大鼠血管性痴呆模型海马组织中线粒体的变化

目的:观察血管性痴呆模型(Vascular dementia,VD)大鼠海马组织内线粒体超微结构、线粒体膜电位与空间学习记忆能力的变化。方法:健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组(SHAM)和血管性痴呆(VD)组,每组15只。VD组行双侧颈总动脉结扎手术制备血管性痴呆动物模型,SHAM组手术步骤同VD组,但不结扎颈总动脉。于术后第29天起行Morris水迷宫测试大鼠空间学习记忆功能,第1-5天为定位航行试验,评估大鼠空间学习能力,第6天进行空间探索试验,评估大鼠空间记忆功能。采用透射电镜技术、流式细胞学技术分别检测大鼠海马组织线粒体形态和功能变化。结果:与SHAM组相比,血管性痴呆模型组大鼠Morris水迷宫试验中逃避潜伏期明显延长(P0.01),在目标象限中停留时间显著缩短(P0.01),空间学习记忆能力受损,血管性痴呆模型组大鼠海马组织线粒体超微结构有明显损伤,线粒体膜电位明显下降(P0.01)。结论:线粒体损伤是血管性痴呆空间学习记忆功能障碍的重要机制之一。     

产前束缚应激对子代大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖及巢蛋白表达的影响

为了观察产前束缚应激对子代大鼠空间学习记忆能力、海马神经干细胞增殖及巢蛋白表达的影响,将体重240~260 g的Sprague-Dawley雌性母鼠12只随机分成2组,对照组于孕期不做任何处理,束缚应激组于孕14~20 d时给予束缚应激,3次/天,45 min/次。取1月龄子代大鼠进行实验研究。Morris水迷宫定位航行实验结果显示,应激组子代与对照组相比,到达平台的潜伏期延长(P0.05),而在空间探索实验中,应激组子代在原平台象限停留时间与对照组相比无显著差异。免疫组织化学结果显示,应激组雌性子代海马巢蛋白(nestin)和BrdU阳性细胞表达均较对照组显著增加(P0.05),而雄性子代海马nestin和BrdU阳性细胞表达与对照组相比无显著性差异(P0.05)。以上结果提示,产前束缚应激可引起雌性子代大鼠海马神经干细胞数量增加以及增殖能力增强,可能与机体对产前应激所致脑损伤的代偿性反应相关。     

多奈哌齐对血管性痴呆小鼠海马caspase-3表达的影响

目的探讨盐酸多奈哌齐对血管性痴呆(VD)小鼠海马半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(cysteinyl aspirate specific-proteinase3,caspase-3)表达的调节作用。方法采用双侧颈总动脉反复缺血-再灌注法制备小鼠VD模型。90只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为3组,假手术组(30只)、模型组(30只)及盐酸多奈哌齐治疗组(30只)。在术后第29天、第30天,经跳台试验和水迷宫试验进行行为学测试,用免疫组化和western blot方法检测各组小鼠海马caspase-3的表达变化。结果盐酸多奈哌齐治疗组小鼠的学习和记忆成绩明显高于VD模型组小鼠(P<0.05);免疫组化和Western blot结果发现,盐酸多奈哌齐治疗组小鼠海马CAl区caspase-3蛋白阳性表达的平均光密度值显著低于VD模型组(P<0.05)。结论盐酸多奈哌齐能够降低VD小鼠海马caspase-3的表达。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对大鼠血管性痴呆模型GAT1的调节作用研究

