Redescription of Eatonisca tertiaria Meunier 1905 from Baltic amber (Diptera: Psychodidae: Trichomyiinae)

Eatonisca tertiaria Meunier 1905, is redescribed from the Eocene Baltic amber, with details of the eyes, antennae and male genitalia structure provided. This fossil is placed within Trichomyiinae, and shares several plesiomorphies with Psychodinae, Phlebotominae, and Sycoracinae.     

艾地飞虱属在中国首次发现及模式种重描记

记述了采自中国吉林的飞虱科1新纪录属:艾地飞虱属Idiobregma Anufriev,1972 ,并对其模式种Idiobregma unicarinata Anufriev,1972作了重新描记,研究标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

Evidence for lock-and-key mechanisms in the internal genitalia of the Apamea moths (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

Abstract. Fifty of the fifty-six species of the genus Apamea known from North America and three Palaearctic species were analysed for lock-and-key characters in their internal genitalia, mainly in the male vesica and the female bursa copulatrix. There were an average of 4.5 such characters per species, structurally corresponding in the two sexes. Anatomically they form a postcopulatory but prezygotic isolation mechanism. In some closely related species, the internal genitalia are very similar, but these species have a precopulatory isolation mechanism in the presence or absence of male abdominal coremata. Closely related species did not have more lock-and-key characters than unrelated species, which is taken to indicate absence of character displacement. The anatomical distribution of the lock-and-key characters was examined and the organs of eight species are illustrated.
The lock-and-key hypothesis has been abandoned by several earlier authors but mainly on consideration of external genitalia. In Apamea the invariable functional correspondence between sexes in the sperm transferring organs, and the overall species-specifity of characters but non-existence of interspecific differences under a precopulatory mechanism indicate that (a) lock-and-keys are functioning and (b) they act as isolation mechanisms. Alternative hypotheses of genitalic evolution are reviewed.     

中国发小卷蛾属研究及二新种记述（英文）

发小卷蛾属Pseudohedya Falkovitch全世界已知5种,分布在古北区东部（日本,韩国,俄罗斯远东地区及我国长白山）,本研究中首次在东洋区发现该属。本文报道了中国所有种类,其中记述2新种：梵净发小卷蛾P. fanjingica sp. nov.（贵州梵净山）与刘氏发小卷蛾P. liui sp. nov.（河南王屋山）;缩发小卷蛾P. retracta Falkovitch为中国新纪录种（河南,陕西,天津,湖北,广东,四川,甘肃）。文中提供了分种检索表、形态特征图、雄性外生殖器图及部分种的雌性外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在南开大学昆虫标本室。     

First record of the genus Adelphocorisella Miyamoto and Yasunaga (Hemiptera: Miridae) from Korea

Adelphocorisella lespedezae Miyamoto and Yasunaga, 1993 , which was previously known only from Japan, is reported from Korea for the first time and diagnosed. An image of its dorsal habitus as well as illustrations of the male genitalia are provided. The discovery of the mirid species also represents the first distributional record in Korea as well as the continental Palaearctic Region for the genus Adelphocorisella Miyamoto and Yasunaga, 1993 .     

湖北大巴山东部蚤类区系组成及垂直分布

采用常规与沿雪线调查方法,对大巴山东部具代表性的7个不同海拔梯度及6个不同生境类型,连续进行了11年调查和研究。结果表明：1)在所获得的8科28属51种9 974只蚤类中,有25种隶属于古北界,占49.02%,21种属于东洋界,占41.18%,5种广布,占9.80%; 经个体数量区系处理,古北和东洋两界蚤类区系数量（37.97%,50.30%）并不完全与物种区系相吻合,但东洋蚤类区系数量与古北物种区系相当;2）大巴山东部蚤类垂直分布的区系特点是,1 500 m以下东洋成分占绝对优势,1 600～2 300 m古北成分达44.82%～56.41%,但个体区系数量却在33.47%～60.16%之间,物种区系成分与数量区系分布并不完全一致; 一些东洋界特有指示性质的巴山盲鼠蚤和它的寄主猪尾鼠,仍可分布到这一地带;当海拔上升到2 600 m,古北成分已稳定达55.00%,此地带已不见东洋界特有指示性质的巴山盲鼠蚤和它的寄主猪尾鼠的踪迹,当海拔上升到2 800～2 980 m,古北成分和个体数量分别已达65.00%和89.51%;3）在大巴山东部51种蚤类中,有24种在秦岭有分布,占秦岭已知34种的70.58%,两座山系古北成分也相当,分别为49.02%及52.94%。最后按区系、宿主动物、植被带谱和地理状况相近原则,对张金桐等（1989）对秦岭南坡的蚤类海拔高度划线1 000～2 000 m进行修订,并上移至2 600 m左右地带,修订后的划线,其具体位置及走向大体与暗针叶林的下限保持一致。此线以上,无论蚤种或是数量都以古北界成分为主,低于此线,古北、东洋成分和一些特有指示性质的种类相互渗透。     

