生长型分类方案不同导致森林生态系统植物功能性状的统计偏差

将植物划分为不同的生长型来统计植物功能性状特征，是当前植物性状研究中常用的方法；但生长型分类方案的不同很可能造成植物功能性状统计分析的偏差，对此偏差的评估却尚未见报道。根据植物志描述及野外调查实际情况，将生长型划分为3种不同的分类方案：分类1：根据植物志信息划分为传统意义的乔木和灌木；分类2：根据树高和胸径划分乔木、小乔木和灌木；分类3：仅根据树高划分乔木层与灌木层的乔木和灌木。以东部亚热带常绿阔叶林区域的浙江金华北山35种优势阔叶木本植物的枝叶性状为研究对象，比较不同生长型分类对植物枝叶性状统计数据的影响。结果表明：（1）与传统的分类1相比，分类2对乔木植物枝叶性状影响的显著程度要高于分类3，而对灌木植物枝叶性状的影响程度低于分类3；但不同生长型分类方案中乔木和灌木的枝叶性状总体差异不显著。而与分类2小乔木相比，分类1以及分类2内部的乔木和灌木生长型的性状与分类2小乔木差异非常明显；（2）将不同生长型植物再划分为不同生活型后，不同生长型分类方案对性状统计的影响增大。无论是常绿还是落叶生活型的小乔木，其与不同生活型乔木和灌木的性状差异仍然显著。可见，不同的生长型分类方案可造成植物功能性状统计的差异；把小乔木植物这一功能类群划分出来，能更好地反映森林生态系统性状特征的差异性。     

民勤荒漠区不同生活型植物物候响应气候变暖的差异

运用1974年以来民勤荒漠区植物物候观测资料和气象观测资料,将22种植物分别按生长类型划分为乔木、灌木和草本植物3种生活型,再按更新芽着生部位将22种植物划分为高位芽植物、地上芽植物和地面芽植物植物3种生活型,分析了按这2种方法划分的不同生活型植物物候响应气候变化的差异.结果表明:1)不论以哪种方法划分的植物生活型,春季物候响应气温变化的敏感程度均大干秋季;2)按生长类型划分的3种生活型植物之间的物候变化差异较按更新芽着生部位划分的3种生活型植物之间的物候变化差异大,主要表现为乔木和灌木的物候差异较大;3)当地植物的生长期长度、乔木的春季物候提前幅度和高位芽植物的春季物候提前幅度大干其他文献报导;4)更新芽着生部位越高,春季物候响应当月和当年气温变暖越敏感,表明在地面以上、乔木高度以内,距地面越高气温对春季物候的影响越显著.     

湖南省八面山银杉林的群落学分析

银杉林是当今举世瞩目的第三纪残遗植物群落。本文讨论了湖南八面山银杉林的群落外貌、群落结构、群落成员型和种间联结以及银杉林的三个群落类型和特征。其中银杉、南方铁杉混交林是我们最近发现的一个新的群落型。     

Functional traits and root morphology of alpine plants

Background and Aims

Vegetation has long been recognized to protect the soil from erosion. Understanding species differences in root morphology and functional traits is an important step to assess which species and species mixtures may provide erosion control. Furthermore, extending classification of plant functional types towards root traits may be a useful procedure in understanding important root functions.

Methods

In this study, pioneer data on traits of alpine plant species, i.e. plant height and shoot biomass, root depth, horizontal root spreading, root length, diameter, tensile strength, plant age and root biomass, from a disturbed site in the Swiss Alps are presented. The applicability of three classifications of plant functional types (PFTs), i.e. life form, growth form and root type, was examined for above- and below-ground plant traits.

Key Results

Plant traits differed considerably among species even of the same life form, e.g. in the case of total root length by more than two orders of magnitude. Within the same root diameter, species differed significantly in tensile strength: some species (Geum reptans and Luzula spicata) had roots more than twice as strong as those of other species. Species of different life forms provided different root functions (e.g. root depth and horizontal root spreading) that may be important for soil physical processes. All classifications of PFTs were helpful to categorize plant traits; however, the PFTs according to root type explained total root length far better than the other PFTs.

