外源基因在植物病毒表达载体中表达策略的研究进展

利用植物病毒表达载体表达外源蛋白是近年来发展起来的具有表达量大,速度快和廉价等优势的生产系统,其有4种构建策略;基因取代,基因插入,融合抗原和基因互补,此外还从病毒表达载体的基础性研究和商业应用方面进行了详细讨论。     

利用烟草瞬时表达系统检测高等植物基因的剪接加工

解析基因的剪接加工机制是了解植物形态建成、生长发育和逆境胁迫应答的重要环节．与动物相比,植物中相应的研究进展较为缓慢．利用农杆菌介导的烟草瞬时表达系统,分别对单子叶植物水稻BADH2和双子叶植物拟南芥GR7基因片段在烟草叶片中的转录后剪接加工进行分析．结果表明,一些重要剪接调控元件在植物中保守存在,而烟草瞬时表达系统可以作为研究高等植物剪接调控的重要工具,快捷灵敏地检测基因的剪接加工方式．     

Cu/Zn-SOD基因植物表达载体的构建及其在烟草中的表达

为研究Cu/Zn-SOD基因在提高转基因植物抗逆性方面的作用,从一株地热芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus)中克隆得到Cu/Zn-SOD基因,以pZP211质粒为表达载体,构建了植物表达载体pZP211-Cu/ZnSOD,并通过农杆菌介导对烟草进行遗传转化.经PCR检测证明已获得转Cu/Zn-SOD基因的烟草.进而测定转基因烟草的SOD活力,结果表明Cu/Zn-SOD基因在烟草中高效表达.对转基因烟草进行耐盐性检测,证明Cu/Zn-SOD基因确实能够提高烟草对盐胁迫的耐受性.     

CPSF在真核表达载体上的克隆与瞬时表达

目的：研究CPSF在真核表达载体上的克隆与瞬时表达。方法：以质粒pBS1761为模板扩增TAP-tag片段,PCR产物经纯化后克隆在真核表达载体pTRE2-hyg上。再以pUK-CPSF30k、73k、100k为模板扩增CPSF基因片段,将其克隆在质粒pTRE2-hyg-TAP-tag中TAP-tag片段的下游,并将重组质粒转化入细胞株Hela Tet-offS3细胞内。结果：细胞抽提液经SDS PAGE电泳后进行蛋白质印迹杂交,胶片上出现野生型的CPSF条带和分子量较大的滞后条带。后者经分子量与分子标记对照,确系重组体TAP-tag-CPSF所表达的蛋白条带。结论：重组质粒pTRE2hyg-TAP-tag-CPSF30k,73k,100k在Hela tet-offS3内完好表达。     

内含子数量改变GUS基因的瞬时表达调控

内含子是基因的重要组成部分,它与功能基因表达之间的关系越来越被重视.本研究以pCAMBIA3301为载体,利用玉米泛素启动子Ubi1和水稻肌动蛋白启动子Actin1构建两个GUS基因表达载体p33U1和p33A1,同时设置3个对照载体.通过基因枪轰击法将上述载体转入水稻胚性愈伤组织,探讨内含子对外源目的基因表达的调控作用.组织化学检测结果表明:CaMV35S启动子调控下的iGUS (带内含子)基因能够顺利表达;同样,Actin1启动子(带内含子)调控下的不带内含子的GUS基因也可以正常表达,而当Actin1启动子(带内含子)驱动iGUS基因时,则导致GUS染色反应不能发生.Ubi1启动子(带内含子)调控GUS基因的瞬时表达也得出类似结果,证明表达框中内含子的数量为1个或两个时,对GUS基因的表达起到了不同的调控作用.本研究结果对植物表达载体构建及功能基因表达都具有指导意义.     

MBP-gldABC融合蛋白基因的原核表达载体的构建

目的：构建可高效生产甘油脱水酶的大肠杆菌工程菌,方法：将编码甘油脱水酶的三个基因gldA、gldB、gldC,分别克隆至克隆载体pMD18-T和pSIM-T中,经测序正确后,再亚克隆至表达融合蛋白的高效表达载体pMAL-c2X上,构建成表达质粒pMAL-gldABC,并转化大肠杆菌E.coli DH5α。结果：成功地将甘油脱水酶基因gldABC以同向串联方式克隆到大肠杆菌融合表达载体pMAL-c2X中,结论：得到了含gldABC基因的MBP融合蛋白表达载体,为研究甘油脱水酶基因（gldABC）的在原核表达载体中的串联表达奠定了基础。     

