中国麦红吸浆虫(双翅目：瘿蚊科)不同地理种群的遗传结构

采用RAPD方法测定分析了我国麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) 10个地理种群的遗传结构。结果表明：5种引物在10个种群中共产生了326个RAPD标记,各地理种群之间没有产生各自的特征标记;不同种群间的遗传相似程度与其地理间距呈反比;种群内的遗传相似程度比种群间的高;利用UPGMA法可将其聚为冬麦区和春麦区两大类群。     

中国西部麦红吸浆虫种群遗传结构的RAPD分析(双翅目:瘿蚊科)

对采自我国西北春麦区武威市 ( 38°N,1 0 3°E)、皋兰县 ( 36.5°N,1 0 4°E)及冬麦区长安县 ( 34.2°N,1 0 9°E)的麦红吸浆虫 Sitodiplosis mosellana ( Gehin)种群和皋兰县的麦黄吸浆虫 Contarinia tritici( Kirby)种群用 4种引物 S1 8、S61、S50、S83进行了RAPD测定分析。结果表明 ,引物共产生 1 0 6个 RAPD标记 ,没有任何一个引物能单独区分所有个体 ,但四种引物扩增结果联合则可。引物在麦红吸浆虫的 3个地理种群之间没有产生各自的特征带谱 ,但在 2个种之间可扩增出鉴别图谱。聚类分析显示 :同种同地理种群的个体间遗传相似程度高 ,变异范围小 ;同种不同地理种群间的遗传相似程度变异范围大 ,部分与种群内个体间的遗传相似程度重叠 ;不同种之间的遗传相似程度最低。在麦红吸浆虫种群间 ,长安与皋兰的种群遗传关系最近 ,而与武威种群较远。以近缘属种麦黄吸浆虫作参照分析表明 ,麦红吸浆虫不同地理种群之间表现为种下的遗传差异。     

中国西部麦红吸浆虫(双翅目:瘿蚊科)酯酶同工酶与种群遗传结构研究(英文)

本文用PAGE方法测定了我国西部麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosismosellana (G啨ｈｉｎ) 3个地理种群酯酶同工酶 ,分析了其遗传规律及种群的遗传结构。采样地点有春麦区的皋兰县 (36.3°N ,1 0 3.9°E)和武威市(37.9°N ,1 0 2 .6°E)及冬麦区的长安县 (34.1°N ,1 0 8.9°E)。结果分析认为该酶受两个基因位点控制 ,命名为Est 1和Est 2。Est 1可能为质体基因 ,其酶谱为所有带中移动最快的一条 ,每个个体都有。Est 2为重复基因位点 ,共观察到 8个等位基因 ,在所有种群中表现为 8条带 ,依其迁移速度命名为a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h。Est 2在每个个体中表现 1 - 4条带 ,且为一多态位点 ,因此该等位酶可作为一个稳定的遗传标记。在所有研究种群的个体中 ,共观察到 1 9种酶谱类型。在冬麦区长安种群中个体酶谱类型多达1 7个 ;春麦区个体酶谱类型少 ,在皋兰种群内有 5个、武威种群内有 4个。在所有的种群中 ,以d、e、g 3个等位基因的频率最高。冬麦区长安种群内有 8个等位基因、而春麦区种群仅有 3个。通过对Est 2单个基因位点的遗传一致度和聚类分析表明 ,春麦区两种群亲缘关系较近 ,且都与冬麦区种群较远。上述所有分析显示麦红吸浆虫有一定程度的种下分化 ,遗传漂移可能是引起该分化的主要原因。不同种群间有可能发生过     

用重复序列引物PCR分析不同滞育状态麦红吸浆虫DNA多态性

应用 5 个重复序列引物,通过 PCR 扩增试验,研究了不同滞育状态麦红吸浆虫 DNA 的多态性。结果表明:1) 5 个重复序列引物共扩增了 104 条核酸带,分子量介于 202~1 163bp 之间;2) 不同滞育状态的麦红吸浆虫的平均相似性指数范围在 0.573~0.936 之间,在种群 3 和种群 4 之间,最大的平均相似性指数是 0.936,在种群 1、3、4、5 和种群 6、7、8 之间平均相似性指数较高(均超过 0.81);3)不同滞育状态麦红吸浆虫群体的遗传变异大部分来自群体间,产生于群体间的变异为62.41%,来自群体内的变异为37.59%;4) 根据对不同滞育状态间遗传距离的聚类分析,麦红吸浆虫的滞育类型可分为三大类。首次报道了不同滞育状态麦红吸浆虫量化的DNA多态性。     