Conclusions

The results of the study illustrate the remarkable differences between root traits of alpine plants, some of which cannot be assessed from simple morphological inspection, e.g. tensile strength. PFT classification based on root traits seems useful to categorize plant traits, even though some patterns are better explained at the individual species level.     

植物生活史型定量划分及其权重配置方法——以四棱豆生活史型划分为例

植物生活史型定量划分方法研究是植物生活史型研究的重要内容。现有的生活史型定量划分方法是基于主成分分析法(PCA)建立起来的,未考虑性状指标之间的相互影响,因此需要探索适用于"网状"结构指标体系的植物生活史型划分新方法。根据植物生活史型划分指标的层次性特点,以攀援型和矮生型四棱豆(Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)为例,分别采用主成分分析法(PCA)、层次分析法(AHP)和网络层次分析法(ANP)对性状指标进行权重配置,计算性状指标的综合得分和生活史型划分参数,结果如下:与ANP相比,PCA计算的V型(营养生长型)参数值偏低(x在0.39以下),S型(有性生殖型)参数值偏高(z在0.453以上);AHP计算的V型参数值偏高(x在0.614以上),S型参数值偏低(z在0.088以下);3种方法计算的生活史型划分参数差异明显。由于PCA、AHP均要求性状指标之间相互独立,不能排除性状指标之间的关联,因此基于PCA、AHP的四棱豆生活史型划分结果均出现了偏差,表明性状指标之间的相关性影响了生活史型划分结果。ANP的指标体系为"网状"结构,其控制层、网络层各个指标之间均存在关联。构建ANP的判断矩阵时提取了性状指标的相关矩阵信息,权重配置反映了性状指标之间的相关关系。基于ANP方法对攀援型和矮生型四棱豆生活史型的划分结果分别为V0.517C0.327S0.156和V0.416C0.43S0.154。当性状指标之间的相关不显著时,可采用PCA和AHP法分配权重;当性状指标之间存在显著相关时,采用ANP法进行权重配置更为恰当。综上所述,基于ANP的植物生活史型划分方法解决了性状指标之间相互影响问题,为植物生活史型定量研究提供了新的有效方法。     

Life forms of Pteridophyta, their origin and evolution

The following separation of the main growth forms of Pteridophyta is proposed: thin-rhizomatous, creeping-rosetted, ascending-rosetted, vertical-rosetted, and arborescent. Each of these can be divided into life forms according to a series of morphological and other characters. The most primitive growth form of Pteridophyta is acknowledged as the thin-rhizomatous. In the course of evolution toward polymerization and integration of fronds, the group of arborescent Pteridophyta were transformed into shoot plants, initially of the Cycas type. Water ferns (Salviniaceae) and seed ferns (Pteridospermae) are known as the arbitrary type of Lycopsida which did not reach the state of shot structure of the body. In this respect, Equisetales occupy an intermediate position. It may be assumed that in the evolution of plants, the change in their life forms was of paramount significance.     

陕西关中地区杂种小麦强优势组合优势型研究

选用在陕西关中地区表现优良且某一农艺性状表现突出的11个冬小麦品种(系),根据农艺性状分为大粒型、多穗型、穗重型和中间型4类,组成6种NCII杂交组合模式,研究不同组合模式的杂种优势,探讨根据农艺性状划分杂种小麦亲本优势型在杂种小麦强优势组合选配中的应用.结果表明:在所组配的6种组合模式中,以大粒×多穗型组合模式表现突出,其杂种优势、超亲优势和超标优势均明显高于其它组合,分别达到了59.9%、37.1%和22.5%,因此,依据杂种小麦亲本农艺性状进行亲本优势型划分可以作为杂种小麦亲本选配的依据之一.在陕西关中地区以大粒×多穗型为杂种小麦强优势组合组配模式.     