犬瘟热病毒H基因原核表达载体的构建

利用本实验以前构建的含有犬瘟热病毒H基因的pMD18-T质粒,根据pMD18-T-H序列设计带有XbalI和HindⅢ酶切位点的引物,对H基因进行PCR扩增,得到约1800bp左右的片段。该片段被克隆到pMD18-Tsimple载体上,用XbalI和HindⅢ进行单、双酶切鉴定．筛选阳性克隆。将阳性克隆再用XbalI和HindⅢ进行双酶切,纯化回收CDVH基因片段。将原核表达载体pPROEXTMHTa、pet-30b用同样的方法酶切,回收载体片段。将CDVH基因片段分别用T4连接酶连接到回收的pPROEXTMHTa、pet-30b载体上,构建原核表达载体质粒pPROEXTMHTa-H和pet-30b-H。再用XbalI和HindⅢ进行单、双酶切鉴定阳性载体。本实验为下一步H蛋白表达、纯化并作为CDV诊断用抗原及CD的免疫预防奠定了基础。     

一种利用植物病毒载体表达外源蛋白的新平台——Magnifection

本文介绍国内外在利用植物病毒表达载体生产药物蛋白的研究现状,并对这一领域取得的最新突破进行重点阐述,包括Magnifection的原理、技术流程及利用其生产重组药用蛋白的优势、存在的问题等.最后,结合相关经验介绍利用植物病毒表达载体生产药物蛋白的应用前景及对该技术改进的建议.     

甘蔗黄叶病毒CP蛋白基因ihpRNA表达载体构建及烟草转化

为提高甘蔗抗病性,本研究根据甘蔗黄叶病毒海南分离物ScYLV-CHN-HN1全基因组序列(GenBank no. HQ342888),利用病毒CP蛋白介导的RNAi技术,针对病毒外壳蛋白CP,设计两对含有酶切位点的特异性引物,CPsf1/CPsr1和CPasf1/CPasr1,以构建好的pMD19-T/CP质粒为模板,pRNAi1017为中间载体,分别合成构建干扰载体的正反向片段pRNAi-CP-F-R,将CP正反向片段分别插入表达载体pCAMBIA2300的相应位置,构建含有发卡结构的RNAi载体p2300-CP-F-R,经过PstⅠ酶切鉴定,证明载体构建成功。通过农杆菌介导的方法,以干扰表达载体p2300-CP-F-R转化烟草,经过PCR检测,得到12株阳性转基因植株,Southern blot杂交和半定量RT-PCR对其检测,证明干扰片段已经整合烟草基因组中并进行了转录,该结果为RNAi介导抗病毒甘蔗育种研究奠定基础。     

马铃薯X病毒载体介导的乙肝病毒表面抗原在烟草中的表达

目的:利用马铃薯X病毒(PVX)表达载体,在本生烟草中表达乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg),为生产植物疫苗提供一条快速高效的新途径.方法:将HBsAg基因克隆进PVX表达载体,电转化农杆菌,侵染本生烟的叶片、茎和根.结果与结论:采用ELISA检测重组HBsAg的表达水平,SDS-PAGE确认其大小,Western印迹分析表明重组蛋白可与鼠抗HBsAg单克隆抗体发生特异性反应.HBsAg蛋白表达量在幼小叶片中远高于已伸展的叶片,在叶片中的表达量远高于茎根;表达量会随侵染后时间发生一定的变化,但因植株而异;重组蛋白在可溶性蛋白中的含量最高可达796.81 ng/mg.     

不同转化条件对3种农杆菌GFP基因在本氏烟草中瞬时表达的影响

以本氏烟草（Nicotiana benthamiana）为植物材料,分析了不同农杆菌菌株（LBA4404菌株、EHA105菌株、GV3101菌株）、菌液浓度以及侵染时间在瞬时转化过程中对报告基因GFP荧光表达量的影响。结果显示,不同的农杆菌菌株瞬时表达外源基因的最适浓度和时间均有所不同：LBA4404菌株在菌悬液OD₆₀₀值为0.8时所介导的瞬时表达效率最高;而EHA105和GV3101菌株在菌悬液OD₆₀₀值为0.6时可达到最高瞬时表达效率。LBA4404菌株所介导的瞬时表达在农杆菌注射后第2天时表达量最高,而EHA105和GV3101菌株所介导的瞬时表达在农杆菌注射后第4天时表达量最高。不同菌株间比较分析表明,LBA4404菌株所介导的瞬时表达效率最高。上述结果表明,农杆菌菌株以及浓度和侵染时间等转化条件均是影响瞬时表达效率的重要因素。     