麦红吸浆虫随气流远距离扩散的轨迹分析

为了解麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin)种群随气流远距离扩散的可能性和扩散方向, 本研究于2010年5月在河南省洛阳市洛宁县, 利用系留气球携带取样器调查了麦红吸浆虫种群在5~75 m高空的分布以及活动节律, 应用HYSPLIT-4大气扩散模型模拟了2010年以洛宁县(34.35°N, 111.52°E)为起始点, 空中不同高度层麦红吸浆虫种群的扩散轨迹, 以及2007年麦红吸浆虫种群在我国北方麦区的扩散轨迹。结果表明: 在成虫发生期, 麦红吸浆虫在空中5, 45, 50和65 m 4个高度层种群密度较大, 表现出了明显的成层效应。2010年河南洛宁迁入的种群来自西南方的河南南阳地区, 迁出种群能够随气流进入东北方向的河南省宜阳县境内。2007年麦红吸浆虫种群能够随小麦发育期的先后, 随西南气流逐步向东北方向扩散。成虫随气流扩散是麦红吸浆虫种群远距离扩散的一种重要方式。研究结果有助于了解我国麦红吸浆虫远距离扩散方式, 同时对优化发生动态监测和综合治理提供参考。     

日本稻蝗、中华稻蝗和赤胫伪稻蝗地理种群的RAPD遗传分化研究

运用10个RAPD引物对日本稻蝗(Oxya japonica)、中华稻蝗(Oxya chinensis)和赤胫伪稻蝗(Pseudoxya diminuta)的种群遗传分化进行分析。10个随机引物共产生135条带,扩增谱带具有明显的属、种间多态性。Shannon信息指数表明中华稻蝗遗传多样性水平较高(2．693),日本稻蝗次之(2.319),赤胫伪稻蝗最低(1．042)。中华稻蝗和日本稻蝗的不同地理居群出现遗传分化,由Shannon信息指数估算的种群间遗传分化系数分别为20．7％,42．4％。用UPGMA和NJ法对Nei’s遗传距离作聚类分析,构建分子系统树。系统树显示：同一种群的不同个体优先相聚,而后,同一种的不同种群依次相聚;日本稻蝗广西南宁种群和广东广州种群首先聚为一支,陕西西安种群和浙江杭州种群聚为另一支,两支相聚后与中华稻蝗聚在一起,最后与赤胫伪稻蝗相聚。聚类结果表明：不同地域日本稻蝗亲缘关系的远近与地理距离呈现一定的相关趋势,日本稻蝗与中华稻蝗亲缘关系较近,Nei’S遗传距离平均为0．142,而赤胫伪稻蝗与它们关系较远,Nei’s遗传距离平均为0．451。聚类图所显示的物种间亲缘关系的远近程度与形态分类学和细胞分类学结果相一致。     

基于线粒体COⅠ、Cytb和COⅡ基因的中国草地螟不同地理种群遗传分化分析

【目的】揭示中国草地螟Loxostege sticticalis不同地理种群的遗传分化程度。【方法】采用PCR技术扩增中国西北和华北地区草地螟11个地理种群的线粒体COⅠ,Cytb和COⅡ基因序列,基于其序列变异及单倍型贝叶斯系统发育树和单倍型网络图分析,探讨不同地理种群间的遗传距离、分子系统发生关系及遗传分化程度。【结果】草地螟11个地理种群的线粒体COⅠ,Cytb和COⅡ基因序列分别有24, 12和69个变异位点(分别占总序列的3.6%, 2.7%和8.8%),检测到的单倍型分别为22, 14和16个,单倍型多样度(Hd)分别为0.7600, 0.5842和0.7341,核苷酸平均差异度(K)分别为1.704, 0.752和3.997,不同单倍型间的遗传距离平均值分别为0.004, 0.005和0.013。总种群的Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs值皆不显著,表明草地螟不同地理种群间的遗传分化不明显,群体大小稳定。根据各地理种群的单倍型建立的系统发育树和单倍型网络图表明,各单倍型散布在不同的地理种群中,无明显的地理分布格局。【结论】草地螟各地理种群的遗传距离与地理距离间不具有显著的相关性,其遗传分化不明显。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的中国南方唇(Hermibarbus labeo)和间(Hermibarbus medius)种群分化及亲缘地理研究

