h的牛皮杜鹃种子和用清水浸种24 h的小叶杜鹃种子的发芽率分别显著和极显著高于对照。用功率50 W、频率40 kHz的超声波分别处理10或20 min后,2种植物种子的发芽率均极显著高于对照,其中,用超声波处理20 min的牛皮杜鹃种子和用超声波处理10 min的小叶杜鹃种子的发芽率最高。清水浸种和超声波处理对2种植物种子的萌发时滞、萌发高峰期和发芽持续时间的影响均不明显。研究结果显示:用400mg·L-1GA3浸泡24 h和用600 mg·L-1GA3浸泡24 h分别是牛皮杜鹃和小叶杜鹃种子的最优预处理方法,可极显著提高2种植物种子的发芽率并缩短发芽时间。     

沙芥种子吸水和发芽过程中几种贮藏物质的含量变化

沙芥种子在浸种过程中吸水分3个时期:0～180min为急剧吸水期,180～840min为缓慢吸水期,浸种840min后进入种子吸水停滞期;沙芥种子的适宜浸种时间是6 h,有利于提高发芽势、发芽指数、发芽率;萌发过程中种子的主要贮藏物质降解和含水量的增加同步进行.     

赤霉素浸种时长和施用浓度对重度干旱和盐胁迫下黄芪种子萌发的影响

为研究赤霉素(GA3)浸种时长和施用浓度对重度干旱和盐胁迫下膜荚黄芪种子萌发的影响,使用5个浓度(0、50、100、200、400 mg·L-1)的GA3将种子分别浸泡5个时长(6、12、24、36、48 h)后置入渗透势为-0.6 MPa的PEG和-0.9 MPa的Na Cl溶液中进行发芽试验,测定最终发芽率和平均发芽时间。结果表明:膜荚黄芪种子在两种胁迫下的发芽率均随GA3浸种时间的延长和浓度的上升呈逐渐增高的趋势,处理间差异显著(P0.05);Na Cl胁迫下,100 mg·L-1GA3浸种36 h处理发芽率最高,达到83.33%;而PEG胁迫下,100mg·L-1GA3浸种48 h处理发芽率最高,达到80.00%;使用200 mg·L-1以上浓度的GA3浸种超过24 h开始对萌发产生抑制;GA3浸种能促进种子萌发可能与改变种皮透性和促进胚的活化均相关。采用Design Expert软件通过响应面模拟得出,100 mg·L-1GA3浸种36 h为整合重度渗透胁迫下较为适用的处理组合。     

Evaluation of the viability and germination of tempisque [<i>Sideroxylon capiri</i> (A.DC.) Pittier Sapotaceae]

The tempisque (Sideroxylon capiri) is a tree native to Mexico used by the rural population for housing construction, poles and hedges, as fuel (wood) and also for fodder and ornamental purposes, among others. It is considered an endangered species. In order to contribute to its preservation and sustainable management, it was considered important to determine the proportion of viable seeds, the loss of viability due to storage period and the germination process by applying pregerminative treatments. We found that freshly collected seeds showed 100% viability, which decreased to 0% after 5 months of storage. According to the cumulative germination significant differences between treatments (p≤0.01) were found. It was observed that seeds can accelerate their time of germination with the previous exposure of 24 h in water at room temperature. The soaking treatment in water for 24 h at room temperature obtained final germination of 55%, while with the control 39% was reached. Soaking in hydrogen peroxide and scarification were the treatments with lower germination percentage (33 and 23%, respectively). To get a higher percentage of germinated seeds in a short time, it is necessary to give a soaking treatment in water for 24 h before sowing.     

赤霉素和温水浸种对紫斑牡丹种子下胚轴萌发及其种胚解剖结构的影响

以紫斑牡丹种子为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0、100、300、500 mg/L)赤霉素(GA3)浸种和不同温度温水浸种(25、30、40和50℃)处理,考察各处理种子生根率的变化,并通过透射电镜观察不同生根发育时期种子种胚超微结构,探究赤霉素和温水浸种处理解除紫斑牡丹种子休眠进程中种胚超微结构变化以及这种变化与休眠解除的相关性。结果表明:(1)GA3和温水浸种均明显提前了紫斑牡丹种子生根时间,并以300 mg/L GA3和40℃温水处理的生根效果最好,分别较对照提前14.7 d和16.0 d,生根率分别达62.33%和67.00%。(2)光学显微镜观察发现,GA3、温水浸种处理较对照组紫斑牡丹种胚子叶的上、下表皮细胞形状及排列方式无明显影响,但其厚度均变薄,维管束结构明显,以300 mg/L GA3和40℃温水浸种处理生根效果最佳。(3)透射电镜观察发现,在各GA3浸种和温水浸种处理下,紫斑牡丹种子萌发前期,种胚子叶脂类物质出现降解现象,脂体呈大小不一的圆形或块状分布在细胞壁周边,数量明显减少,细胞核明显,核仁清晰,出现少量线粒体,细胞质内开始有蛋白质积累,在液泡的周围形成蛋白质沉积物;在种子萌发后期,种胚子叶细胞内物质稠密,脂体已降解融合成较大块状,细胞中储存的营养物质基本降解完全,内质网、高尔基体、线粒体等细胞器出现,结构更加完整,表明此时细胞内物质代谢活动加强,种子休眠解除,且300 mg/L GA3、40℃温水浸种处理种子种胚子叶结构变化最为明显。研究发现,300 mg/L GA3浸种和40℃温水浸种均可显著提高种子的萌发率,且40℃温水浸种的效果更好,在实际生产中建议使用温水浸种法。     

