肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因的筛选及初步鉴定

为筛选鉴定肺炎链球菌宿主体内诱导的基因,寻找潜在的抗生素作用靶点和疫苗候选者,应用体内表达技术,以肺炎链球菌荚膜合成的关键基因galU作为体内报告基因,利用其缺陷体不能合成荚膜多糖,从而不能在宿主体内存活的特点,筛选鉴定肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因。首先,把肺炎链球菌基因组DNA的随机酶切片段(200~500bp)克隆到含有体内、体外双重报告基因(galU-lacZ)的报告载体pEVP3-galU的BglⅡ位点,将获得的质粒库转化肺炎链球菌galU缺陷菌株,得到肺炎链球菌体内启动子诱捕文库,将此文库去感染BALB/c小鼠,经过两轮体内筛选,在涂布有X-gal的TSA血清平板上得到了165个白色菌落,对插入的随机片段进行测序及生物信息学分析,共证实15个不同的体内诱导基因片段,8个为单独的ORF,7个为含有多个ORFs的操纵子结构,它们分别参与细菌在宿主体内的定植与粘附、能量代谢、物质转运、转录调节、DNA复制与重组、细胞壁合成等,另外还包括功能不明的假想蛋白。其中部分ORFs可能与细菌毒力相关,可以作为候选疫苗和药物的靶标。     

以gfp为报告基因的肺炎链球菌启动子诱捕文库的构建与分析

首先构建一个以gfp(green fluorescence protein)为报告基因的自杀质粒pEVP3-SDGFP,将肺炎链球菌基因组DNA的随机酶切片段(200bp～800 bp)克隆到该质粒gfp基因上游的多克隆位点,得到约58000个含有肺炎链球茵基因组DNA随机酶切片段的重组子,提取质粒即为质粒库,该库大约覆盖肺炎链球菌基因组全长的5倍,插入率达到90%以上,且有较强的随机性,质量较高.将该质粒库转化入肺炎链球菌TIGR4菌株,带有随机片段的报告质粒通过同源重组的方式将gfp基因融合于细菌染色体上该随机片段之后,利用质粒的抗生素抗性基因筛选出重组菌株,从而构建出相应的菌株库,共获得包含约500000个肺炎链球菌转化子的菌株库,经体内、外实验表明,其包含插入了S.pn体内、外表达基因片段的细菌,可以报告特定条件下的基因表达,并可通过流式细胞仪识别、分选.该文库的构建为进一步利用差异荧光诱导技术筛选肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因奠定了基础.     

肺炎链球菌自溶素和溶血素基因的PCR法鉴定

肺炎链球菌是一种致病率和致死率很高的病原菌 ,若无丰富临床检测经验从临床标准中分离鉴定此菌较困难 ,本实验以寡核苷酸引物YH1 YH2、YH7 YH8分别扩增肺炎链球菌自溶素和溶血素基因的 35 4bp和 30 7bp的DNA片段 ,通过改变各种反应条件 ,建立了这两种病原因子基因的PCR检测方法。用此方法对 2 0株肺炎链球菌标准菌株及 7株对照菌株进行了鉴定 ;其扩增产物分别经限制性内切酶TthHB81和和AccI进行酶切以确认扩增产物是否正确 ;用酚 氯仿抽提纯化的全细胞DNA对PCR方法的检测灵敏度进行了测定 ;并利用此方法对 2 8份临床标本分离物进行了鉴定。结果　所有 2 0株肺炎链球菌均可分别用引物YH1 YH2、YH7 YH8扩增出 35 4bp和 30 7bp的DNA片段 ,而对照菌株均呈阴性 ;自溶素及溶血素基因的扩增产物分别经限制性内切酶TthHB81和AccI消化后产生的片段和预期的完全一致 ;两对产物均可从 10fg的全细胞DNA中扩增出目的DNA片段。所建立的两套PCR系统对 2 8份临床标本分离物进行鉴定 ,其中PCR阳性的 15份分离物经生化学特性检查被鉴定为肺炎链球菌。本试验所建立的两套PCR检测系统具有特异性强 ,灵敏度高及操作简单等优点 ,均可用于肺炎链球菌的鉴定。     

comE基因缺陷影响肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因的表达

【目的】筛选受comE调控的肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae,S.pn)体内诱导基因。【方法】通过插入失活构建基因comE缺陷的S.pn菌株,与野生菌株分别腹腔注射BALB/c小鼠,经过体内诱导后取小鼠血,分离细菌提取RNA,用RT-PCR法检测13个体内诱导基因mRNA水平差异。【结果】将RT-PCR结果通过Quantity-one灰度分析,进行配对t检验,显示8个体内诱导基因在缺陷菌株和野生菌株中mRNA表达水平具有统计学差异(P0.05),其中spd-0300、spd-0414、spd-0622、spd-1663、spd-1719、spd-0235、spd-0873受转化上调,spd-1672受转化下调。【结论】筛选出受转化调控的体内诱导基因spd-0300、spd-0414、spd-0622、spd-1663、spd-1719、spd-0235、spd-0873、spd-1672,它们可能参与生长调节、温度感应、糖脂代谢等环节,表明细菌转化可通过调节某些体内诱导基因的表达来增强细菌的毒力。     

