酮古龙酸菌细胞色素c的表达、成熟及活性分析

目的:从酮古龙酸菌Y25中扩增细胞色素c基因,在大肠杆菌中表达、成熟并进行生物活性分析。方法:从酮古龙酸菌Y25基因组中PCR扩增细胞色素c基因,构建pET22b表达载体;从大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中扩增细胞色素c成熟基因簇ccmABCDEFGH,连接到带有山梨糖脱氢酶组成型启动子的pBBR1MCS2-P200载体中;将构建的2个质粒共转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达后进行血红素染色检测;通过氧化还原光谱法对Ni柱亲和纯化的重组蛋白进行活性分析。结果:扩增得到1404 bp的细胞色素c基因及6481 bp的ccmABCDEFGH基因簇;重组菌株经IPTG诱导表达后行SDS-PAGE分析,可见相对分子质量为50×103的表达条带;血红素染色显示重组蛋白结合有血红素;经氧化还原光谱扫描,显示亲和层析纯化得到的目的蛋白有细胞色素c特征吸收峰。结论:从酮古龙酸菌Y25中扩增得到了细胞色素c基因,在大肠杆菌中进行了表达和成熟,表达蛋白具有细胞色素c生物活性。     

脱血红素细胞色素c的68~88肽段在插膜及与线粒体结合中具有关键作用

细胞色素c的前体蛋白——脱血红素细胞色素c是在细胞质中合成后运入线粒体的. 结合人工合成多肽及完整分子的缺失突变体探索了脱血红素细胞色素c跨膜转运中的关键肽段, 结果表明, 无论在单分子层插膜, 还是在与脂质体、线粒体的相互作用中, 脱血红素细胞色素c的68~88肽段都起着关键作用.     

磷脂酸(PA)-磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)相互作用有利于脱血红素细胞色素c跨脂质体的运送

细胞色素c的前体 -脱血红素细胞色素c(Apocyt.c)在细胞质中核糖体合成 ,之后跨线粒体膜运送 ,在线粒体内、外膜间隙中经酶催化与血红素Heme结合形成成熟型的细胞色素c定位于线粒体内膜外侧     

人细胞色素c基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆和表达及活性测定

通过PCR方法 ,从人胎儿心肌基因组DNA中得到precytc基因 (有 1个内含子 ) ,剔除内含子后 ,得到细胞色素c基因的编码序列 .测序结果表明 ,该基因与GenBank中报道的人细胞色素c基因核苷酸顺序完全一致 .将其插入原核表达载体pET3a的NdeⅠ和HindⅢ位点之间构建pET3a cytc重组质粒 ,并成功转化入E .coliBL2 1(DE3)中 .经IPTG诱导表达后 ,15 %SDS PAGE分析 ,可观察到1条与细胞色素c蛋白分子量相符的电泳条带 .Western印迹结果显示 ,该条带与小鼠抗人cytc单克隆抗体IgG2b发生特异反应 ,证实为人细胞色素c的前体蛋白 .体外使血红素与该前体蛋白结合生成完整的人细胞色素c蛋白 ,其耗氧量在不同浓度具有与反应时间的线性关系 ,为研究人细胞色素c结构和功能关系奠定了基础     

C17S和H18D突变对鸡脱辅基细胞色素c跨线粒体膜输入的影响

体外转录鸡脱辅基细胞色素c(apocytochromec,简称apocyt.c)mRNA ,以之翻译apocyt.c并以3 5 S 甲硫氨酸标记 ,在纯化的鸡心线粒体上对它的跨膜转运与其经血红素加合酶催化转化为细胞色素c的关系进行了研究 .结果表明 ,即使在不利于形成细胞色素c的生化条件下鸡apocyt.c也能有效地输入线粒体 .为进一步证实apocyt.c的跨膜转运过程独立于转化为细胞色素c ,对apocyt.c的血红素结合位点进行基因的定点突变 ( 1 7位 :Cys→Ser;1 8位 :His→Asp) ,然后研究了 2个突变体apocyt.c的跨膜转运 .结果C1 7S和H1 8D都仍能有效地输入线粒体 ,但发现转运初速率已显著变慢     

细胞色素c_3——生物体内的电子载体

五十年代初人们才认识到c型细胞色素不仅存在于好氧生物体内,也存在于光合细菌中。1954年Posgate和Ishimoto几乎同时在各自的实验室内,从硫酸盐还原细菌中(Desulfo-vibrio)获得一类新型细胞色素c,称之为细胞色素c_3,它与线粒体细胞色素c相比,具有以下显著特征:1)有较低的标准氧化还原电位,通常在-210mV左右;2)每分子细胞色素c_3至少含有两个血红素。随着研究的深入,人们相继在光合细菌和蓝绿细菌中也发现细胞色素c_3的存在,它的结构与细胞色素c有很大不同,在生理电子传递链上也行使不同的功能,特     

细胞色素c在盘基网柄菌细胞凋亡中的作用

细胞色素c在细胞凋亡中发挥着重要的作用,其作用机理在高等真核生物及低等真核生物酵母中已经比较清楚,但在盘基网柄菌(Dictyostelium discoideum)中的作用却没有相关报道.所以我们用western blot和实时荧光定量PCR的方法分别测定了盘基网柄菌前柄细胞和前孢子细胞中细胞色素c的含量及表达量的变化...     

线粒体CytC的释放机制及其在细胞凋亡中的作用

描述了细胞色素C(CytC)从线粒体释放的机制及其在细胞凋亡中的作用,主要阐述了细胞凋亡信号转导途径中的线粒体-CytC途径及AIF途径;CytC在细胞凋亡中的作用及介导细胞凋亡的方式。探讨了线粒体CytC的泄漏机制,对非特异性释放模式(MPTP假说和线粒体膨胀假说)、特异性释放模式(专一性通道假说)进行了阐述,最后分析了研究CytC与细胞凋亡分子机制的意义并提出细胞凋亡分子机制中一些未完全研究清楚的问题。     

细胞色素c的释放是多巴胺诱导PC12细胞凋亡的重要环节

通过末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导dUTP缺口翻译法和DNA凝胶电泳观察多巴胺(DA)对PC12细胞凋亡的诱导作用, 并经蛋白质印迹法检测胞浆细胞色素c、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白以及活化型半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)水平. 结果表明, 在DA诱导PC12细胞凋亡的过程中, 可见PC12细胞中活化型caspase-3蛋白表达, 胞浆中细胞色素c水平明显增高, 同时Bcl-2蛋白水平下降, 而Bax蛋白水平明显增加. 环孢菌素A预处理对细胞色素c释放和caspase-3激活有明显的抑制作用, 而对Bcl-2和Bax蛋白影响不明显. 结果提示, Bcl-2和Bax蛋白、细胞色素c以及caspase-3可能参与DA诱导PC12细胞凋亡, 线粒体细胞色素c向胞浆释放可能是其中的中心环节.     

血红素对一些黄酶的抑制作用

血红素对一些黄酶都具有强烈的抑制作用,并且血红素过老化以后对一些黄酶活力的抑制程度因受体不同而有显著差别。在相同的抑制剂浓度下,心肌制剂琥珀酸及NADH氧化酶系中以氧气、细胞色素c和PMS为受体时的活力没有影响,但对以正铁氰化钾、DGPIP和细胞色素b为受体时的活力则有明显抑制。对水溶性琥珀酸脱氢酶、黄递酶和NADH-细胞色素c还原酶以不同受体进行反应时的抑制情况也与上述结果相似,说明抑制作用点直接与琥珀酸脱氢酶及NADH脱氢酶有关。老化血红素对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用不同,它不影响DCPIP为受体时的活力而却抑制细胞色素c的还原。老化血红素对胆硷氧化酶系及α-甘油磷酸氧化酶系的抑制行为与NADH及琥珀酸氧化酶系相似,看来胆硷和α-甘油磷酸脱氢酶可能也都是黄酶。老化血红素对以上黄酶的抑制都是可逆的,并且从检查6个酶系的结果知道这些抑制皆属竞争性类型。     

Functional expression of heterologous UDP-galactose-4-epimerase in Agrobacterium sp. via a broad host-range expression vector

We report here the first functional expression of a heterologous protein in an Agrobacterium sp. strain (LTU261). A 1014 bp gene coding for the dimeric 79 kDa UDP-galactose-4-epimerase from E. coli was successfully cloned into a 11 kb broad host-range expression vector. Both expression level and activity level in Agrobacterium sp. LTU 261 were about one-tenth of the level obtained in E. coli from the same plasmid. The success of the heterologous expression in Agrobacterium sp. opens up possibilities for introducing new products into this organism and offers opportunities for improvement in production and modification of the existing bioproducts from this organism.     

Eukaryotic integral membrane protein expression utilizing the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> glycerol-conducting channel protein (GlpF)

A fusion protein expression system is described that allows for production of eukaryotic integral membrane proteins in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The eukaryotic membrane protein targets are fused to the C terminus of the highly expressed E. coli inner membrane protein, GlpF (the glycerol-conducting channel protein). The generic utility of this system for heterologous membrane-protein expression is demonstrated by the expression and insertion into the E. coli cell membrane of the human membrane proteins: occludin, claudin 4, duodenal ferric reductase and a J-type inwardly rectifying potassium channel. The proteins are produced with C-terminal hexahistidine tags (to permit purification of the expressed fusion proteins using immobilized metal affinity chromatography) and a peptidase cleavage site (to allow recovery of the unfused eukaryotic protein).     

Preparation of a biologically active apo-cytochrome b5 via heterologous expression in Escherichia coli

Cytochrome b₅ (b₅) has been shown to modulate many cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent reactions. In order to elucidate the mechanism of such modulations, it is necessary to evaluate not only the effect of native b₅ on CYP-catalyzed reactions, but also that of the apo-cytochrome b₅ (apo-b₅). Therefore, the apo-b₅ protein was prepared using a heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The gene for rabbit b₅ was constructed from synthetic oligonucleotides using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned into pUC19 plasmid and amplified in DH5α cells. The gene sequence was verified by DNA sequencing. The sequence coding b₅ was cleaved from pUC19 by NdeI and XhoI restriction endonucleases and subcloned to the expression vector pET22b. This vector was used to transform E. coli BL-21 (DE3) Gold cells by heat shock. Expression of b₅ was induced with isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The b₅ protein, produced predominantly in its apo-form, was purified from isolated membranes of E. coli cells by chromatography on a column of DEAE–Sepharose. Using such procedures, the homogenous preparation of apo-b₅ protein was obtained. Oxidized and reduced forms of the apo-b₅ reconstituted with heme exhibit the same absorbance spectra as native b₅. The prepared recombinant apo-b₅ reconstituted with heme can be reduced by NADPH:CYP reductase. The reconstituted apo-b₅ is also fully biologically active, exhibiting the comparable stimulation effect on the CYP3A4 enzymatic activity towards oxidation of 1-phenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene (Sudan I) as native rabbit and human b₅.     

Engineering alternative butanol production platforms in heterologous bacteria

Alternative microbial hosts have been engineered as biocatalysts for butanol biosynthesis. The butanol synthetic pathway of Clostridium acetobutylicum was first re-constructed in Escherichia coli to establish a baseline for comparison to other hosts. Whereas polycistronic expression of the pathway genes resulted in the production of 34 mg/L butanol, individual expression of pathway genes elevated titers to 200 mg/L. Improved titers were achieved by co-expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae formate dehydrogenase while overexpression of E. coli glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to elevate glycolytic flux improved titers to 580 mg/L. Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis were also explored as alternative production hosts. Polycistronic expression of butanol biosynthetic genes yielded butanol titers of 120 and 24 mg/L from P. putida and B. subtilis, respectively. Production in the obligate aerobe P. putida was dependent upon expression of bcd-etfAB. These results demonstrate the potential of engineering butanol biosynthesis in a variety of heterologous microorganisms, including those cultivated aerobically.     

Copper-containing nitrite reductase from Pseudomonas aureofaciens is functional in a mutationally cytochrome cd 1-free background (NirS−) of Pseudomonas stutzeri

The structural gene, nirK, for the respiratory Cu-containing nitrite reductase from denitrifying Pseudomonas aureofaciens was isolated and sequenced. It encodes a polypeptide of 363 amino acids including a signal peptide of 24 amino acids for protein export. The sequence showed 63.8% positional identity with the amino acid sequence of Achromobacter cycloclastes nitrite reductase. Ligands for the blue, type I Cu-binding site and for a putative type-II site were identified. The nirK gene was transferred to the mutant MK202 of P. stutzeri which lacks cytochrome cd ₁ nitrite reductase due to a transposon Tn5 insertion in its structural gene, nirS. The heterologous enzyme was active in vitro and in vivo in this background and restored the mutationally interrupted denitrification pathway. Transfer of nirK to Escherichia coli resulted in an active nitrite reductase in vitro. Expression of the nirS gene from P. stutzeri in P. aureofaciens and E. coli led to nonfunctional gene products. Nitrite reductase activity of cell extract from either bacterium could be reconstituted by addition of heme d ₁, indicating that both heterologous hosts synthesized a cytochrome cd ₁ without the d ₁-group.Abbreviations Cu-NIR Cu-containing nitrite reductase - DDC diethyldithiocarbamate - EPR electron paramagnetic resonance - IPTG isopropyl--D-galactoside - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - LB medium Luria-Bertani medium     

