Multiple mating reduces longevity of females of the windmill butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous

1. The effects of successive matings by females on their performance were tested in laboratory experiments and field censuses for the windmill butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous. 2. In laboratory experiments, newly eclosed females were hand‐paired either once or twice successively. The number of eggs laid and the sucrose solution intake of these females were examined daily. Fecundity and sucrose solution intake did not differ significantly between once‐ and twice‐mated females, however the longevity of twice‐mated females was significantly shorter than that of once‐mated females, implying that successive matings involve a physiological cost. 3. The results of a mark–release–recapture census in a natural population also indicated that multiply mated females could not survive for as long as once‐mated females. 4. The results did not support the general consideration that multiple mating is beneficial to females in Lepidoptera. The importance of the timing of remating by females on the consequences of multiple mating is discussed.     

Invasion of sibmating genes in diploid and haplodiploid populations

Summary Existing genetic models of the evolution of sibmating behaviour in diploids incorporate inbreeding depression in terms of reduced fecundity of consanguineous mating pairs rather than reduced survival or fecundity of the progeny of such matings. Here we derive a model to correct this deficiency and extend the model to haplodiploids where differential effects of inbreeding in males and females is a crucial consideration. Our analyses indicate that sibmating can readily evolve in both diploids and haplodiploids in which male mating costs and inbreeding depression are reasonably low, provided there is some mechanism to permit sibmating such as siblings being reared in nests or other forms of aggregation. Our analyses also indicate that once sibmating invades, it typically will go to fixation, although sib-/randommating polymorphisms can persist in both diploids and haplodiploids if male mating costs are close to zero and inbreeding depression reduces survival by around one-third. The conditions favouring sibmating are slightly more restrictive in haplodiploids than in diploids. In light of this we may ask why we see intense sibmating in many haplodiploids such as parasitic wasps, fig wasps, ants, bark beetles and mites, and only rarely in diploid animals. The common factor could be certain kinds of aggregation behaviour that are a prerequisite for sibmating in the absence of kin recognition. Another possibility is that inbreeding depression is likely to be more severe in diploids than in haplodiploids because deleterious recessives are purged from haplodiploid populations when expressed by haploid males. Thus, lower levels of inbreeding depression might be one important reason why sibmating appears to arise more frequently in haplodiploids than diploids. Phylogenetic analysis of groups, such as bark beetles and mites, exhibiting both diploid and haplodiploid populations may be useful in elucidating the relative importance of gregarious behaviour and haplodiploidy in facilitating sibmating systems.     

中国奥姬小蜂属(Aulogymnus Forster)研究(膜翅目:姬小蜂科)(英文)

本文研究了中国奥姬小蜂属（Ａｕｌｏｇｙｍｎｕｓ 　Ｆｏｒｓｔｅｒ）,该属在中国是首次发现。本文描述了 ４个新种,Ａ． ｅｌｅｖａｔｕｓ ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ, Ａ． ｈｙａｌｏｐｔｅｒｕｓ　 ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ, Ａ　、ｉｎｓｃｕｌｐｔｕｓ　ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ, Ａ． ｌｏｎｇｉｃａｌｃａｒ　 ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ。所有模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

盾沟姬小蜂属二新种（膜翅目：姬小蜂科）

本文描述盾沟姬小蜂属Ｈｏｌｃｏｐｅｌｔｅ Ｆｏｒｓｔｅｒ２新种：丽盾沟姬小蜂Ｈｏｌｃｏｐｅｌｔｅ ｐｕｌｃｈｒａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和长腹盾沟姬小蜂Ｈｏｌｃｏｐｅｌｔｅ ｌｏｎｇｉｖｅｎｔｒｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。此属为我国及东洋区拉首次记录。模式标本何存于四川省自然资源研究所。     

中国凹胸姬小蜂属研究(膜翅目:姬小蜂科)

研究了中国的1新记录属,凹胸姬小蜂Alophomorphella Girault。该属原来只分布在澳大利亚,其分类学位置及其和姬小蜂亚科和其它属的关系并不明确。有些研究人员认为它属于狭面姬小蜂属Elachertus Spinola。通过扫描电镜观察和比较外部形态学研究,作者发现该属具有下列稳定的性状：1）中胸小盾片上有一条纵沟;2）前胸侧板腹面上有一对对称的斜沟。因此确认该属为姬小蜂科中一个特殊属,它和Elachertus之间没有非常近的亲缘关系。本文重新描述了A.illustris Girault的雌性,并首次描述了该种的雄性。     