肺炎链球菌毒力基因体内荧光报告系统的构建*

以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)作为体内研究的分子探针,将肺炎链球菌毒力基因与gfp融合构建肺炎链球菌自杀性荧光报告质粒,利用同源重组的原理,使gfp整合入肺炎链球菌基因组中,建立体内研究肺炎链球菌基因表达的荧光报告系统,并用荧光激发、生物学特征和生理活性测定等实验手段进行评价,证实这一肺炎链球菌荧光融合表达系统可在体内外报告肺炎链球菌的毒力基因表达,为进一步在体内分析和鉴定肺炎链球菌毒力因子的功能奠定基础。     

肺炎支原体P1蛋白羧基端基因片段在大肠杆菌中克隆的研究

在大肠杆菌中克隆肺炎支原体P1蛋白羧基端基因片段,为P1蛋白基因片段的扩增、表达及探讨羧基端基因片段功能打基础.采用PCR扩增方法获取P1结构基因.扩增产物用SalI和EcoRI酶切消化,回收1kb大小的DNA片段并与pUC19DNA连接,转入大肠杆菌JM109菌株.用X-gal平板及质粒图谱分析方法筛选重组克隆株,再用限制性核酸内切酶酶切图谱分析鉴定.经PCR扩增MPDNA获得1条5.0kbDNA片段.重组质粒限制性内切酶指纹图谱显示出2条带,1条为pUC19载体DNA带,另1条是1kb的插入片段.实验获得肺炎支原体P1蛋白结构基因及含P1蛋白羧基端DNA片段的重组克隆株.     

Cpn0308基因真核载体构建及鉴定

目的:构建Cpn0308基因真核表达重组质粒,为肺炎衣原体(Chlamydia pneumoniae,Cpn)核酸疫苗的研制做准备。方法:用PCR技术从Cpn AR39株基因组DNA中扩增Cpn 0308基因,经双酶切、连接等反应,重组入pcDNA3.1/HisA真核表达载体,转化到感受态细胞,再经含氨苄青霉素的LB培养基筛选,酶切、PCR扩增及测序鉴定。结果:从Cpn AR39株基因组DNA中扩增出特异的Cpn 0308基因,约400bp;酶切、重组、转化、筛选鉴定出pcDNA3.1/HisA-Cpn0308重组质粒;序列测定证实与GenBank登录的肺炎衣原体Cpn AR39株Cpn0308基因一致。结论:功地构建了pcDNA3.1/HisA-Cpn0308重组质粒,为肺炎衣原体核酸疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

双基因真核表达载体pIRES-BMP2-TGFβ3的构建与鉴定

目的：构建与鉴定骨形态发生蛋白BMP2和转化生长因子TGFβ3双基因真核表达载体pIRES-BMP2-TGFβ3。方法：首先,用PCR方法从质粒pGEMT/BMP2中扩增出BMP2基因全长,并将其连入双基因真核表达载体pIRES,得到质粒pIRES-BMP2,其次,从人胚胎组织提取总RNA,反转录成cDNA,以反转录的cDNA为模板,PCR扩增出TGFβ3基因全长,将TGFβ3基因连入质粒pIRES-BMP2;用酶切的方法筛选出阳性重组质粒,并进行测序鉴定。结果：酶切鉴定证明已将BMP2和TGFβ3两个基因连入载体中,测序结果完全正确。结论：成功构建PIRES-BMP2/TGFβ3双基因真核表达载体。     

双基因真核表达载体pIRES-BMP2-TGFβ3 的构建与鉴定

目的:构建与鉴定骨形态发生蛋白BMP2和转化生长因子TGFβ3双基因真核表达载体pIRES-BMP2-TGFβ3。方法:首先,用PCR方法从质粒pGEMT/BMP2中扩增出BMP2基因全长,并将其连入双基因真核表达载体pIRES,得到质粒pIRES-BMP2,其次,从人胚胎组织提取总RNA,反转录成cDNA,以反转录的cDNA为模板,PCR扩增出TGFβ3基因全长,将TGFβ3基因连入质粒pIRES-BMP2;用酶切的方法筛选出阳性重组质粒,并进行测序鉴定。结果:酶切鉴定证明已将BMP2和TGFβ3两个基因连入载体中,测序结果完全正确。结论:成功构建PIRES-BMP2/TGFβ3双基因真核表达载体。     

鸡肺炎克雷伯菌Ⅲ型菌毛A基因序列测定和分析

根据GenBank中肺炎克雷伯菌Ⅲ型菌毛结构基因A(mrkA)GI:149187的序列设计一对引物,以5株鸡致病性肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株的基因组DNA为模板,PCR分别扩增出了543 bp的Ⅲ型菌毛结构基因(mrkA),经纯化、连接、转化、筛选得到含阳性质粒的菌株,将酶切鉴定正确的阳性质粒菌株进行DNA测序并分析。结果表明所扩增的片段为鸡肺炎克雷伯菌mrkA基因,其开放阅读框架为543 bp,编码181个氨基酸。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism