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1.
The morphological and genetic studies of the bra mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. from the collection of the Department of Genetics and Breeding, Moscow State University, showed that the BRA gene controls the main stages of inflorescence development: it suppresses the development of leaflike organs subtending flowers (bracts) and inhibits the formation of the terminal flower. Inactivation of the BRA gene leads to the transition from the indeterminate bractless inflorescence characteristic of the family Cruciferaceae to the determinate bracteose inflorescence. The BRA gene plays a regulatory role and was probably involved in the conversion of the bracteose determinate inflorescence to the bractless indeterminate inflorescence during the origin of ancestral crucifers. 相似文献
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A mutation in theCENTRORADIALIS (CEN) gene ofAntirrhinum and in theTERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) gene ofArabidopsis causes their indeterminate inflorescence to determinate. We clonedCEN/TFL1 homologs fromNicotiana tabacum, the wild-type of which has a determinate inflorescence. TheCEN gene was expressed in the inflorescnece meristem and kept its inflorescence meristem identity, whereas the tobacco homolog
(NCH) was expressed at a low level throughout the plant’s development. AlthoughCEN andNCH are highly homologous genes, they may have been recruited to different developmental functions during their evolution. TwoNCH genes are derived from amphidiploidN. tabacum, but both of them hybridized with its diploid parents,N. sylvestris andN. tomentosiformis. Southern blotting, and the genomic organization ofTFL1 inArabidopsis revealed that anotherCEN homolog exists in the genome ofArabidopsis. These results suggest that there are two copies of theCEN homolog per diploid plant.
The extended abstract of a paper presented at the 13th International Symposium in Conjugation with Award of the International
Prize for Biology “Frontier of Plant Biology”
These two authors contributed to this work equally. 相似文献
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Motoharu Okamoto 《American journal of botany》1989,76(1):14-22
The inflorescence of Fagus is generally considered to be a determinate one, i.e., an axillary dichasium, in contrast to those of most genera in the family, which are indeterminate, dichasial, or simple catkins. To understand the relationship between the two types, ontogenetic development of the inflorescence of Fagus crenata was investigated. The early developmental stages are similar in both the male and the female inflorescences. At first, the inflorescence is oval-shaped, then a swelling forms at the distal side of it. Subsequently, another swelling forms at the proximal side. The more or less conspicuous residual part of the primary inflorescence axis remains between the two swellings. The inflorescence becomes heart-shaped and the first flower forms at the summit of each swelling. Subsequently, higher-ordered flowers form dichasially in the male inflorescence, and the cupule valves differentiate in the female one. This organogenetic manner suggests that the inflorescence of Fagus is an indeterminate one, consisting of two dichasia arranged alternately on the primary axis. The scale leaves surrounding the inflorescence were also given a new interpretation. They were considered to be stipules of the bracts, because sometimes they constitute a continuous structure, together with an inconspicuous swelling between them. A proliferous-type monstrous cupule was interpreted as supporting evidence for the hypothesis. 相似文献
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John Alvarez Catherine L. Guli Xiang-Hua Yu David R. Smyth 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》1992,2(1):103-116
Growth of flowering stems in wild-type Arabidopsis is indeterminate. Many flowers arise sequentially on the flanks of apical meristems in a phyllotactic spiral. We have isolated eight recessive mutants of a gene, terminal flower, in which inflorescences become determinate. Flower primordia sooner or later ‘invade’ the meristem summit leading to cessation of its further growth. Primary apical meristems usually terminate with several part-flowers which lack pedicels, and several normal pedicellate flowers may arise first. By contrast apical meristems of secondary branches usually produce only a single pedicellate flower. Plant height is also reduced and more rosette inflorescences develop. These growth patterns occur in six strong mutants raised at 25°C under continuous light. In two weak mutants termination occurs much later with many more flowers arising before eventual termination. Termination is similarly delayed in at least one of the strong mutants grown at lower temperatures. The tfl mutation does not affect the indeterminate growth of flower meristems, at least in-so-far as this occurs in agamous mutants. The tfl locus is at the top of linkage group 5, close to RFLP 447. We propose that the TFL gene product supports the activity of an inhibitor of flower primordium initiation. This inhibitor would normally prevent flowers from arising on the inflorescence apex but in tfl mutants it may readily fall below its threshold of activity. The TFL gene may be one of a class responsible for evolutionary changes between indeterminate and determinate growth. 相似文献
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Repinski SL Kwak M Gepts P 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2012,124(8):1539-1547
In a common bean plant exhibiting determinate growth, the terminal shoot meristem switches from a vegetative to reproductive
state, resulting in a terminal inflorescence. Contrary to this, indeterminate growth habit results in a terminal meristem
that remains vegetative where it further regulates the production of lateral vegetative and reproductive growth. In the last
century, breeders have selected determinate growth habit, in combination with photoperiod insensitivity, to obtain varieties
with a shorter flowering period, earlier maturation and ease of mechanized harvest. Previous work has identified TFL1 as a gene controlling determinate growth habit in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this work, we have validated that the Phaseolus vulgaris candidate gene, PvTFL1y, is the functional homolog of TFL1 using three independent lines of evidence. First, in a population of ~1,500 plants, PvTFL1y was found to co-segregate with the phenotypic locus for determinate growth habit (fin) on chromosome 01. Second, using quantitative PCR, we found that two unique haplotypes associated with determinacy at the
PvTFL1y locus, a 4.1-kb retrotransposon and a splice-site mutation, cause mRNA abundance to decrease 20–133 fold, consistent with
the recessive nature of fin. Finally, using a functional complementation approach, through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of determinate Arabidopsis, we rescued tfl1-1 mutants with the wild-type PvTFL1y gene. Together, these three lines of evidence lead to the conclusion that PvTFL1y is the functional homolog of the Arabidopsis gene, TFL1, and is the gene responsible for naturally occurring variation for determinacy in common bean. Further work exploring the
different haplotypes at the PvTFL1y locus may lead to improved plant architecture and phenology of common bean cultivars. 相似文献
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关于一些植物学术语的中译等问题(三) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
(1)确定rhizome的中文译名"根状茎"符合此术语的定义,同时认为另一中文译名"根茎"不符合有关定义,且易引起误解,应予废弃。(2)介绍了在中国植物学文献中稀见的2种属于有限花序类的花序类型,有限伞形花序和有限头状花序。根据有关欧美专家的花序研究,介绍了在中国植物学文献中放在无限花序类的隐头花序和柔荑花序系由聚伞花序演化而出,而应属于有限花序类的论断;同时,作者提出楼梯草属梨序楼梯草组的雄隐头花序系由同属的骤尖楼梯草组的有限头状花序演化而出的论点。 相似文献
8.
Kévin Magne Jeoffrey George Ana Berbel Tornero Blandine Broquet Francisco Madueño Stig U. Andersen Pascal Ratet 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2018,94(5):880-894
The NOOT‐BOP‐COCH‐LIKE (NBCL) genes are orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana BLADE‐ON‐PETIOLE1/2. The NBCLs are developmental regulators essential for plant shaping, mainly through the regulation of organ boundaries, the promotion of lateral organ differentiation and the acquisition of organ identity. In addition to their roles in leaf, stipule and flower development, NBCLs are required for maintaining the identity of indeterminate nitrogen‐fixing nodules with persistent meristems in legumes. In legumes forming determinate nodules, without persistent meristem, the roles of NBCL genes are not known. We thus investigated the role of Lotus japonicus NOOT‐BOP‐COCH‐LIKE1 (LjNBCL1) in determinate nodule identity and studied its functions in aerial organ development using LORE1 insertional mutants and RNA interference‐mediated silencing approaches. In Lotus, LjNBCL1 is involved in leaf patterning and participates in the regulation of axillary outgrowth. Wild‐type Lotus leaves are composed of five leaflets and possess a pair of nectaries at the leaf axil. Legumes such as pea and Medicago have a pair of stipules, rather than nectaries, at the base of their leaves. In Ljnbcl1, nectary development is abolished, demonstrating that nectaries and stipules share a common evolutionary origin. In addition, ectopic roots arising from nodule vascular meristems and reorganization of the nodule vascular bundle vessels were observed on Ljnbcl1 nodules. This demonstrates that NBCL functions are conserved in both indeterminate and determinate nodules through the maintenance of nodule vascular bundle identity. In contrast to its role in floral patterning described in other plants, LjNBCL1 appears essential for the development of both secondary inflorescence meristem and floral meristem. 相似文献
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Andrew M. Greller 《American journal of botany》1969,56(6):575-583
Extensive correlations in spirality were observed among vegetative and floral organs in Lilium tigrinum Ker. Organs involved were vegetative leaves, bracts, and bracteoles. These correlations varied in their degree of constancy depending upon the organs involved. The mature inflorescences of L. tigrinum appeared to fit the common definition of a raceme. In 67.3% of the flowers at node 3 on the raceme, the bract-bracteole spirals reversed the spiral of vegetative leaves on the stem. These reversals resembled those observed on essentially cymose inflorescences of certain members of the Caryophyllaceae. Cymose branching was found to be an invariable feature of the inflorescence of L. tigrinum when secondary flowers appear. The apparently indeterminate tips of inflorescence main axes were interpreted as exhibiting stages in progression from a basically determinate (cymose) inflorescence. It was concluded that the ancestors of L. tigrinum had well-developed cymose branching patterns in the inflorescence. Reversal of stem spirals by the bract-bracteole spirals at the apices of many inflorescences was considered to be the result of complete utilization of the inflorescence meristem. Explanations for those reversals were provided by the field theory and by the theory of the first available space. 相似文献
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Meristems may be determinate or indeterminate. In maize, the indeterminate inflorescence meristem produces three types of determinate meristems: spikelet pair, spikelet and floral meristems. These meristems are defined by their position and their products. We have discovered a gene in maize, indeterminate floral apex1 (ifa1) that regulates meristem determinacy. The defect found in ifa1 mutants is specific to meristems and does not affect lateral organs. In ifa1 mutants, the determinate meristems become less determinate. The spikelet pair meristem initiates more than a pair of spikelets and the spikelet meristem initiates more than the normal two flowers. The floral meristem initiates all organs correctly, but the ovule primordium, the terminal product of the floral meristem, enlarges and proliferates, expressing both meristem and ovule marker genes. A role for ifa1 in meristem identity in addition to meristem determinacy was revealed by double mutant analysis. In zea agamous1 (zag1) ifa1 double mutants, the female floral meristem converts to a branch meristem whereas the male floral meristem converts to a spikelet meristem. In indeterminate spikelet1 (ids1) ifa1 double mutants, female spikelet meristems convert to branch meristems and male spikelet meristems convert to spikelet pair meristems. The double mutant phenotypes suggest that the specification of meristems in the maize inflorescence involves distinct steps in an integrated process. 相似文献
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Determinate growth of floral meristems in Arabidopsis requires the function of the floral regulatory gene AGAMOUS (AG). Expression of AG mRNA in the central region of floral meristems relies on the partially overlapping functions of the LEAFY (LFY) and APETALA1 (AP1) genes, which promote initial floral meristem identity. Here, we provide evidence that AG function is required for the final definition of floral meristem identity and that constitutive AG function can promote, independent of LFY and AP1 functions, the determinate floral state in the center of reproductive meristems. Loss-of-function analysis showed that the indeterminate central region of the ag mutant floral meristem undergoes conversion to an inflorescence meristem when long-day-dependent flowering stimulus is removed. Furthermore, gain-of-function analysis demonstrated that ectopic AG function results in precocious flowering and the formation of terminal flowers at apices of both the primary inflorescence and axillary branches of transgenic Arabidopsis plants in which AG expression is under the control of the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus. Similar phenotypes were also observed in lfy ap1 double mutants carrying a 35S-AG transgene. Together, these results indicate that AG is a principal developmental switch that controls the transition of meristem activity from indeterminate to determinate. 相似文献
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The paper describes the sequence and pattern of inflorescencedifferentiation in six determinate and three indeterminate varietiesof Phaseolus vulgaris. The terminal inflorescence of determinatevarieties is a compound raceme possessing a peduncle bearingtriadsbranch inflorescences, each consisting of threeflower buds developed acropetally on a condensed axis. Irrespectiveof the number of leaves on the main stem the bud primordiumin the axil of the uppermost leaf differentiates into the firsttriad on the plant. In indeterminate varieties, the first formedtriad arises at the lowermost node of the first formed lateralinflorescence, the position of which on the main stem is a varietalcharacteristic. 相似文献
16.