Redescription and re-evaluation of the Burmese amber psychodid Eophlebotomus connectens Cockerell and its phylogenetic position (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Eophlebotomus is re‐examined, with the discovery of important new features and colleagues that were inaccurately described by previous workers. Hennig's scheme deriving the venation of Horaiella from that of Eophlebotomus could equally well have used a trichomyiine or a sycoracine as the starting point and therefore does not specifically support the hypothesis that Horaiella is the sister group. The phlebotomine‐like features of Eophlebotomus are plesiomorphies mostly also occurring in Sycoracinae, but there are also several synapomorphies supporting a particular relationship between Eophlebotomus and Sycoracinae or Trichomyiinae or both. It is hypothesized that Eophlebotomus represents a basal offshoot of the lineage leading to Sycoracinae and Trichomyiinae.     

A review of the ecological grouping of species of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner, [1822] (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae), associated with fagaceae

A review of the species belonging to the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner, [1822] (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), which are trophically associated with fagacean plants, is given, being provided with a new determination key and short diagnoses for 20 species recorded for the fauna of Russia. A contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Phyllonorycter is made based on the comparative morphology of the male genitalia of 54 Palaearctic species developing on Fagaceae, with 13 new taxonomic groups established within this ecological unit. Lectotype of Phyllonorycter suberifoliella (Zeller, 1850) is designated.     

Differential effects of prenatal testosterone timing and duration on phenotypic and behavioral masculinization and defeminization of female sheep

The process of sexual differentiation leaves genetically female individuals at risk of being masculinized by exogenous androgens. Previous research with sheep indicates that exposure to excess testosterone from Gestational Day (GD) 30 to GD 90 of the 147-day gestation masculinizes and defeminizes behavior as well as genitalia. Lower doses and shorter durations produce animals with varying degrees of genital virilization and alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, but to our knowledge, the effects on complex behavior and its prediction by the amount of external virilization have not been explored. Previous research in rodents has suggested that sexual differentiation of the central nervous system and the external genitalia can be dissociated. Therefore, we hypothesized that the extent of virilization of external genitalia would not be predictive of the lack of female-typical, or the presence of male-typical, mating behavior. To test this hypothesis, we compared control females, females exposed to exogenous testosterone from GD 30 to GD 90 (T60 females) that have virilized genitalia, and females exposed to testosterone from GD 60 to GD 90 (T30 females) that have female-typical genitalia. Both natural behavioral estrus in the flock and hormonally controlled behavioral tests were used to explore reproductive behavior. The T60 and T30 females exhibited more masculinized reproductive behavior than the controls; however, the T30 females also exhibited feminine behavior. Neither testosterone-treated group was receptive or was mounted at rates comparable to those of controls. These data illustrate that variation in the timing or duration of exposure to prenatal testosterone during a critical period for masculinization can have variable effects on defeminization and that the effects of testosterone on genitalia are not entirely predictive of behavior.     

小腹茧蜂亚科的雄外生殖器及族级单元系统发育的研究

对分布在东洋区和古北区的小腹茧蜂亚科 (膜翅目: 茧蜂科)21个属的67个种及外群折脉茧蜂属 (膜翅目: 茧蜂科) 2个种的雄外生殖器的5个性状进行了比较研究。在形态学研究的基础上,通过选用头部、胸部和腹部(包括雌雄外生殖器的性状) 等34个性状,运用支序分析的方法探讨了分布在东洋区和古北区的小腹茧蜂亚科21个属以及它们所属的族间的系统发育关系,并对Mason (1981) 的分类系统进行了重新评价。雄外生殖器和支序分析基本上证实并恢复了由Mason (1981) 确定的2个主要分支,即绒茧蜂族Apantelini+小腹茧蜂族Microgastrini和拱茧蜂族Fornicini+盘绒茧蜂族Cotesiini+侧沟茧蜂族MicroplitinI。绒茧蜂族Apantelini、拱茧蜂族Fornicini和侧沟茧蜂族Microplitini为单系群也被支持,但小腹茧蜂族Microgastrini和盘绒茧蜂族Cotesiini是否为单系群尚难于在树形图中体现,而且族内各属间的分支关系有变动。因此,尽管Mason的族级分类单元有一些欠缺,但仍是可信、实用的,不同意Walker等 (1990) 认为不应再使用Mason分族系统的观点。     

A key to Palaearctic dragonflies of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aeschna</Emphasis> Fabricius, 1775 (Odonata,Aeschnidae)

Keys to 10 Palaearctic species of the dragonfly genus Aeschna are given. For adults of the two morphologically similar species Ae. juncea (Linnaeus, 1758) and Ae. subarctica Walker, 1908, new distinguishing characters are given. These are the shape of the genital plate and position of the anal appendages relative to the horizontal plane of the female body, and the shape of the processes of the anterior hooks of the male genitalia. Additionally, keys to the larvae based on characters of larvae reared in the laboratory are given. These keys allow species-level identification for early and middle larval instars.     