Female mating preference functions predict sexual selection against hybrids between sibling species of cichlid fish

The evolutionary outcome of interspecific hybridization, i.e. collapse of species into a hybrid swarm, persistence or even divergence with reinforcement, depends on the balance between gene flow and selection against hybrids. If female mating preferences are open-ended but sign-inversed between species, they can theoretically be a source of such selection. Cichlid fish in African lakes have sustained high rates of speciation despite evidence for widespread hybridization, and sexual selection by female choice has been proposed as important in the origin and maintenance of species boundaries. However, it had never been tested whether hybridizing species have open-ended preference rules. Here we report the first experimental test using Pundamilia pundamilia, Pundamilia nyererei and their hybrids in three-way choice experiments. Hybrid males are phenotypically intermediate. Wild-caught females of both species have strong preferences for conspecific over heterospecific males. Their responses to F1 hybrid males are intermediate, but more similar to responses to conspecifics in one species and more similar to responses to heterospecifics in the other. We suggest that their mate choice mechanism may predispose haplochromine cichlids to maintain and perhaps undergo phenotypic diversification despite hybridization, and that species differences in female preference functions may predict the potential for adaptive trait transfer between hybridizing species.     

中国寄生于荔枝瘿蚊的红眼姬小蜂属一新种(膜翅目:小蜂总科:姬小蜂科)(英语)

本文记述了我国南方姬小峰科红眼姬小蜂属Mangocharis一新种,荔枝瘿蚊红眼姬小蜂M.litchiiYang et Luo.该种单个内寄生于严重危害荔枝叶片的荔枝叶瘿蚊Mayetiola sp.幼虫或跨期寄生于该害虫的卵—幼虫期,在自然控制这种害虫上具有重要作用.红眼姬小蜂属在我国首次发现.     

延迟交配对山楂叶螨繁殖的影响

为了探索雌螨延迟交配对整个种群的负面效应, 采用叶碟饲养法, 在室内条件下研究了延迟交配对山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher繁殖及种群增长的影响。结果表明: 雌螨延迟交配主要影响寿命、产卵量, 进而影响种群增长率; 随着雌螨交配时间的延迟, 影响的程度逐渐加剧。交配延迟达到或超过7 d, 雌螨的寿命比对照延长20.17%, 产卵量比对照下降26.74%, 但对后代的孵化率、存活率无明显影响。对生命表参数的分析结果表明, 雌螨交配延迟达到或超过7 d, 会导致净生殖率显著下降、平均世代周期历期显著延长, 而内禀增长率则在交配延迟3 d时显著降低。未经交配的雌螨只能营孤雌生殖, 寿命延长了31.14%, 产卵量减少了30.08%。营孤雌生殖的雌螨可以通过与其后代回交而实现两性生殖。结果提示延迟交配会导致山楂叶螨的繁殖力降低。     

Effects of delayed mating on the fecundity,fertility and longevity of females of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella

Abstract The effects of delayed mating on the copulation duration, female fertility, fecundity, egg fertility, longevity and the number days alive after mating of females of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, were studied. When male mating was delayed, the female fertility, fecundity, egg fertility, longevity and number days alive after mating of DBM decreased, and there was a negative correlation between the age of the moth with those variables except copulation duration. When female mating was delayed, the female fertility, fecundity, percent egg fertility and number days alive after mating of DBM also decreased, but the longevity increased, which also showed a negative relationship between the age of the moth with the variables except copulation duration and longevity. When both males and females delayed mating, the female fertility and fecundity decreased; egg fertility was affected marginally, and the longevity of females increased. The moth age was negatively correlated with those variables.     

羽角姬小蜂属寄生林木食叶害虫的二新种记述(膜翅目,姬小蜂科)

记述了中国羽角姬小蜂属2新种:袋蛾羽角姬小蜂Sympiesis chaliloides sp.nov.与舟蛾羽角姬小蜂Sympiesis closterae sp.nov..袋蛾羽角姬小蜂Sympiesis chaliloieds sp.nov.寄生白囊袋蛾Chaliloides kondonis Matsumura的幼虫;舟蛾羽角姬小蜂Sympiesis closterae sp.nov.寄生杨扇舟蛾Clostera aanachoreta(Fabricius)的幼虫.文中描述了两新种的外部形态特征,绘制了部分形态特征图,并与近缘种进行了形态比较.模式标本保存于中国林业科学研究院昆虫标本馆.