洞庭湖湿地8种优势植物对镉的富集特征

针对洞庭湖湿地土壤Cd污染严重的现状,对湖区滨岸带8种优势植物的Cd富集特征及其修复效果进行了分析.结果表明,蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)对Cd表现出显著的富集特征,对Cd污染的修复效果好,是洞庭湖土壤Cd污染的理想修复材料;南艾蒿(Artemisia verlotorum)对Cd污染具有较好的修复效果,可作为湿地土壤Cd污染修复的备选材料;芦苇(Phragmites australis)和南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)植株的根部对Cd的积累量较高,具有良好的稳定修复效果,且由于二者地上部生物量大、能被连续刈割的特点,对洞庭湖湿地Cd污染治理起到一定的促进作用.     

外源NO对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗抗氧化系统和微量元素积累的影响

重金属污染已成为世界范围的主要问题之一,其中镉(Cd)毒害的范围最广.Cd污染影响植物的生长和发育.一氧化氮(NO)作为植物体内的一种活性信号因子,参与了植物对各种胁迫的应答.为了探讨外源NO对Cd胁迫下水稻苗期生理生化响应的调节作用,以粳稻和籼稻为材料,采用营养液水培的方法,研究外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对100μmol/L Cd胁迫下2个水稻基因型(ZF802和ZH11)幼苗生长、抗氧化酶系统和微量元素吸收的影响.结果表明,1.5 mmol/L SNP能明显缓解Cd胁迫对两种水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高幼苗对Cd的耐性.尽管存在一定的基因型差异,但外源NO能使两个基因型叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性下降,降低了叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量,从而缓解Cd对水稻幼苗的毒害.另外,外源NO影响Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗地上部和根部Cd和微量元素的积累,这种影响的程度与水稻的品种有关,具有显著的基因型差异,且机制较复杂.     

番茄吸收和积累Cd能力的品种间差异

旨在筛选和利用在受污染土壤中可食部位污染物积累水平在食品卫生标准允许范围内的农作物品种(pollution-safecultivar,简称为PSC),以降低水土环境污染物经食物链危害人类健康的风险。研究对象为番茄,探讨了在一定Cd污染土壤中其果实Cd含量低于国际食品法典委员会(CAC)Cd最高限值的品种(Cd-PSC)存在的可能性。通过盆栽试验研究了36个番茄品种(包括普通番茄和樱桃番茄两个变种)不同器官在受不同程度镉污染的土壤中吸收和积累Cd能力的差异。结果表明:(1)在土壤Cd重度胁迫(13.3mg.kg-1)和轻度Cd胁迫(1.1mg.kg-1)下,番茄所有器官Cd含量的变异在统计学上均存在极显著意义(p<0.01),其中果实Cd含量的范围分别为0.08~0.33mg.kg-1和0.00~0.09mg.kg-1,变异系数分别达到28.5%和77.9%;(2)在重度胁迫下,所有供试品种的果实Cd含量均超出CAC标准,而轻度胁迫下的Cd含量超标率达到19.4%,说明番茄是易受Cd污染的农作物种类,其中樱桃番茄的受污染风险特别高,在轻度胁迫下6个供试品种中有5个超标,而30个普通番茄品种仅1个超标。因此,仅在轻度胁迫条件下,存在着番茄的Cd-PSC,其中有5个普通番茄品种的果实中未检出Cd,属于比较安全的PSC,包括品种No.121、6、24、35和No.36,可以推荐在土壤Cd污染程度略超国家三级标准或具有潜在受污染风险的区域应用;(3)尽管大多数情况下各营养器官的Cd含量间均呈显著的正相关,但营养器官与果实Cd含量间均无明显的相关性,推测Cd在番茄营养器官间和营养器官与果实间的转运途径是不一样的。组织中Cd含量的显著相关性说明该特性可以作为农作物品种的种性特征;(4)与轻度胁迫相比,重度胁迫下的所有供试品种平均果实生物量上升了7.5%,一半以上的品种表现出较强的耐Cd能力,这一特性可能导致因不易察觉土壤的Cd污染状况而增加番茄产品受Cd污染风险。     

镉与锌复合污染对栝楼幼苗生理特性的影响

通过室内盆栽实验,研究镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)复合污染对栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.)幼苗生理特性的影响.结果显示,随着Cd、Zn浓度的升高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、可溶性糖及紫外吸收物含量下降;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升高再下降,过氧化物酶(POD)活性及类胡萝卜素含量呈升—降—升趋势;丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量分别呈S"型及倒N"型曲线变化.与对照相比,在不同浓度复合污染条件下,光合色素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、紫外吸收物含量及SOD活性均有所下降,POD活性和MDA含量上升.研究表明,栝楼幼苗对Cd、Zn胁迫具有一定的耐受力,但高浓度Cd、Zn对幼苗正常生长有较为显著的抑制作用.     

三七对土壤中镉、铬、铜、铅的累积特征及健康风险评价

我国传统珍贵草本药用植物三七Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen重金属污染问题已引起广泛关注,但相关研究却非常有限。调查了三七种植区土壤重金属污染状况,揭示了三七对土壤中重金属的吸收转运规律及其健康风险。结果表明,三七种植区土壤镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)的超标率分别为75%、38%、50%,污染程度分布表现为丘北县文山县砚山县马关县;种植区三七存在较为严重的Cd、Cr、铅(Pb)污染,其不同部位的超标率范围分别为81%—100%、75%—100%、25%—63%;三七具有较强的Cd富集能力及Cd、Cu转运能力;三七不同部位Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu对人体的摄入风险贡献依次为13.46%—46.40%、8.67%—24.67%、1.90%—14.40%、0.38%—0.79%,其中主根中Cd、Cr、Cu对人体的健康风险与土壤中相应的重金属浓度呈线性正相关。研究可为解决三七种植区,乃至其他中草药种植区的重金属污染问题提供重要的科学依据。     