当归果翅对种子吸水与发芽进程的影响

研究当归果翅对其种子吸水及发芽进程的影响,旨在为当归规范化栽培提供理论和技术依据。以当归的双悬果果实和去翅种子作为试验材料,对其千粒重、含水量、体积、容重和吸水率进行测定,并在自然室温条件下进行种子发芽试验。结果表明:①当归双悬果去除果翅后,其千粒重减少了46.87%(P<0.01),体积减少了90.78%(P<0.01),容重增加了475.92%(P<0.01),含水量增加了20.15%(P<0.05);②当归果翅抑制了种子吸水吸胀的能力,果翅去除后能在2.48 h内进入稳定期,较去翅前提前了3.38 h,且吸水过程符合逻辑斯蒂方程;③当归果翅对种子发芽具有显著影响,果翅去除后发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数较未去翅种子分别提高了256.7%、12.28%和27.77%,均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。当归双悬果去除果翅后,减小了种子体积和重量,并促进了种子吸水吸胀能力,同时还有效地提高了种子的发芽质量。建议在生产中以去翅种子作为播种材料进行播种。     

快速打破结缕草种子休眠方法的比较

用水和30%NaOH对结缕草(Zoysia japonica Steud.)种子进行浸种处理,筛选能快速打破结缕草种子休眠的方法.结果表明:用水浸种6d,8d内发芽率仅为14.70%;用30%NaOH浸种120min,8d内发芽率也仅达28.00%;而用水浸泡2d后再用30%NaOH处理40min,8d内结缕草种子的发芽率达到了82.00%.说明用水和30%NaOH综合处理的方法可以快速有效打破结缕草种子休眠,缩短发芽周期,达到快速出苗的目的.     

A practical method for overcoming the dormancy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus baccata</Emphasis> isolated embryos under <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> conditions

Conditions for obtaining an efficient mass propagation procedure to overcome isolated Taxus baccata embryo dormancy were investigated. The protocol herein described was efficient for overcoming the dormancy of T. baccata isolated embryos under in vitro conditions, enabling the conservation and propagation of this species. T. baccata seeds were unable to germinate directly after collection under in vitro conditions. Very good sterility and germination was achieved by soaking seeds in distilled water at a low temperature (+4°C) at least for 48 h instead of leaching them for 7 d under running water, followed by maintaining isolated embryos on the Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 5 g l⁻¹ activated charcoal. That treatment allowed one to shorten the time of the experiment and gave almost 100% sterility. The best germination was observed in darkness, but to obtain worthy seedlings, it was necessary to place cultures in a 16-h photoperiod after a 2-wk incubation. There was no significant difference in germination between seeds collected from different populations of Southern Poland.     

Pre- and post-harvest influences on seed dormancy status of an Australian Goodeniaceae species, Goodenia fascicularis

Background and Aims

The period during which seeds develop on the parent plant has been found to affect many seed characteristics, including dormancy, through interactions with the environment. Goodenia fascicularis (Goodeniaceae) seeds were used to investigate whether seeds of an Australian native forb, harvested from different environments and produced at different stages of the reproductive period, differ in dormancy status.

Methods

During the reproductive phase, plants were grown ex situ in warm (39/21 °C) or cool (26/13 °C) conditions, with adequate or limited water availability. The physiological dormancy of resulting seeds was measured in terms of the germination response to warm stratification (34/20 °C, 100 % RH, darkness).

Key Results

Plants in the cool environment were tall and had high above-ground biomass, yet yielded fewer seeds over a shorter, later harvest period when compared with plants in the warm environment. Seeds from the cool environment also had higher viability and greater mass, despite a significant proportion (7 % from the cool-wet environment) containing no obvious embryo. In the warm environment, the reproductive phase was accelerated and plants produced more seeds despite being shorter and having lower above-ground biomass than those in the cool environment. Ten weeks of warm stratification alleviated physiological dormancy in seeds from all treatments resulting in 80–100 % germination. Seeds that developed at warm temperatures were less dormant (i.e. germination percentages were higher) than seeds from the cool environment. Water availability had less effect on plant and seed traits than air temperature, although plants with reduced soil moisture were shorter, had lower biomass and produced fewer, less dormant seeds than plants watered regularly.

Conclusions

Goodenia fascicularis seeds are likely to exhibit physiological dormancy regardless of the maternal environment. However, seeds collected from warm, dry environments are likely to be more responsive to warm stratification than seeds from cooler, wetter environments.Key words: Goodenia fascicularis, Goodeniaceae, Australia, physiological dormancy, seeds, temperature, soil moisture, maternal influence, climate     

新疆短命植物小拟南芥(Arabidopsis pumila)种子萌发特性及其生态适应性

通过显微结构及不同处理条件下种子萌发率的观察,对早春短命植物小拟南芥(Arabidopsis pumila)种子萌发特性及影响因素进行了研究,并对其生态适应性进行了讨论。结果表明:(1)温度和光照变化对自然生境和温室收获种子的萌发率影响均不显著,说明此种群在前期萌发阶段对光、温不敏感;(2)自然生境中采收的小拟南芥种子萌发率显著低于温室收获种子,说明环境条件的变化对短命植物种子的发育具有重要作用,可显著改变种子的萌发行为;(3)赤霉素使自然生境收获种子胚活性增强从而对萌发有较大促进作用,可使萌发率增加50%以上;(4)对种皮进行各种机械损伤处理使得种皮松弛或透气,可以显著提高自然生境种子的萌发率(超过70%);(5)盐和干旱胁迫对种子萌发均具有明显的抑制作用,但复水后部分被抑制种子可重新萌发,显示盐和干旱胁迫可导致种子产生浅度休眠。结合小拟南芥自然生存环境及本研究的结果,显示其种子萌发特性与生境具有高度适应性。