为了解中国南方唇(Hermibarbus labeo)和间(Hermibarbus medius)的种群分化、亲缘地理格局及物种有效性,作者对唇8个水系及间9个水系共148尾样本的Cyt b基因全序列进行了测定。在所有序列中,共有128个变异位点,共检测出了41个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.954,核苷酸多样性为0.02153。基于Cyt b基因全序列构建的NJ树显示,中国南方的唇与间合聚为两大支,其中韩江和九龙江的全部唇样本组成了Ⅰ支,而其他水系的唇和间样本则组成了Ⅱ支。两支系间的遗传距离为5.1%,而唇和间之间的遗传距离为3.2%。现有证据不支持间与唇达到种一级的分化。单倍型网络图显示,韩江、九龙江种群和其他水系的种群分化较大;海南岛三大水系种群和漠阳江种群的单倍型分支与代表珠江水系单倍型的分支之间的亲缘关系较近,与其他地理区间种群的亲缘关系则相对较远;西江可能为珠江水系、漠阳江水系和海南岛三大水系间种群的扩散中心,其中一支往东向北江和东江扩散;另一支往南向海南岛扩散,海南岛三大水系种群尔后在冰期海退时向北扩散至漠阳江水系及珠江水系。AMOVA分析表明,唇和间地理区之间变异约占54.50%,地理区内种群间变异约占18.64%,种群内的变异占26.86%,这说明,唇和间种群Cyt b的遗传分化主要是来自地理区之间。错配分析及中性检验显示,全部种群、唇种群、间种群在历史上均没有发生过明显的扩张,两个mt DNA支系亦未发生过扩张,而海南岛的昌化江种群曾发生过种群扩张。     

中国大鲵四种群的遗传结构和地理分化

为了确定栖息地的破碎化和片断化引起中国大鲵的地理分化和遗传结构变异,本文测定了来自广西、河南、陕西和湖南4个地理种群的28条大鲵的mtDNAD loop基因全序列。根据这4个地理种群的地理分布,分成珠江单元(广西种群)、黄河单元(河南种群)和长江单元(湖南和陕西种群)。通过ClustalX、MEGA2.0、DnaSP4.0、Arlequin1.1分析发现,全序列长度为771bp,其中64个多态性核苷酸变异位点,占全部碱基数的8.26%。转换和颠换分别为6和2个,插入/缺失11个。27个单倍型间的序列差异平均为1.32%。3个单元的单倍型多样性指数和核苷酸多样性指数值都偏低,而且珠江单元的这两个指数值都低于长江和黄河两个单元。珠江单元和黄河、长江单元之间分化程度显著(P<0.001),而长江和黄河单元之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。地理单元内分化程度占99.31%,而单元间只有0.69%,表明遗传差异主要发生在单元内,而且各地理单元之间的基因流较频繁。构建的NJ树和MP树显示,27个单倍型呈现一种混杂的分布格局,并未分成代表3个地理单元的聚合群。     

山稻蝗不同种群的遗传多样性研究

应用RAPD技术对我国长江以南丘陵山区6个种群山稻蝗Oxya agavisa进行了遗传多样性分析.10条随机引物共扩增出90条清晰稳定的片段,其中多态性位点为87个,总的多态位点百分率96.7%.采用Shannon's遗传多样性值和Nei's基因多样性指数分析种群内的遗传多样性及种群间的遗传分化,结果表明山稻蝗湖南通道种群遗传多样性最高;两种指数估算的种群间遗传分化系数(44.5%,41.3%)均表明:山稻蝗种群内的遗传多样性稍大于种群间的遗传多样性.分别用Between-groups linkage、UPGMA和NJ法构建所有个体间的聚类关系图,聚类结果分析表明:位于同一纬度附近且地理上相距较近的种群优先相聚,聚类关系与生境条件、地理距离间呈现出一定的相关趋势.     

铁线莲属研究随记(VI)(英文)

讨论了Clematis eriopoda Maxim.和sect.Atragenopsis Boiss.的地位,认为这二分类群均应成立;描述了2新种,1新变种;过去长期被归并的卷萼铁线莲C.tubulosa得到恢复;Clematisheracleifoliavar.ichangensis被转移改作卷萼铁线莲的变种;首次给出光叶铁线莲Clematisglabrifolia的果实的形态描述。     

Observations on Neotropical Rainpools (Bolivia) with emphasis on Chironomidae (Diptera)

Nine rainpools in the savanna of northern Bolivia were examined using a random, semi‐quantitative sampling method. Both the macrophyte and insect assemblages showed that the longevity of a pool tended to be the dominant influence on the colonizing biota in the Tropics. Twenty‐four families of insects were recorded, including seven Heteroptera, five Odonata and five Diptera. The highly ephemeral (A‐)pools, which were dominated by beetles, differed from longer‐lived waters (B‐ and C‐pools). The composition of the insect assemblages in the B‐ and C‐pools formed a continuum, and the Chironomidae became more numerous and diverse with increasing water body longevity and habitat complexity. Out of the 20 recorded chironomid genera, three uncommon larval types are presented (Chironomini Gen X, "Tanytarsus”; (b), "Tanytarsus”; (dark L.o.). The study area is among the least researched in Bolivia, so many insects, and the chironomids in particular, are suspected as being newly discovered species.     