Philip Hands Donna Sharples Sinéad Drea 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2012,72(4):662-673
The plant‐specific YABBY genes were initially defined by their roles in determining abaxial/adaxial cell fate in lateral organs of eudicots, and repressing meristematic genes in differentiating tissues such as leaves. In Arabidopsis thaliana FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) is also required for inflorescence and floral meristem establishment and flower development in a pathway involving the floral transition and identity genes. Here we describe the characterization of a FIL orthologue from the basal eudicot, Papaver somniferum (the opium poppy), and demonstrate a role for the gene in patterning the highly lobed leaf of the poppy. Silencing of PapsFIL using viral‐induced gene silencing resulted in leaves of reduced laminar area, more pronounced margin serration and, in some cases, leaf bifurcation. In contrast, the gene does not appear to affect the development of the flower, and these variations in function are discussed in relation to its taxonomic position as a basal eudicot and its determinate growth habit. 相似文献
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The seasonal cycle and persistence of a plant is governed by a combination of the determinate or indeterminate status of shoot and root apical meristems. A perennial plant is one in which the apical meristem of at least one of its shoot axes remains indeterminate beyond the first growth season.TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) genes play important roles in regulating flowering time, the fate of inflorescence meristem and perenniality. To investigate the role of TFL1-like genes in the determination of the apical meristems in an industrially important crop cultivated for its fibers, we isolated and characterized two TFL1 homologs (TFL1a and TFL1b) from tetraploid cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and its diploid progenitors (Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii). All isolated genes maintain the same exon–intron organization. Their phylogenetic analysis at the amino acid level confirmed that the isolated sequences are TFL1-like genes and collocate in the TFL1 clade of the PEBP protein family. Expression analysis revealed that the genes TFL1a and TFL1b have slightly different expression patterns, suggesting different functional roles in the determination of the meristems. Additionally, promoter analysis by computational methods revealed the presence of common binding motifs in TFL1-like promoters. These are the first reported TFL1-like genes isolated from cotton, the most important crop for the textile industry. 相似文献
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Carmen M. Avila Salvador Nadal M. Teresa Moreno Ana M. Torres 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2006,17(3):185-190
We have developed the first molecular marker suitable for the selection of determinate growth habit in faba bean using the
candidate gene approach. We obtained the sequences of TFL1/CEN like genes from public databases and designed primers on conserved domains. We used three cultivars with determinate growth
habit and four accessions (two cultivars and two lines) with indeterminate growth habit. All these genotypes are used in our
faba bean breeding program. A single monomorphic PCR fragment was obtained. A set of restriction enzymes was assayed. The
enzyme Hind1II produced a clear polymorphism between determinate and indeterminate genotypes. This new cleaved amplified polymorphism
(CAP) marker was tested using an F2 population contrasting for growth habit derived from the cross ‘Verde Bonita’ × 2N52. This marker showed 100% efficiency
in discriminating both types of genotypes. Moreover, the codominancy of this marker allows the detection of heterozygous individuals
facilitating the breeding process when pyramiding different genes. The perfect cosegregation of the marker with the trait
indicates that an orthologue of TFL1/CEN controls the growth habit in faba bean. This marker has been tested in all the genotypes used in our faba bean breeding program
as donors of the determinate growth habit. Therefore, it is expected to work well in all the crosses performed with these
parental lines as happens in the F2 tested. The CAPS marker developed in this work will be useful for Marker Assisted Selection programs. In addition, this marker
is useful for quality control to determinate the percentage of outsider seeds in commercial seed lots. Moreover, it is a valuable
tool to breeders when submitting new faba bean varieties for registration since the method allows guaranteeing that outsider
plants remains under the requested limit for registration. 相似文献
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DFL, a FLORICAULA/LEAFY homologue gene from Dendranthema lavandulifolium is expressed both in the vegetative and reproductive tissues 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
FLO/LFY homologue genes were initially characterized as floral meristem identity genes and play a key role in flower development
among diverse species. The inflorescence organization of chrysanthemum differs from typical dicotyledons such as Arabidopsis
and Antirrhinum as clear sepals are absent, and instead, a pappus, a rudimentary sepal, is formed. To understand the mechanism
of reproduction of chrysanthemum at the molecular level, DFL, a FLORICAULA/LEAFY homologous gene, was cloned from Dendranthema lavandulifolium, which is one of the original species of chrysanthemum. The DFL gene consists of a 1,236-bp open reading frame and encodes a putative protein of 412 amino acids, which is 63% identical
to LFY and 70% to FLO. The expression patterns of DFL during the flower development were analyzed, and RT-PCR results showed that DFL was strongly expressed in the flower bud. In situ hybridization experiments showed that it is strongly expressed in the inflorescence
bract, petal and stamen primordial tissues throughout the inflorescence development. Its expression signals were also detected
in stems, leaf primordial tissues and developing inflorescence bracts. 相似文献