中国泥炭主要植物残体类型的初步研究

根据泥炭中植物残体组合在发生上的联系和形态上“质”的差异这一分类原则,以组成植物残体的造炭植物为依据,按植物残体组合中的优势造炭植物的生活型和造炭植物的优势种,将中国泥炭的主要植物残体组合初步划分为6个型和15个组。根据各植物残体组合型的主要特征,进行合理地开发,利用,以免浪费宝贵的泥炭资源。我国领土辽阔,自然条件复杂,沼泽类型繁多,由不同造炭植物组成的泥炭种类也十分丰富。在泥炭矿体中,造炭植物种类随着沼泽植被类型的演替而使泥炭的植物残体种类发生垂直变化,形成各种泥炭类型。因而,对泥炭植物残体的研究,既有生产实践价值,又有理论意义。     

The interactions between plant life form and fungal traits of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi determine the symbiotic community

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have traditionally been considered generalist symbionts. However, an increasing number of studies are pointing out the selectivity potential of plant hosts. Plant life form, determined by plant life history traits, seems to drive the AM fungal community composition. The AM fungi also exhibit a wide diversity of functional traits known to be responsible for their distribution in natural ecosystems. However, little is known about the role of plant and fungal traits driving the resultant symbiotic assemblages. With the aim of testing the feedback relationship between plant and fungal traits on the resulting AM fungal community, we inoculated three different plant life forms, i.e. annual herbs, perennial herbs and perennial semi-woody plants, with AM fungal communities sampled in different seasons. We hypothesized that the annual climate variation will induce changes in the mean traits of the AM fungal communities present in the soil throughout the year. Furthermore, the association of plants with different life forms with AM fungi with contrasting life history traits will show certain preferences according to reciprocal traits of the plants and fungi. We found changes in the AM fungal community throughout the year, which were differentially disrupted by disturbance and altered by plant growth form and plant biomass. Both plant and fungal traits clearly contributed to the resultant AM fungal communities. The revealed process can have implications for the functioning of ecosystems since changes in dominant plant life forms or climatic variables could influence the traits of AM fungal communities in soil and hence ecosystem processes.     

广西湿地植被分类系统

较为系统地分析了广西主要的湿地植被类型及其分类系统.依据中国湿地植被的分类原则和分类系统,结合广西湿地植被的生境特征和群落学特征,将广西湿地植被划分为5个植被型组、12个植被型、7个植被亚型、144个群系.     

Classifying the fire‐response traits of plants: How reliable are species‐level classifications?

Plant species in fire‐prone environments possess specific traits which allow them to survive fire. Species are commonly classified according to whether they survive fire and resprout or whether they are killed by fire and regenerate from seed. However, different populations of the same species have been shown to vary in their responses. Therefore, the classification of a species into a single category based on fire‐response traits may not necessarily be representative of every population under every circumstance. This study examined the extent of within‐species variation in fire‐response traits of woody plants in south‐eastern Australia after the 2003 fires. Species were then classified using two approaches: (i) using data from a field survey of fire‐response traits, taking into account within‐species variation; and (ii) using species' fire responses listed in a pre‐existing fire‐response database compiled from a variety of primary sources. Field data showed that the majority of species in the study area resprouted after fire with around one in 10 species variable in their resprouting response. Almost half of all species varied from site to site according to whether they regenerated from seed, either solely or in addition to resprouting. The numbers of species classified as resprouters and seed regenerators varied according to the classification method used. Differences were also found between the classification method when calculating the mean proportion of resprouters and seed regenerators across sites. The fire‐response traits for some species from the database were found to differ from the observed field responses. This study demonstrated that the application of a fire‐response trait, reported in a trait database, to an entire species, may not adequately represent the actual fire responses of the populations of interest. Rather than considering the fire‐response traits of a species, accurate prediction may be better achieved by considering how different populations of plants will respond to fire.     