贵州屯上洞洞穴动物对5种重金属富集的研究

2009年7月对贵州施秉县屯上洞洞穴动物进行了调查.共获动物标本454号,隶属3门9纲16目19科20种.对7个动物类群(鲤鱼、泥鳅、红点齿蟾、小戴溪蟹、盲蛛、常雕囊马陆和斑灶马)、洞穴土壤和洞穴水的重金属含量进行了测定,对各动物类群重金属富集系数和洞穴土壤的污染指数进行了评价.结果显示动物体内对重金属镉(Cd)和铜(Cu)有明显的富集.各元素在3个光带(有光带、弱光带和无光带)土壤中的平均值含量中镉(Cd)和汞(Hg)超过了我国的土壤背景值,按顺序排列为:Cu>Pb>As>Hg>Cd;水体中为:As>Cu>Pb>Hg>Cd.单项污染指数显示Cd为轻污染(1.4);Hg为中污染(2.93).综合污染指数显示3个光带的污染系数平均值为1.22,属于轻污染,说明该洞虽有重金属污染但并不严重.     

镉污染地区番茄品种的筛选及其抗氧化能力

为了筛选可供利用的番茄污染安全品种(Pollution-safe cultivar,PSC),减少镉(Cd)污染地区食品安全隐患,通过土培及水培试验研究了南方地区常见不同番茄(Solanumlycopersicum)品种对Cd的积累差异.首先利用土培试验在2.94 mg/kg Cd胁迫下从25个番茄品种中筛选出高低积累...     

珊瑚树（Viburnum odoratissinum）对污染土壤中镉的耐受和富集特征

通过温室盆栽试验,研究珊瑚树对土壤中镉(Cd)的耐受和富集特征。研究结果表明,珊瑚树对污染土壤中Cd具有较强的耐受能力。培养56 d内,土壤中Cd含量对珊瑚树生物量影响不明显;随着培养时间的延长(105—203 d),珊瑚树的生长明显受到土壤中Cd的抑制作用。与对照处理(土壤中Cd含量为3.6 mg/kg)相比,培养154 d后,土壤中Cd含量为24.6 mg/kg处理下珊瑚树叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和丙二醛(MDA)含量没有明显变化;培养203 d后,土壤中Cd含量为24.6mg/kg处理下珊瑚树叶片中类胡萝卜素和MDA含量无明显变化,但叶片中叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量明显受到抑制,从而导致珊瑚树叶片的生长明显受到抑制(P0.05)。培养203 d后,珊瑚树对土壤中Cd的富集系数和转运系数均大于1,表明珊瑚树对土壤中Cd具有一定的富集和转运能力。上述结果表明,珊瑚树对Cd污染土壤具有一定的生态修复潜力。     

镉胁迫下大豆生长发育的生理生态特征

采用土壤盆栽试验方法,研究了不同浓度Cd2+胁迫对大豆整个生长发育周期的生长以及叶片叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的生理生态适应性变化过程。结果表明,(1)Cd2+胁迫对大豆整个生活周期的叶绿素含量、POD活性、SOD活性及MDA含量的影响都是极显著的(P0.01);(2)短时间、低浓度的Cd2+胁迫对大豆植株的生长发育有刺激效应,高浓度、长时间的Cd2+胁迫对大豆植株构成明显的抑制效应;大豆株高增长开始受到抑制的Cd2+浓度为1.00mg·kg-1,远低于大豆生物量的增长开始受抑制的Cd2+浓度(2.50mg·kg-1);(3)当Cd2+浓度超过一定水平时,大豆植株生物量和株高的抑制程度与外源Cd2+浓度呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),对土壤Cd2+污染程度具有指示作用,且大豆植株高度与其生物量相比,株高对Cd2+污染具有更好的指示作用;大豆幼苗期叶绿素含量对镉的敏感性高于开花结荚期和成熟期的敏感性;(4)大豆POD、SOD活性的增加,能在一定程度上减轻Cd2+胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化造成的伤害作用;在Cd2+达到2.50mg·kg-1水平时,植物保护性酶系统活性的提高已经不足以弥补因Cd2+胁迫对大豆植株造成的伤害;大豆幼苗期和花荚期叶片的POD活性对土壤Cd2+污染程度具有较好的指示作用,而大豆花荚期和成熟期叶片的SOD活性对土壤Cd2+污染程度具有较好的指示作用;在Cd2+胁迫下大豆MDA含量增加,表明细胞膜脂过氧化作用加强。     

中国南方喀斯特集中分布区土壤Cd污染特征及来源

土壤重金属污染问题已成为我国广泛关注的生态环境问题,开展喀斯特地区土壤中Cd污染分布规律及来源研究,可为土壤环境质量评价与管理提供依据。本文收集了近年来南方八省206个市(区)土壤Cd的相关研究文献数据,采用单因子污染指数法对土壤Cd污染状况进行评价、Pearson相关分析研究喀斯特出露面积比与土壤Cd含量相关关系,并对来源进行探讨。结果表明:(1)中国南方喀斯特地区土壤具有较高的Cd含量,几何平均含量为0.36 mg·kg~(-1),高于全国土壤平均值、世界平均值及区域非喀斯特地区平均值;(2)不同省份污染程度趋势为广西湖南四川广东贵州重庆云南湖北;(3)人为活动,无论矿业开发、城镇化、农业活动均不是中国南方喀斯特地区土壤Cd含量高的主要因素;碳酸盐岩Cd背景值高及碳酸盐岩风化成土Cd的相对富集,是中国南方喀斯特地区土壤Cd含量高的主要自然因素。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.