目的探索骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植对大鼠血管性痴呆模型中γ氨基丁酸转运体(GAT)1的调节作用。方法体外分离纯化SD大鼠BMSCs,双侧颈内动脉持续结扎建立大鼠血管性痴呆模型后经尾静脉注射5×10~6 BMSCs,4周后通过免疫组织化学和免疫印迹实验检测大鼠脑内GAT1的表达变化,单因素方差分析检验各组表达差异,组间数据多重比较采用Student's t检验。结果对照组(大鼠血管性痴呆模型接受PBS注射)海马和皮层的GAT1表达较假手术组(暴露双侧颈内动脉未结扎)明显降低(P0.01)。BMSCs移植4周后,蛋白灰度值分析结果显示大鼠血管性痴呆模型海马部位的GAT1表达(0.32±0.06)较对照组(0.18±0.03)明显增高,差异具有统计学意义(t=10.68,P=0.002),免疫组化结果显示GAT1阳性细胞在海马CA1区(43.10±2.87)个较对照组(24.30±3.97)个明显增多(t=18.99,P=0.001,)。细胞移植后皮层部位GAT1的表达[蛋白灰度值:0.55±0.04,阳性细胞量:(49.15±2.78)个]较对照组[蛋白灰度值:0.51±0.03,阳性细胞量:(47.82±3.27)个]无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(t=6.49,3.50;P=0.12,0.39)。结论 BMSCs移植有助于大鼠血管性痴呆模型海马(尤其是CA1区)GAT1的表达水平增高。     

血管性痴呆小鼠海马神经元ERK的表达变化

目的：观察血管性痴呆（VD）小鼠海马神经元中细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）的表达变化,探讨其在VD发病中的作用机制。方法：采用双侧颈总动脉反复缺血／再灌注法制备小鼠VD模型,设立假手术组作为对照。术后第29、30d,经跳台试验和水迷宫试验对两组小鼠进行行为学成绩测试,用免疫组化方法观察两组小鼠海马神经元中ERK的表达变化。结果：VD模型小鼠学习、记忆成绩较假手术组显著下降（P〈0．05）.模型组小鼠海马CA1区ERK1、ERK2的表达及海马CA3区p-ERK的表达较假手术组减少,均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：海马神经元内ERK的表达减少可能参与了血管性痴呆的发病机制,因此,应用能促进ERK表达的药物可能成为治疗VD的有效方法之一。     

葛根素对血管性痴呆大鼠海马突触传递长时程增强的影响

目的：探讨葛根素对血管性痴呆大鼠长时程增强（LTP）的影响。方法：采用Morris水迷宫和LTP诱导法检测血管性痴呆模型大鼠空间学习记忆能力和海马突触传递的改变。结果：模型组大鼠不同时间点测得的Morris水迷宫逃逸潜伏期均较假手术组明显延长,海马LTP诱导率明显降低,而药物组大鼠EL均短于模型组,但LTP诱导率明显增强。结论：葛根素可增强血管性痴呆大鼠突触传递功能,改善其长期存在的学习记忆障碍。     

惊厥后大鼠海马神经再生与凋亡的动态变化

探讨惊厥持续状态(status convulsion,SC)后大鼠海马神经再生与凋亡的动态变化。建立成年Wistar鼠30minSC模型,在SC后1天至56天的6个时间点上处死动物,处死前1天均腹腔注射5-溴2-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine,BrdU);采用免疫组织化学方法动态检测BrdU、nestin的表达,确定神经干细胞增殖水平;双重荧光染色标记nestin/TUNEL,确定新生神经干细胞存活时间。与对照组相比,BrdU阳性细胞数目于SC后第7天在CA1区达增殖高峰,28天降至正常水平;于SC后第28天在齿状回达增殖高峰,56天降至正常水平;在SC后第7天,CA3区有大量的BrdU阳性细胞;BrdU和nestin阳性细胞数目无统计学差异。在SC后的前3天,CA1区新增殖的神经细胞呈TUNEL阳性;齿状回新增殖细胞始终表现TUNEL阴性。上述结果提示:SC后能激活自体神经干细胞原位增殖,并且部分新生细胞向损伤区域迁移。     

高压氧对急性CO 中毒大鼠脑内源性神经干细胞的影响

目的:探讨高压氧对急性CO中毒大鼠脑内源性神经干细胞的影响,分析HBO治疗急性CO中毒脑损伤的机制。方法:建立急性CO中毒大鼠模型,给予高压氧(HBO)治疗后,H-E染色观察大鼠脑组织病理学变化,免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠脑内神经干细胞(nestin)和星形胶质细胞(GFAP)的表达。结果:H-E染色标本上,对照组脑内神经元形态正常,染毒组脑皮质出现大量变性坏死细胞,海马锥体细胞层稀疏,HBO组坏死细胞明显减少。免疫组化结果显示对照组nestin和GFAP表达数量形态均正常,染毒组nestin表达增加,但无统计学意义,GFAP形态数量发生改变,HBO组nestin表达明显增加,且在大脑皮层可见部分nestin阳性细胞和nestin-GFAP双阳性细胞;GFAP表达趋于正常。结论:急性CO中毒作为脑损伤因素可轻度激活大鼠脑内源性神经干细胞,并使星形胶质细胞增生变形、神经元变性坏死,HBO治疗可减轻星形胶质细胞损伤,明显激活内源性神经干细胞,并促使其增殖、迁移和分化。提示HBO可能通过激活神经干细胞起治疗作用。     

阿尼西坦对血管性痴呆大鼠的治疗作用

目的: 探讨阿尼西坦(Ani)对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠的治疗作用。方法: 实验将45只大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和Ani治疗组。采用改良四血管阻断法(永久灼闭椎动脉、可逆夹闭颈总动脉)建立VD大鼠模型,用Ani(300 mg/kg)灌胃治疗4周;对照组大鼠手术同上,但不阻断血供,生理盐水2 ml灌胃4周。4周后行Morris水迷宫实验,测试各组大鼠空间学习记忆能力;采用免疫组化法检测半胱氨酸天门冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)在海马齿状回的表达。结果: Ani组大鼠学习记忆能力较模型组明显提高(P＜0.05),caspase-3在海马齿状回的表达水平比模型组明显降低(P＜0.05)。结论: Ani能增强VD大鼠的空间认知能力,机制可能与其下调caspase-3表达而保护海马细胞免受凋亡损伤有关。     

丹参酮ⅡA对实验性血管性痴呆的预防作用

目的:研究丹参酮Ⅱ A(TⅡ A)对实验性血管性痴呆大鼠认知功能障碍的预防作用.方法:将48只雄性成年SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组、模型组、TⅡA治疗组.运用双侧颈总动脉结扎法复制实验性血管性痴呆模型,并给予TⅡA(10 mg/kg·d)治疗,采用Morris水迷宫实验检测实验各组大鼠学习、记忆能力,在脑片水平运用膜片钳技术检测海马CA1区长时程增强(LTP)水平.结果:(1)双侧颈总动脉结扎导致的慢性脑缺血可使大鼠逃避潜伏期明显延长(P＜0.05)、大鼠在目标象限的停留时间显著缩短(P＜0.05),TⅡA治疗后大鼠逃避潜伏期较模型组显著缩短(P＜0.05)、在目标象限的停留时间显著延长(P＜0.05).(2)各组均可见高频强直刺激(HFS)诱发的LTP,均可持续lh以上,但模型组较对照组LTP显著减弱(P＜0.05),TⅡA治疗后LTP较模型组显著增强(P＜0.05).结论:TⅡA可显著改善血管性痴呆大鼠认知功能障碍,该作用与TⅡA减轻血管性痴呆大鼠海马LTP抑制有关,但其具体机制尚有待于进一步研究.     

小鼠胚胎神经干细胞的分离培养及其鉴定

且的探索小鼠胚胎神经干细胞的体外培养方法,并获取高纯度的神经干细胞,为神经干细胞的深入研究提供实验材料。方法无菌条件下分离E15天小鼠胚脑皮质,制成单细胞悬液,在bFGF和B27存在的培养基中培养扩增,通过免疫细胞化学染色鉴定神经干细胞及其子代细胞的分化方向。结果培养的部分细胞在B27和bFGF存在的无血清培养基中可以在体外分裂增殖,同时表达神经干细胞特异性抗原nestin,并在撤出B27和bFGF的有血清培养基中向神经细胞和胶质细胞分化。结论小鼠胚脑皮质存在具有多向分化潜能的神经干细胞,这些细胞可以在体外稳定培养、传代并自然分化,为细胞替代治疗提供了理想的细胞来源。     

The effects of Rhodiola rosea extract on 5-HT level, cell proliferation and quantity of neurons at cerebral hippocampus of depressive rats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Rhodiola rosea extract and depression on the serotonin (5-HT) level, cell proliferation and quantity of neurons at cerebral hippocampus of depressive rats induced by Chronic Mild Stress (CMS). Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups (10 per group): normal control group, untreated depressive rat model group, negative control group, positive control group, low dosage Rhodiola rosea extract (1.5 g/kg) group, medium dosage Rhodiola rosea extract (3 g/kg) group and high dosage Rhodiola rosea extract (6 g/kg) group. After the depressive rats induced by CMS had received Rhodiola rosea extract for 3 weeks, the 5-HT levels at cerebral hippocampus were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected in vivo to label the proliferating cells at hippocampus, and morphometry was used to count the hippocampal neurons. The results showed that the 5-HT level of the three experimental groups had recovered to normal status. The immunohistochemistry of hippocampus BrdU positive cells had returned to the normal level in the group of depressive rats with low dosage Rhodiola rosea extract. In conclusion the results demonstrated that Rhodiola rosea extract could improve 5-HT level in hippocampus in depressive rats, and low dosage Rhodiola rosea could induce neural stem cell proliferation at hippocampus to return to normal level, repairing the injured neurons at hippocampus.     

Differentiation of rhesus embryonic stem cells to neural progenitors and neurons

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into cell lineages derived from all primary germ layers including neural cells. In this study we describe an efficient method for differentiating rhesus monkey ES cells to neural lineages and the subsequent isolation of an enriched population of Nestin and Musashi positive neural progenitor (NP) cells. Upon differentiation, these cells exhibit electrophysiological characteristics resembling cultured primary neurons. Embryoid bodies (EBs) were formed in ES growth medium supplemented with 50% MEDII. After 7 days in suspension culture, EBs were transferred to adherent culture and either differentiated in serum containing medium or expanded in serum free medium. Immunocytochemistry on differentiating cells derived from EBs revealed large networks of MAP-2 and NF200 positive neurons. DAPI staining showed that the center of the MEDII-treated EBs was filled with rosettes. NPs isolated from adherent EB cultures expanded in serum free medium were passaged and maintained in an undifferentiated state by culture in serum free N2 with 50% MEDII and bFGF. Differentiating neurons derived from NPs fired action potentials in response to depolarizing current injection and expressed functional ionotropic receptors for the neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). NPs derived in this way could serve as models for cellular replacement therapy in primate models of neurodegenerative disease, a source of neural cells for toxicity and drug testing, and as a model of the developing primate nervous system.     

Neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells

Before the successful isolation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells, many investigations had shown that mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells can be induced to differentiate into neural precursors which could be purified and differentiated to mature dopamine, motor, serotonin, GABA neurons, and oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in vitro[1―3]. mES cell-derived dopamine neurons have been shown capable of integrating into host brains after transplanting to the rodents of Park-inson’s disease model …     

The cardiac neural stem cell phenotype is compromised in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic cardiomyopathy

Neural stem cells were identified in the rat heart and during scar formation and healing participated in sympathetic fiber sprouting and angiogenesis. In the setting of diabetes, impaired wound healing represents a typical pathological feature. These findings provided the impetus to test the hypothesis that experimental diabetes adversely influenced the phenotype of cardiac neural stem cells. Streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats were associated with elevated plasma glucose levels, significant loss of body weight and left ventricular contractile dysfunction. In the heart of STZ‐diabetic rats, the density of nestin immunoreactive processes emanating from cardiac neural stem cells were reduced. The latter finding was reaffirmed as nestin protein expression was significantly decreased in the heart of STZ‐diabetic rats and associated with a concomitant reduction of nestin mRNA. Employing the TUNEL assay, the loss of nestin expression in STZ‐diabetic rats was not attributed to widespread cardiac neural stem cell apoptosis. Insulin administration to STZ‐diabetic rats with established hyperglycaemia led to a modest recovery of nestin protein expression in cardiac neural stem cells. By contrast, the administration of insulin immediately after STZ injection improved plasma glucose levels and significantly attenuated the loss of nestin protein expression. These data highlight the novel observation that nestin protein expression in cardiac neural stem cells was significantly reduced in STZ‐induced type I diabetic rats. The aberrant cardiac neural stem cell phenotype may compromise their biological role and predispose the diabetic heart to maladaptive healing following ischemic injury. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 440–449, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Nestin-expressing neural stem cells identified in the scar following myocardial infarction

