Oscillatory metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in continuous culture

Short-period (40-50 min) synchronized metabolic oscillation was found in a continuous culture of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under aerobic conditions at low-dilution rates. During oscillation, many parameters changed cyclically, such as dissolved oxygen concentration, respiration rate, ethanol and acetate concentrations in the culture, glycogen, ATP, NADH, pyruvate and acetate concentrations in the cells. These changes were considered to be associated with glycogen metabolism. When glycogen was degraded, the respiro-fermentative phase was observed, in which ethanol was produced and the respiration rate decreased. In this phase, the levels of intracellular pyruvate and acetate became minimum, ATP became high and intracellular pH at its lowest level. When glycogen metabolism changed from degradation to accumulation, the respiratory phase started, during which ethanol was re-assimilated from the culture and the respiration rate increased. Intracellular pyruvate and acetate became maximum, ATP decreased and the intracellular pH appeared high. These findings may indicate new aspects of the control mechanism of glycogen metabolism and how respiration and ethanol fermentation are regulated together under aerobic conditions.     

Effects of a hexokinase II deletion on the dynamics of glycolysis in continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In glucose-limited aerobic chemostat cultures of a wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a derived hxk2 null strain, metabolic fluxes were identical. However, the concentrations of intracellular metabolites, especially fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and hexose-phosphorylating activities differed. Interestingly, the hxk2 null strain showed a higher maximal growth rate and higher Crabtree threshold dilution rate, revealing a higher oxidative capacity for this strain. After a pulse of glucose, aerobic glucose-limited cultures of wild-type S. cerevisiae displayed an overshoot in the intracellular concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate before a new steady state was established, in contrast to the hxk2 null strain which reached a new steady state without overshoot of these metabolites. At low dilution rates the overshoot of intracellular metabolites in the wild-type strain coincided with the immediate production of ethanol after the glucose pulse. In contrast, in the hxk2 null strain the production of ethanol started gradually. However, in spite of the initial differences in ethanol production and dynamic behaviour of the intracellular metabolites, the steady-state fluxes after transition from glucose limitation to glucose excess were not significantly different in the wild-type strain and the hxk2 null strain at any dilution rate.     

酿酒酵母细胞表面工程应用研究新进展

酿酒酵母表面展示工程是一个新兴的蛋白表达系统,由于它能进行蛋白翻译后修饰,能方便地对表达的蛋白产物进行检测和筛选,近年来应用研究发展迅猛。它在构建全细胞催化剂、抗原/抗体库、生物吸附剂、生物传感器、组合蛋白文库、免疫检测及亲和纯化中取得了很多新的应用,在蛋白质分子的功能研究与应用中发挥了更加重要的作用。     

Anthranilic acid release in adenosine-inhibited cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its inhibition by thiamin

Adenosine, at 1 mM concentrations or above, was found to have a fungistatic effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A substance with amethyst fluorescence was detected in the medium of adenosine-inhibited cultures of S. cerevisiae. This compound was isolated and physicochemically identified as anthranilic acid. Both the inhibition of growth and release of anthranilic acid induced by adenosine were abrogated by thiamin or by the pyrimidine portion of thiamin, 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hdroxymethyl-pyrimidine (hydroxymethyl-pyrimidine); the latter was found to restore intracellular thiamin content that had been reduced by adenosine. It was demonstrated that effects of thiamin and hydroxymethylpyrimidine on S. cerevisiae cultured with adenosine resulted from their inhibition of adenosine uptake by growing yeast cells.     

Characterization of gamma-glutamylamidase-glutaminase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In a foregoing paper we have shown the presence in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae of an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide, but apparently distinct from gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. The cellular level of this enzyme was not regulated by the nature of the nitrogen source supplied to the yeast cell. Purification was attempted, using ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A 50, salt precipitations and successive chromatographies on DEAE Sephadex 6B and Sephadex G 100. The apparent molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 14,800 as determined by gel filtration. As shown by kinetic studies and thin layer chromatography, the enzyme preparation exhibited only hydrolytic activity against gamma-glutamylarylamide and L-glutamine with an optimal pH of about seven. Various gamma-glutamylaminoacids, amides, dipeptides and glutathione were inactive as substrates and no transferase activity was detected. The yeast gamma-glutamylarylamidase was activated by SH protective agents, dithiothreitol and reduced glutathione. Oxidized glutathione, ophtalmic acid and various gamma-glutamylaminoacids inhibited competitively the enzyme. The activity was also inhibited by L-gamma-glutamyl-o-(carboxy)phenylhydrazide and the couple serine-borate, both transition-state analogs of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Diazooxonorleucine, reactive analog of glutamine, inactivated the enzyme. The physiological role of yeast gamma-glutamylarylamidase-glutaminase is still undefined but is most probably unrelated to the bulk assimilation of glutamine by yeast cells.     

酿酒酵母菌葡萄糖信号传导途径研究进展

简要概述了酿酒酵母细胞的葡萄糖信号传导途径的研究进展,总结了葡萄糖的抑制途径和诱导途径.     

The immunosuppressant leflunomide blocks the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle at the G1 phase

Abstract Leflunomide is a novel immunomodulatory drug representing a new small molecule class of substances which are structurally unrelated to previously described immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive compounds. The effect of leflunomide on the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated to elucidate the molecular mechanism of its action in eukaryotic organisms. When yeast cells were treated with leflunomide, unbudded cells were accumulated, suggesting that leflunomide may arrest the cell cycle in the G☎ase. When leflunomide-treated cells were subjected to heat shock treatment, the cells became resistant to heat shock treatment, implying that leflunomide-mediated block to cell division results in entry from the proliferative cycle into the alternative developmental g₀ phase.     

Transcription of multiple cell wall protein-encoding genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is differentially regulated during the cell cycle

The yeast cell wall consists of an internal skeletal layer and an outside protein layer. The synthesis of both β-1,3-glucan and chitin, which together form the cell wall skeleton, is cell cycle-regulated. We show here that the expression of five cell wall protein-encoding genes (CWP1, CWP2, SED1, TIP1 and TIR1) is also cell cycle-regulated. TIP1 is expressed in G1 phase, CWP1, CWP2 and TIR1 are expressed in S/G2 phase, and SED1 in M phase. The data suggest that these proteins fulfil distinct functions in the cell wall.     

Unique morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GS1731

During the lag and early exponential phase of growth, 50–60% of budded cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GS1731 were multiply budded. During subsequent culture growth, the frequency of multiply budded cells decreased until by stationary phase multiply budded cells were rare. Data from renewed growth of a culture after hydroxyurea treatment indicated that GS1731 mother cells could assemble up to three pre-bud sites and begin bud growth and development in each. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed two or three very small buds emerging simultaneously on a mother cell and either reaching full size at the same time or enlarging sequentially. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that these multiply budded cells had multiple bundles of cytoplasmic microtubules. DAPI staining of nuclei revealed that some of the unbudded mother cells were multinucleate and completed cytokinesis giving rise to normal daughter cells.     

Detection of inactive precursors of beta-glucanases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Accumulation and secretion of beta-glucanases have been studied in vivo by using a thermosensitive secretory mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae blocked at the endoplasmic reticulum level (sec 18-1). When incubated at the restrictive temperature no accumulation of active glucanases was observed. Following a shift to permissive conditions in the presence of cycloheximide a rise in the internal activity took place. The increase in total glucanase activity was partially due to the activation of an exo-glucanase that hydrolyzes PNPG. It is concluded that glucanases are synthesized in inactive precursor forms and are converted to the active forms in their secretory pathway.     

Comparative study of stability of soluble and cell wall invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most significant source of enzyme invertase. It is mainly used in the food industry as a soluble or immobilized enzyme. The greatest amount of invertase is located in the periplasmic space in yeast. In this work, it was isolated into two forms of enzyme from yeast S. cerevisiae cell, soluble and cell wall invertase (CWI). Both forms of enzyme showed same temperature optimum (60°C), similar pH optimum, and kinetic parameters. The significant difference between these biocatalysts was observed in their thermal stability, stability in urea and methanol solution. At 60°C, CWI had 1.7 times longer half-life than soluble enzyme, while at 70°C CWI showed 8.7 times longer half-life than soluble enzyme. After 2-hr of incubation in 8?M urea solution, soluble invertase and CWI retained 10 and 60% of its initial activity, respectively. During 22?hr of incubation of both enzymes in 30 and 40% methanol, soluble invertase was completely inactivated, while CWI changed its activity within the experimental error. Therefore, soluble invertase and CWI have not shown any substantial difference, but CWI showed better thermal stability and stability in some of the typical protein-denaturing agents.     

酿酒酵母产油脂条件的优化

微生物细胞通常仅含2%3%油脂,但少数微生物含油脂率却可达70%以上,所以高含油脂量使微生物油脂实际开发成为可能。目前用于生产多不饱和脂肪酸的微生物主要为藻类和真菌。尽管微生物油脂是当前的研究热点,已经引起广大研究者的重视,但目前国内外研究大都集中在含油脂量在干重20%以上的微生物,如浅白色隐性酵母、粘红酵母等,而对于酿酒酵母来说,则很少见到研究其产油脂的相关报道。     

Anomalies in the growth kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in aerobic chemostat cultures

Aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultivations were conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains NRRL Y132, ATCC 4126 and CBS 8066, using a complex medium. At low dilution rates all three strains utilised glucose oxidatively with high biomass yield coefficients, no ethanol production and very low steady-state residual glucose concentrations in the culture. Above a threshold dilution rate, respiro-fermentative (oxido-reductive) metabolism commenced, with simultaneous respiration and fermentation occurring, which is typical of Crabtree-positive yeasts. However, at high dilution rates the three strains responded differently. At high dilution rates S. cerevisiae CBS 8066 produced 7–8 g ethanol L⁻¹ from 20 g glucose L⁻¹ with concomitant low levels of residual glucose, which increased markedly only close to the wash-out dilution rate. By contrast, in the respiro-fermentative region both S. cerevisiae ATCC 4126 and NRRL Y132 produced much lower levels of ethanol (3–4 g L⁻¹) than S. cerevisiae CBS 8066, concomitant with very high residual sugar concentrations, which was a significant deviation from Monod kinetics and appeared to be associated either with high growth rates or with a fermentative (or respiro-fermentative) metabolism. Supplementation of the cultures with inorganic or organic nutrients failed to improve ethanol production or glucose assimilation. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 231–236. Received 09 August 1999/ Accepted in revised form 18 December 1999     

Minisatellites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes encoding cell wall proteins: a new way towards wine strain characterisation

With the aim of developing new tools for the characterisation of wine yeasts, by means of databases available on-line we scanned the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in search of potentially polymorphic targets. As we have previously observed for SED1, we found that other genes coding for cell wall proteins contain minisatellite-like sequences. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey of SED1 and three of these others, namely AGA1, DAN4 and HSP150, in a population of wild S. cerevisiae demonstrated that these genes are highly polymorphic in length and represent a sink of unexplored genetic variability. The primer pairs designed on the gene open reading frames yield stable and repeatable amplification profiles that show a level of resolution that allows the clear discriminate between different strains. These can therefore be utilised for PCR-based typing of S. cerevisiae.     

Kinetic analysis of a trehalase-overexpressing strain grown on trehalose: a new tool for respiro-fermentative transition studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

AIMS: The aim was to demonstrate the use of a trehalase-overexpressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain grown on trehalose as a valuable tool in the studies of respiro-fermentative transition at a reduced scale. METHODS AND RESULTS: A trehalase-overexpressing strain was cultivated in synthetic medium on trehalose under aerobic conditions. This strain grew at a maximum specific growth rate of 0.16 h(-1) and showed a pure oxidative metabolism. Glucose pulse experiments were carried out in this system in order to quantify the short-term Crabtree effect. These data were then compared with glucose pulse experiments carried out in the conventional way with the wild-type strain in glucose-limited chemostats. Glucose-pulse experiments in aerobic batch cultures grown on trehalose led to a metabolic respiro-fermentative transition similar to the one observed in glucose-limited chemostats. CONCLUSIONS: This cultivation system allowed us to quantitatively mimic at the flask scale the Crabtree effect observed in conventional chemostat studies. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study is of primary interest in S. cerevisiae studies in which: (i) the implementation of oxidative growth is required (as with studies of the Crabtree effect and heterologous protein production); (ii) small-scale culture systems are required (e.g. high-throughput mutant screening and isotopic labelling experiments).     

Production of Extracellular lipases by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Seven strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae all produced lipase when grown in shake flask culture. The best strain, DSM 1848, produced 4.0U of lipase in the medium containing olive oil and yeast extract. Production of the lipase was growth-associated.     

Studies on azole-induced cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain XL16-5B exhibited a fungicidal response to treatment with ketoconazole. Cell death became apparent during prolonged treatment over 72 h following an initial period over 24 h where viable cells were found and limited cell division occurred. Sterol analysis showed some differences between XL16-5B and the strain XY729-5a, which had a fungistatic response to ketoconazole. In particular, the level of ergosterol was higher in XL16-5B and remained high during treatment.