Challenges Associated with Heterologous Expression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium psychrophilum</Emphasis> Proteins in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

A two-parameter statistical model was used to predict the solubility of 96 putative virulence-associated proteins of Flavobacterium psychrophilum (CSF259-93) upon over expression in Escherichia coli. This analysis indicated that 88.5% of the F. psychrophilum proteins would be expressed as insoluble aggregates (inclusion bodies). These solubility predictions were verified experimentally by colony filtration blot for six different F. psychrophilum proteins. A comprehensive analysis of codon usage identified over a dozen codons that are used frequently in F. psychrophilum, but that are rarely used in E. coli. Expression of F. psychrophilum proteins in E. coli was often associated with production of minor molecular weight products, presumably because of the codon usage bias between these two organisms. Expression of recombinant protein in the presence of rare tRNA genes resulted in marginal improvements in the expressed products. Consequently, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was developed as an alternative expression host because its codon usage is similar to F. psychrophilum. A full-length recombinant F. psychrophilum hemolysin was successfully expressed and purified from V. parahaemolyticus in soluble form, whereas this protein was insoluble upon expression in E. coli. We show that V. parahaemolyticus can be used as an alternate heterologous expression system that can remedy challenges associated with expression and production of F. psychrophilum recombinant proteins.     

Expression and processing of Vibrio anguillarum zinc-metalloprotease in Escherichia coli

The extracellular zinc-metalloprotease of Vibrio anguillarum is a secreted virulence factor. It is synthesized from the empA gene as a 611-residue preproprotease and processed to the active mature protease (EmpA) with concomitant secretion via the type II secretion pathway. Active EmpA has been found only in the V. anguillarum culture supernatant and the process of the activation seems to vary depending on strains analyzed. To better understand the mechanism of EmpA export and processing, the empA gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli strains. Expression of empA did not have toxic effect on bacterial growth. Rupturing E. coli TOP10 cells by heating in gel-loading buffer resulted in activation of EmpA and severe proteolysis of the samples. In contrast, the same treatment of the E. coli MC4100A strain did not lead to the general proteolysis. In this strain, EmpA was exported into the periplasm via the Sec pathway. The periplasmic EmpA was detected in two active conformations. Therefore, in E. coli processing of EmpA precursor to an active enzyme did not require secretion to the media and the help of other V. anguillarum protein. Like in V. anguillarum, heterologous expression of empA in E. coli showed strain-specific activation process.     

Identification and analysis of the Shewanella oneidensis major oxygen-independent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase gene

Shewanella oneidenesis MR-1 is a facultative anaerobe that can use a large number of electron acceptors including metal oxides. During anaerobic respiration, S. oneidensis MR-1 synthesizes a large number of c cytochromes that give the organism its characteristic orange color. Using a modified mariner transposon, a number of S. oneidensis mutants deficient in anaerobic respiration were generated. One mutant, BG163, exhibited reduced pigmentation and was deficient in c cytochromes normally synthesized under anaerobic condition. The deficiencies in BG163 were due to insertional inactivation of hemN1, which exhibits a high degree of similarity to genes encoding anaerobic coproporphyrinogen III oxidases that are involved in heme biosynthesis. The ability of BG163 to synthesize c cytochromes under anaerobic conditions, and to grow anaerobically with different electron acceptors was restored by the introduction of hemN1 on a plasmid. Complementation of the mutant was also achieved by the addition of hemin to the growth medium. The genome sequence of S. oneidensis contains three putative anaerobic coproporphyrinogen III oxidase genes. The protein encoded by hemN1 appears to be the major enzyme that is involved in anaerobic heme synthesis of S. oneidensis. The other two putative anaerobic coproporphyrinogen III oxidase genes may play a minor role in this process.     

Semi-anaerobic Growth Conditions are Favoured by some Escherichia coli Strains During Heterologous Expression of Some Archaeal Proteins

Host cell physiology is known to play a crucial role in the expression of foreign genes in heterologous systems. Expression of archaeal genes in anaerobic or semi-anaerobic growth conditions of E. coli has been previously reported to be a means of improving solubility of some proteins. Here, we report that some of the Rosetta strains of E. coli, which harbour the rare tRNA genes for the expression of archaeal genes, favour semi-anaerobic conditions for the expression of putative FMN binding domain of glutamate synthase from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii at low inducer concentrations.