Nerve fiber innervation of the scar following myocardial damage may have occurred either via the growth of pre-existing fibers and/or the mobilization of neural stem cells. The present study examined whether neural stem cells were recruited to the infarct region of the rat heart following coronary artery ligation. The neural stem cell marker nestin was detected in the infarct region of 1-week post-myocardial infarct (MI) male rats and cultured scar-derived neural-like cells. By contrast, nestin staining was undetected in either scar myofibroblasts or cardiac myocytes residing in the non-infarcted left ventricle. Reactive astrocytes were isolated from the infarct region and characterized by the co-expression of nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and vimentin. Specific staining of oligodendrocytes and neurons was also detected in the infarct region and cultured scar-derived neural-like cells. Furthermore, neurofilament-M positive fibers were identified in the scar and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was observed in peripherin-positive neurons. Neurite formation was induced in PC12 cells treated with the conditioned-media of primary passage scar-derived cells, highlighting the synthesis and secretion of neurotrophic factors. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were detected in myofibroblasts and neural cells, and both cell types expressed the NGF receptors trkA and p75. These data highlight the novel observation that neural stem cells were recruited to the infarct region of the damaged rat heart and may contribute in part to nerve fiber growth and subsequent innervation of the scar.     

Neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells provide a promising supply of specific cell types for transplantation therapy. We presented here the method to induce differentiation of purified neural precursors from hES cells. hES cells (Line PKU-1 and Line PKU-2) were cultured in suspension in bacteriological Petri dishes, which differentiated into cystic embryoid bodies (EBs). The EBs were then cultured in N₂ medium containing bFGF in poly-L-lysine-coated tissue culture dishes for two weeks. The central, small cells with 2–3 short processes of the spreading outgrowth were isolated mechanically and replated. The resulting neurospheres were cultured in suspension for 10 days, then dissociated into single cell suspension with a Pasteur pipette and plated. Cells grew vigorously in an attached way and were passed every 4–5 days. Almost all the cells were proved nestin positive by immunostaining. Following withdrawal of bFGF, they differentiated into neurons expressing β-tubulin isotype_III, GABA, serotonin and synaptophysin. Through induction of PDGF-AA, they differentiated into astrocytes expressing GFAP and oligodendrocytes expressing O₄. The results showed that hES cells can differentiate into typical neural precursors expressing the specific marker nestin and capable of generating all three cell types of the central nervous system (CNS)in vitro.     

人胎儿脊髓神经干细胞的分离培养

本文旨在探讨是否能够从低温保存的流产儿分离培养出脊髓神经干细胞。将14周流产儿在4℃下保存,2、6和12h后取脊髓,将颈段、胸段、腰骶段分别进行无血清培养,并用胎牛血清诱导分化。用克隆培养的方法验证培养细胞的干细胞特性;用免疫荧光细胞化学的方法检测神经干细胞标志nestin及干细胞诱导分化后神经元标志MAP2、星形胶质细胞标志GFAP、胆碱能标志ChAT,并比较不同时间点以及不同部位分离的神经T细胞的差异。在各个时间点,从颈段、胸段、腰骶段脊髓均分离培养出具有连续增殖能力的神经球,其中腰骶段分离出的神经球数量最多,12h组各段分离出的神经球较2、6h组显著减少。各段培养中的神经球均为nestin阳性,诱导分化后均能够产生GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞、MAP2阳性神经元以及ChAT阳性胆碱能神经元。各段培养中的神经干细胞的克隆形成能力相似。以上结果表明,从低温保存的人胎儿能够分离培养出脊髓神经干细胞,这为基础研究以及未来治疗应用提供了新的细胞来源。