Morphology, biology and geographical distribution of the mosquito Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sergievi (Diptera, Culicidae)

New data on morphology and differential diagnosis of adults (variability of the pattern of mesonotum and wings, difference from all other species of the cantans group of the Palaearctic fauna by the spot of the scales on the mesepimeron reaching its lower edge, difference of its male genitalia from those of Ae. montchadskyi Dub.), biology (period of activity and predomination indices of the females attacking man, breeding places and period of occurrence of preimaginal phases in the south of the East Transbaikalia and Krasnoyarsk Region), and geographical distribution (from the Tuva ASSR and south of Krasnoyarsk Region in the west to the south of the Chita Region in the east, misidentification in East Kazakhstan, confinement of the range to the Mongolian district of the Kazakhstan-Mongolian province of the Central Asian subregion of the Holarctic that suggests that the main part of its distribution range is situated in Mongolia) are given for the recently described species of mosquitoes, Aedes sergievi Danilov, Markovich et Proskuryakova, 1978 from the south of East Siberia.     

The taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Pollenia semicinerea species-group (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Abstract. Within Pollenia Robineau-Desvoidy, a semicinerea species-group is defined. It consists of the redescribed P.semicinerea Villeneuve, P.grunini sp.n., P.mystica sp.n. and P.paragrunini sp.n., and P.pectinata Grunin, for which some new characters are given. A key is provided and the known terminalia of both sexes are illustrated. A lectotype is designated for P.semicinerea Villeneuve. P.semicinerea is known from the Middle East (Israel, Syria, Lebanon), P.grunini, P.mystica and P.paragrunini from the Caucasus and neighbouring areas in the U.S.S.R. and P.pectinata from the temperate parts of the Palaearctic Region except west of Poland and U.S.S.R. It is argued that the semicinerea- and racfe-groups are monophyletic sister-groups. The tenuiforceps-group is most probably the monophyletic sister-group of the composite monophyletic group ( rudis-group+semicinerea-group ). The intermedia-group and the griseo-tomentosa-group are both monophyletic. The composite group ( rudis- group + semicinerea-group + tenuiforceps-group + intermedia-group + griseotomentosa-group ) is probably a monophyletic subgroup of Pollenia. A partly resolved synapomorphy diagram is provided, which is compared to trees generated by various computer programs in the Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP) of Felsenstein. Pollenia alajensis Rodendorf (= sytshevskajae Grunin) is assigned to the tenuiforceps species-group on the basis of male and female genitalia.     

基于雌蚊尾器形态的中国阿蚊属分类研究

【目的】明确阿蚊Armigeres雌蚊尾器在分类鉴定中的价值。【方法】依据在云南长期采集的标本, 观察了我国阿蚊属Armigeres正式记录的16种雌蚊尾器构造, 对雌蚊尾器的形态进行了系统描述和分类研究。【结果】编制两个亚属和16种阿蚊的雌蚊尾器分类检索表。【结论】每一种雌蚊尾器与雄蚊尾器一样, 都具有种的固定的特征, 是种的重要分类依据。     

Relationships within the Melitaea phoebe species group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): new insights from molecular and morphometric information

The genus Melitaea consists of about 80 species, divided into ten species groups, which are all restricted to the Palaearctic region. The Melitaea phoebe group was defined by Higgins based on morphological characters such as wing pattern and genital structures. According to his interpretation, the M. phoebe group included seven species: M. phoebe, M. sibina, M. scotosia, M. aetherie, M. collina, M. consulis and M. turkmanica. The taxonomy of the phoebe species group has been poorly resolved and recent results on the species composition within the group suggest the need for a re‐evaluation. In this study molecular sequences (5985 bp) including one mitochondrial (COI) and up to six nuclear (CAD, EF‐1α, GAPDH, MDH, RpS5 and wingless) gene regions from 38 specimens of the Melitaea phoebe species group sensu Higgins and some closely related taxa from the Palaearctic region were analysed. The possible evolution of the processus posterior of the male genitalia was also reconstructed based on a shape mapping technique. The analysis of the combined data shows a very clear pattern and almost all relationships are highly supported. Based on the combined Bayesian tree and the shape of the processus posterior of the male genitalia, four main groups are recognised: (i) collina group, (ii) arduinna group, (iii) aetherie group and (iv) phoebe group. The status of M. ornata, M. zagrosi and M. scotosia as species is confirmed, and the results also indicate that M. telona (s.s.) from Israel is a separate species.     

特里飞虱属在中国的首次发现及卢氏特里飞虱的再描记(半翅目.蜡蝉总科,飞虱科)

记述采自黑龙江三江平原的飞虱科中国1新纪录属:特里飞虱属Trichodelphax Vilbaste,1968及中国1新纪录种:卢氏特里飞虱T.lukjanovitshi(Kusnezov,1929),并对卢氏特里飞虱作了重新描记,提供了成虫外形照片及雄性外生殖器特征图。研究标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。