西藏珍珠茅属(莎草科)植物增补

发现了分布于西藏的2个珍珠茅属新记录种:小型珍珠茅和毛果珍珠茅,并补充记载了2个新记录种的文献和标本引证。     

穴蚁蛉的研究

通过多年的观察研究,详细报导粤北穴蚁蛉的生态类型、生物学特性、个体发育与饲食频率的关系;介绍穴蚁蛉幼虫——蚁狮在治疗泌尿系统结石疾病中的重大药用价值和开发、保护蚁狮的方法和途径．     

Effect of chromium(III) on poly(dG-dC) conformation

The interaction of chromium(III) with poly(dG-dC) inhibits the B to Z transition and results in the condensation of the polymer at high Cr/nucleotide ratios. At low Cr/nucleotide ratios chromium(III) enhanced the ability of ethanol to induce the B to Z transition of poly(dG-dC). The effects of chromium(III) on the conformation of DNA may be related to the carcinogenicity of chromium compounds.     

The species of Ardeicola (Phthiraptera) on Threskiornis (Aves)

The species of Ardeicola parasitic on the Ibis genus Threskiornis are reviewed-clayae Brelih, freemani sp.n., ibis Le Souef & Bullen, indicus Brelih, intermedia sp.n., nippon Hajela & Tandan-and a key for their identification is presented. Notes on the affinities of the species and a discussion on the distribution of Ardeicola on Threskiornis are included.     

The species of Ibidoecus (Phthiraptera) on Threskiornis (Aves)

The species of Ibidoecus parasitic on the Ibis genus Threskiornis are reviewed-clausus (Giebel), dianae Tandan, insularis sp.n., tandani sp.n., threskiornis Bedford-and a key for their identification presented. The host and geographical distribution of the phthirapteran parasites of this genus are discussed.     

Studies on dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase IV (glycyl-proline naphthylamidase)

Summary The activity of dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase IV (DAP IV, glycylproline naphthylamidase) was discovered in the endothelial cells of the venous part of capillary bed and of small venules of many organs of the rat, mini-pig, rabbit, cock as well as man. In aortae, large arteries and veins only a portion of vase vasorum displays a positive reaction. Glycyl-proline-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (Gly-Pro-MNA) is the substrate of choice both from the viewpoint of enzyme kinetics as well as localization. Phenylalanyl-proline-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (Phe-Pro-MNA) is cleaved less easily, however, it enables a good localization. 1- and 2-naphthylamine derivatives of glycylproline display better kinetic properties than Phe-Pro-MNA, however they enable a satisfactory localization under special conditions only.The recommended diazonium salt for the routine is Fast Blue B. The enzyme is quite firmly associated with the structure and chloroform-acetone preextraction of cryostat sections does not influence its activity significantly while improving the localization. Block fixation in aldehydes inhibits the enzyme activity (glutaraldehyde more than formaldehyde). The osmificated azo-dye originated of 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine and Fast Blue B or hexazonium-p-rosaniline is still partially soluble in solvents used for the usual embedding in epoxyresins for electron microscopical examination. This is a drawback for a reliable demonstration of DAP IV in endothelial cells on the electronmicroscopical level using the epoxy-resin technique. DAP IV of the endothelium is inhibited totally by DFP (10^–3M), partially by E 600 (10^–3); and slightly by phenanthroline (10^–3M). It is unaffected by EDTA (10^–3M) and N-ethyl maleimide (10^–3M).The combined demonstration of alkaline phosphatase and DAP IV in the same section renders a reliable demonstration of the capillary bed in many organs.The contribution of DAP IV activity of the capillary endothelium to the total DAP IV activity in a particular organ is decisive in the myocardium, striated muscle, aorta and lung; it represents about one half of the total activity in spleen and pancreas and is less expressed in the liver, intestine and particularly in the kidney.In the jejunum of patients sufferring coeliac sprue the activity of capillary endothelium in the propria is decreased or not demonstrable in the acute stage. After a gluten-free diet it is restituted. The activity of DAP IV does not change significantly in aortae of the rabbit and man with atherosclerosis. In plaques of human aortae the capillary endothelium reacts at the most. Vasa vasorum in the adventitia overlying large plaques, which penetrate into the media, display a high DAP IV activity and their number can be increased. In plaques of arteries of cocks there is a positive DAP IV reaction in foam cells. DAP IV does not belong to the enzymes indicating early changes in atherogenesis.The function of DAP IV in the endothelium is not known. It may be a part of the machinery influeneing the protein part of the endothelial coat or may participate in the degradation of some vasoactive peptides.