乙型肝炎病毒X基因真核表达载体的构建及表达

目的:构建含有天然完整的乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)X基因序列的真核表达载体,观察其在肝癌细胞株中的表达。方法:设计并合成HBV X基因的引物,用PCR方法从含完整HBV全基因的HepG2细胞中扩增X基因序列,并将其连接到真核表达载体pVAX-1上,酶切、PCR鉴定;用Triton X-114去除质粒内毒素后,采用电穿孔法将重组质粒pVAX-HBV X和空质粒pVAX-1分别转染SMMC-7721细胞,RT-PCR法检测HBV X基因mRNA的表达,Western印迹鉴定HBV X蛋白(HBx)的表达。结果:酶切和PCR鉴定证实pVAX-HBV X载体中包含完整的HBVX基因片段,该重组质粒转染的SMMC-7721细胞中HBV X基因mRNA及HBx蛋白的表达稳定。结论:构建了HBV X基因的真核表达载体,为X基因及其编码蛋白的生物学功能的研究提供了可靠的基因材料。     

Expression of an immunogenic Ebola immune complex in Nicotiana benthamiana

Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses) cause severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans and non‐human primates. The US Centers for Disease Control identifies Ebola and Marburg viruses as ‘category A’ pathogens (defined as posing a risk to national security as bioterrorism agents), which has lead to a search for vaccines that could prevent the disease. Because the use of such vaccines would be in the service of public health, the cost of production is an important component of their development. The use of plant biotechnology is one possible way to cost‐effectively produce subunit vaccines. In this work, a geminiviral replicon system was used to produce an Ebola immune complex (EIC) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Ebola glycoprotein (GP1) was fused at the C‐terminus of the heavy chain of humanized 6D8 IgG monoclonal antibody, which specifically binds to a linear epitope on GP1. Co‐expression of the GP1‐heavy chain fusion and the 6D8 light chain using a geminiviral vector in leaves of N. benthamiana produced assembled immunoglobulin, which was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and protein G affinity chromatography. Immune complex formation was confirmed by assays to show that the recombinant protein bound the complement factor C1q. Size measurements of purified recombinant protein by dynamic light scattering and size‐exclusion chromatography also indicated complex formation. Subcutaneous immunization of BALB/C mice with purified EIC resulted in anti‐Ebola virus antibody production at levels comparable to those obtained with a GP1 virus‐like particle. These results show excellent potential for a plant‐expressed EIC as a human vaccine.     

重组腺伴随病毒载体介导的hEPO转移及表达

为实现人促红细胞生成素 (humanerythropoietin ,hEPO)基因在体内的持续表达 ,构建了携带hEPO的重组腺伴随病毒 (recombinantadeno associatedvirus,rAAV)载体质粒 ,建立了稳定携带hEPO表达盒的rAAV载体细胞株 ,采用“一种辅助病毒感染一个载体细胞株”的rAAV生产策略 ,制备并纯化了携带hEPO的rAAV(rAAV hEPO)。结果表明 ,rAAV介导的hEPO转移能够使hEPO在培养的BHK 2 1细胞中得到有效表达 ;用rAAV hEPO对Balb/c小鼠进行一次肌肉注射 ,可使hEPO在小鼠体内持续表达 10周以上 ,并可明显升高小鼠的红细胞比容     

甘薯叶绿体表达载体构建及其融合基因在叶绿体中的瞬间表达

利用叶绿体基因组进化中高度保守的特点,根据烟草叶绿体基因组全序列设计引物,从甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)叶绿体基因组中克隆了2个相邻的功能基因rbcL(GenBank登录号为AY942199)和accD(GenBank登录号为AY942200),并以此作为定点整合外源基因的同源重组片段.以来自叶绿体基因组的强启动子Prrn和RpsbA-pro分别驱动选择标记基因aadA及phaC-gfp融合基因,构建成表达盒prrn-aadA-TpsbA-ter与RpsbA-pro-phaC-gfp-RpsbA-ter,然后将这2个表达盒串联在一起克隆进甘薯叶绿体同源片段中,获得甘薯叶绿体定点整合表达载体pSC-GFP.酶切分析证明,所构建的载体符合预期设计;采用该载体对甘薯叶片进行基因枪转化,结果显示,phaC-gfp融合基因可在叶绿体特异启动子和终止子的调控下在甘薯幼嫩叶片中瞬间表达,证明构建的载体pSC-GFP可用于甘薯叶绿体转化.     