Genotyping of a miso and soy sauce fermentation yeast, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, based on sequence analysis of the partial 26S ribosomal RNA gene and two internal transcribed spacers

We analyzed sequences of the D1D2 domain of the 26S ribosomal RNA gene (26S rDNA sequence), the internal transcribed spacer 1, the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (the ITS sequence) from 46 strains of miso and soy sauce fermentation yeast, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and a closely related species, Z. mellis, for typing. Based on the 26S rDNA sequence analysis, the Z. rouxii strains were of two types, and the extent of sequence divergence between them was 2.6%. Based on the ITS sequence analysis, they were divided into seven types (I-VII). Between the type strain (type I) and type VI, in particular, a 12% difference was detected. The occurrence of these nine genotypes with a divergence of more than 1% in these two sequences suggests that Z. rouxii is a species complex including novel species and hybrids. Z. mellis strains were of two types (type alpha and type beta) based on the ITS sequence. Z. rouxii could clearly be distinguished from Z. mellis by 26S rDNA and ITS sequence analyses, but not by the 16% NaCl tolerance, when used as the sole key characteristic for differentiation between the two species.     

多花黑麦草品种DUS测试数量性状分级分析

对多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)7个品种进行了不同时期30个数量性状指标的测定,利用数量性状对多花黑麦草性状进行了概率分级的研究,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明,30个数量性状变异范围在7.55%~40.65%之间,变异系数最大的是分蘖数,最小的是千粒重。根据各数量性状的K-S检验及χ2检验,发现仅少部分性状不符合χ2分布;最终将28个数量性状分为5个等级,另外将抽穗期(春化后)和分蘖数分为3个等级。多花黑麦草的30个数量性状之间相关性分析结果表明株高与生长习性、小穗数与小穗密度、上部节间长与节间数呈极显著负相关,花序长与小穗密度呈极显著正相关。研究结果为多花黑麦草品种的鉴定评价、品种选育及数量性状的分级提供了理论依据。     

Population structure and local differentiation in the delicate loach, Niwaella delicata, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and morphological analyses

Population structures of the delicate loach, Niwaella delicata, were inferred from morphology and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of part of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 25 populations, representing the species range in central Honshu Island. The existence of two types of morphological variation corresponding to regional distributions, the "Pacific slope type" and "Sea of Japan slope type," has been known in N. delicata. Our morphological reexamination of the two types revealed some discrepancies in their distribution pattern. Therefore, we reclassified two new color types corresponded to their distribution areas as "gathered spots type (G type)" and "scattered spots type (S type)," respectively. The present classification of G and S types is closely related to the mtDNA divergence pattern. The current analysis also indicated that each G and S type population was further divided into two genetic groups, corresponding to geographic proximity. In spite of marked morphological differentiation, the genetic diversity between G and S type populations (1.153%) was comparable only to that reported for intraspecific levels in most freshwater fishes. Moreover, in the population of which the color patterns of all fish were characterized to the S type, mtDNA haplotypes corresponding to G and S types were sympatrically detected. This result indicates secondary contact between the two type populations and the possibility that they are not reproductively isolated. Received: June 11, 1999 / Revised: September 30, 2000 / Accepted: January 16, 2001     

植物残体与泥炭和泥炭矿体分类的初步探讨

泥炭植物残体是泥炭和泥炭矿体的主要组分。泥炭的植物组成与泥炭的分解度和营养状况密切相关。在进行泥炭分类时,植物残体组成是其重要依据。各泥炭矿体特征间“质”的差异也反映在泥炭植物残体组成成分的不同上。因此,在进行泥炭矿体分类时,可将矿层的植物残体组分作其依据。本文拟将我国的泥炭矿体分为富营养、中营养、贫营养和混合四个泥炭矿体型;并续分出十一个泥炭矿体组。     

机械损伤对9种水生植物叶片的影响

水生植物叶片的功能性状特征与陆生植物有所不同,同时叶脉类型也显著影响叶片的功能性状。本研究选取9种具有不同叶脉类型的水生植物,通过对叶脉进行直接损伤,分析叶片性状（形态、色素含量和叶绿素荧光指标）在叶脉受损后的变化程度与叶脉类型的关系。结果显示：具有平行脉的3种水生植物对叶脉损伤具有较强的耐受性;具羽状脉的4种植物主脉受损后显著抑制叶片生长,而侧脉受损的影响在不同物种间有所不同,具有物种特异性。本研究可为大型湖泊水生植物修复的水生物种筛选提供参考。     

