Toward an Analysis of "Compensatory" Reactions in the Development of Internal Inhibition

We argue that moral evaluation of human social reality presupposes a sufficiently high level of intellectual development of the child.     

The "Alphabet of Perceptual Standards" and the Significant Parameters in the Engram of an Image

A study of the prehistory and genesis of so-called voluntary motor reactions, which emerged first in the animal world, is very important in the investigation of voluntary, consciously regulated human movements.     

Cryoelectrolysis; an acute case study in the pig liver

We report results from an acute, single case study in the pig liver on the effects of a tissue ablation protocol (we named cryoelectrolysis) in which 10 min of cryosurgery, with a commercial cryosurgical probe, are delivered after 10 min of electrolysis generated by a current of about 60 mA. The histological appearance of tissue treated with cryoelectrolysis is compared with the appearance of tissue treated with 10 min of cryosurgery alone and with 10 min of electrolysis alone. Histology done after 3 h survival shows that the mixed rim of live and dead cells found around the ablated lesion in both cryosurgery and electrolytic ablation is replaced by a sharp margin between life and dead cells in cryoelectrolysis. The appearance of the dead cells in each, cryoelectrolysis, cryosurgery and electrolytic ablation is different. Obviously, this is an acute study and the results are only relevant to the conditions of this study. There is no doubt that additional acute and chronic studies are needed to strengthen and expand the findings of this study.     

Robustness of an S‐Estimator in the One‐Way Random Effects Model

An S‐estimator is defined for the one‐way random effects model, analogous to an S‐estimator in the model of i.i.d. random vectors. The estimator resembles the multivariate S‐estimator with respect to existence and weak continuity. The proof of existence of the estimator yields in addition an upper bound for the breakdown point of the S‐estimator of one of the variance components which is rather low. An improvement of the estimator is proposed which overcomes this deficiency. Nevertheless this estimator is an example that new problems of robustness arise in more structured models.     

Ultrastructural localization of IGF-I in the rat kidney; an immunocytochemical study

Summary We have shown recently by light microscopy that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) immunoreactivity is localized in cells in the collecting ducts and in the thin loop of Henle in the normal rat kidney. In the present study, we have investigated the ultrastructural localisation of IGF-I using preembedding immunocytochemistry.The light microscopical findings were confirmed at the electronmicroscopical level. In collecting ducts as well as in the thin limb of Henle's loop a focal expression of IGF-I immunoreactivity was evident, i.e. distinctly IGF-I positive cells were intermingled with cells lacking IGF-I immunoreactivity. IGF-I immunoreactivity was found to have a diffuse cytoplasmatic distribution in both cell types. No specific association to organelles was found.     

Threatened fishes in Australia–an overview

Considering the size of the continent, the Australian freshwater fish fauna is a relatively depauperate one, comprising only about 192 species (belonging to 34 families) which spend significant portions of their life cycles in freshwater habitats. Of these freshwater species, the latest (1989) analysis indicates that six can be classified as endangered, five as vulnerable, four as potentially threatened, two as indeterminate, 32 as restricted, and 16+ as of unknown status, totalling 65 + species. Thus approximately 34% of the entire Australian freshwater fish fauna falls within the above six conservation status categories, which were established by the Australian Society for Fish Biology in 1985. Conservation problems of these fishes, and particularly man-made changes to their habitats, are discussed, and some possible management solutions outlined. Brief mention is also made of several marine species which may also fall into one or more of the above conservation categories, although not enough information is yet available to classify them accurately.     

Cerebral palsy; an approach to the problem

A program for the cerebral palsied child has been developed in California which has been made possible through the cooperation of the state and local departments of education, the state and local departments of health, the Children's Hospital and Orthopedic Hospital at Los Angeles and the University of California School of Medicine in San Francisco. An attempt is being made to deal with not only the medical and educational needs of the cerebral palsied but also the social and emotional aspects.     

Prey‐associated head‐size variation in an invasive lizard in the Hawaiian Islands

Biological invasions are recognized as a primary driver of large‐scale changes in global ecosystems. This study addresses ecomorphological variation in head size within and among populations of an ecologically destructive invasive predator, and evaluates the potential roles of environmental components in phenotypic differentiation. We used four size‐corrected measurements of head morphology in Jackson's chameleons, Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus (N = 319), collected from multiple Hawaiian Islands to assess phenotypic variation among and within islands. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing chameleon head size (PC1) among islands revealed significant differences (mean difference > 5%) associated with variation in both rainfall and diet composition using Mann–Whitney U‐tests and chi‐squared analyses. These results suggest that morphological differentiation among populations from different islands has occurred over a relatively short ecological timescale, and is likely the result of ecomorphological adaptation to differences in exploited prey hardness. Intra‐island allopatric population variation, however, was also detected in this study. Although we might expect that genetic change is the more likely explanation for differences between islands than within, and that plasticity may be more likely an explanation for the within‐ than the between‐island differences, it is also possible that both within‐ and between‐island patterns are the results of genetic change, or of plasticity.     

Effect of snowmelt timing on the genetic structure of an <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erythronium grandiflorum</Emphasis> population in an alpine environment

In alpine environments, flowering phenology can differ within local populations even at the same elevation. We assessed the effects of differences in flowering phenology due to snowmelt timing caused by local geographic heterogeneity on the genetic structure of a population of an alpine plant, Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh. We established a study plot of 250×70 m at 3,340 m above sea level in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, CO, USA. The flowering phenology was considerably influenced by snowmelt timing due to local geographic heterogeneity. Twenty-two patches of E. grandiflorum were recognized in the study plot and were classified into three phenological groups: early, middle, and late. To express the differentiation of flowering phenology among the patches, we defined phenological distance and analyzed the relationship between genetic and phenological distances. Additionally, since genetic distance is expected to co-vary with geographic distance, we also analyzed the relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance among patches. The results revealed not only that isolation by distance was present among patches, but also that the differences in snowmelt timing gave rise to phenologically distant patches of E. grandiflorum, which in turn determine the genetic structure caused by the limited pollen flow between patches.