Influenza virus‐like particles produced by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana induce a protective immune response against a lethal viral challenge in mice

A strain‐specific vaccine represents the best possible response to the threat of an influenza pandemic. Rapid delivery of such a vaccine to the world's population before the peak of the first infection wave seems to be an unattainable goal with the current influenza vaccine manufacturing capacity. Plant‐based transient expression is one of the few production systems that can meet the anticipated surge requirement. To assess the capability of plant agroinfiltration to produce an influenza vaccine, we expressed haemagglutinin (HA) from strains A/Indonesia/5/05 (H5N1) and A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Size distribution analysis of protein content in infiltrated leaves revealed that HA was predominantly assembled into high‐molecular‐weight structures. H5‐containing structures were purified and examination by transmission electron microscopy confirmed virus‐like particle (VLP) assembly. High‐performance thin layer chromatography analysis of VLP lipid composition highlighted polar and neutral lipid contents comparable with those of purified plasma membranes from tobacco plants. Electron microscopy of VLP‐producing cells in N. benthamiana leaves confirmed that VLPs accumulated in apoplastic indentations of the plasma membrane. Finally, immunization of mice with two doses of as little as 0.1 µg of purified influenza H5‐VLPs triggered a strong immune response against the homologous virus, whereas two doses of 0.5 µg of H5‐VLPs conferred complete protection against a lethal challenge with the heterologous A/Vietnam/1194/04 (H5N1) strain. These results show, for the first time, that plants are capable of producing enveloped influenza VLPs budding from the plasma membrane; such VLPs represent very promising candidates for vaccination against influenza pandemic strains.     

Depletion of the NbCORE receptor drastically improves agroinfiltration productivity in older Nicotiana benthamiana plants

Nicotiana benthamiana is increasingly used for transient gene expression to produce antibodies, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical proteins but transient gene expression is low in fully developed, 6–8-week old plants. This low gene expression is thought to be caused by the perception of the cold shock protein (CSP) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The CSP receptor is contested because both NbCSPR and NbCORE have been claimed to perceive CSP. Here, we demonstrate that CSP perception is abolished in 6-week-old plants silenced for NbCORE but not NbCSPR. Importantly, older NbCORE-silenced plants support a highly increased level of GFP fluorescence and protein upon agroinfiltration. The drastic increase in transient protein production in NbCORE-depleted plants offers new opportunities for molecular farming, where older plants with larger biomass can now be used for efficient protein expression.     

Expression and processing of polycistronic artificial microRNAs and trans-acting siRNAs from transiently introduced transgenes in Solanum lycopersicum and Nicotiana benthamiana

Targeted gene silencing using small regulatory RNAs is a widely used technique for genetic studies in plants. Artificial microRNAs are one common approach, as they have the advantage of producing just a single functional small RNA, which can be designed for high target specificity and low off-target effects. Simultaneous silencing of multiple targets with artificial microRNAs can be achieved by producing polycistronic microRNA precursors. Alternatively, specialized trans-acting short interfering RNA (tasiRNA) precursors can be designed to produce several specific tasiRNAs at once. Here we tested several artificial microRNA- and tasiRNA-based methods for multiplexed gene silencing in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Nicotiana benthamiana. All analyses used transiently expressed transgenes delivered by infiltration of leaves with Agrobacterium tumefacians. Small RNA sequencing analyses revealed that many previously described approaches resulted in poor small RNA processing. The 5′-most microRNA precursor hairpins on polycistronic artificial microRNA precursors were generally processed more accurately than precursors at the 3′-end. Polycistronic artificial microRNAs where the hairpin precursors were separated by transfer RNAs had the best processing precision. Strikingly, artificial tasiRNA precursors failed to be processed in the expected phased manner in our system. These results highlight the need for further development of multiplexed artificial microRNA and tasiRNA strategies. The importance of small RNA sequencing, as opposed to single-target assays such as RNA blots or real-time polymerase chain reaction, is also discussed.