机械损伤对9种水生植物叶片的影响

水生植物叶片的功能性状特征与陆生植物有所不同,同时叶脉类型也显著影响叶片的功能性状。本研究选取9种具有不同叶脉类型的水生植物,通过对叶脉进行直接损伤,分析叶片性状(形态、色素含量和叶绿素荧光指标)在叶脉受损后的变化程度与叶脉类型的关系。结果显示:具有平行脉的3种水生植物对叶脉损伤具有较强的耐受性;具羽状脉的4种植物主脉受损后显著抑制叶片生长,而侧脉受损的影响在不同物种间有所不同,具有物种特异性。本研究可为大型湖泊水生植物修复的水生物种筛选提供参考。     

雪峰山西南支脉丘陵山地森林植物群落类型及结构特征研究

为了弄清雪峰山西南支脉丘陵山地生态系统的结构、类型及其特性 ,研究了 2 6个典型森林群落的结构及组成特点。区域内共有植物 1 6 2科 4 0 5属 75 9种 ,主要为热带分布及亚热带分布 ,其植物区系成分复杂 ,具有明显的过渡与交汇特征 ,与其联系最为广泛的是滇、黔、桂区 ,同时与华中、华南、华东区的联系亦非常密切。从生活型来看 ,高位芽占的比例最大 ,中高位芽植物和小高位芽植物为区域内群落乔层的主要组成种类。在层片结构上 ,森林植物群落除暖性灌丛外 ,都具有乔木层层片、灌木层层片、草本层层片和苔藓地被层层片 ,常绿阔叶中高位芽层片为乔木层主要层片 ,并多构成群落的建群层片。 2 6个群落可分为 7个植被类型 ,分别处于群落的 4个演替阶段。这些群落分别具有保护原有结构功能和研究天然林恢复规律的价值。群落中的主要种类 ,乔木层有黔桂润楠、甜槠、枫香、青冈栎 ,灌木层有杜茎山、木、羊角杜鹃     

中国西北及中亚主要绿洲农区分类

应用生态学原理以水为主线建立绿洲农区树形分类体系,将中国西北及中亚主要绿洲农区采用五级指标分类并进行区划。一级分类指标为水热配合状况,分水热同期型或不同期型;二级指标为水汽主要来源,分西风环流带来水汽型或太平洋季风带来水汽型;三级指标为灌溉水来源,分为"山地-绿洲-荒漠系统"产生河流灌溉型或由"系统"外来河流灌溉型;四级指标为不同河流类型灌溉形成的土壤,分地面河灌溉形成灌淤土型或地下径流(河)井、泉清水灌溉形成灌耕土型;五级指标为地理位置名称及当地的气候带。将分类结果用亿图图示专家软件绘成树形分类图,再用Arc GIS9.3软件制成分类分布图。经分析比较得出:中国西北水热同期型较中亚水热不同期型绿洲农区的光、温、水资源耦合效应更优越。     

基于表型性状的中国大蒜资源遗传多样性分析

对资源圃保存的212份大蒜种质资源的表型性状进行了系统鉴定,分析表明我国大蒜种质资源的表型变异丰富。主成分分析表明,29个性状可以归并为反映植株生长发育、产品特征和产量构成的8个主成分;进一步的聚类分析将所有资源分为特点明显的2类5亚类。为了避免质量性状在种质评价中的主导作用,与产量相关的鳞茎数量性状的主成分分析显示,前3个主成分累积贡献率达74.83%,第一主成分中鳞茎重、鳞茎直径、鳞茎高和鳞芽数是影响产量的主要因子。主坐标排序将所有资源分为6类。通过综合评价,将大蒜鳞茎产量分为6个级别,筛选出单产大于15 t/hm2的资源3份。