传染病医院医务人员艾滋病职业暴露的预防与管理

目的:探讨医务人员艾滋病职业暴露的防护及管理策略。方法:对我院医务人员发生AIDS职业暴露的案例进行回顾性统计,加强医务人员艾滋病防治知识规范化培训及心理指导,严格职业防护,加强病房管理及消毒隔离,制定艾滋病护理规范。结果:5年中我院有22名医务人员发生职业暴露,经1年的医学观察,零感染人类免疫缺陷病毒。结论:医院重视感染管理工作,提高医务人员的职业防护意识及防护用具的配备及使用,能有效控制和预防医务人员HIV职业暴露的发生。     

基层医院检验科的医院感染管理工作

目的:预防和控制检验科医院感染的发生,提高基层医院检验科工作人员医院感染防控意识。方法:通过查找最近5年的相关资料及工作实践,总结目前工作中存在的问题,提出预防基层医院检验科医院感染的管理措施。结果:基层医院检验科存在实验室设置不合理、空气污染严重、工作人员自我保护意识差、防护措施不到位、交叉感染控制不严格、对医院感染重要性认识不足以及医疗废弃物处置不规范等问题,均是造成检验科医院感染的重要因素。结论:基层医院检验科预防医院感染管理的主要措施是加强实验室环境管理、建立健全检验科消毒管理制度、建立健全医疗废弃物管理条例以及职业暴露应急处理措施、加强人员管理、提高检验科工作人员生物防护意识、加强医院感染监督管理等。检验科各项规章制度的有效落实是保证医疗安全的关键,加强管理并做好感染防控知识的培训可有效预防和控制检验科医院感染的发生。     

高职护生实习期间锐器伤的现状及防护对策

目的:探讨我校高职护生实习期间锐器伤的现状、原因及对策。方法:采用自行设计的问卷进行问卷调查。结果:我校高职护生实习期间职业防护意识薄弱、锐器伤发生率高、处理情况差、上报率低。结论:学校和医院要采用有效措施,提高护生职业防护的意识,并将安全防护的知识技能融入护理操作流程,建立疫苗接种制度,不断改善护生工作环境,同时加强护生职业暴露的监测,从而有效降低锐器伤的发生率。     

急诊手术的职业暴露及防护对策

目的：通过对医务人员在急诊手术中职业暴露的情况调查,了解急诊手术中标准预防现状,提出合理化建议和措施。方法：对2007年6月．2010年5月手术患者乙肝、丙肝、梅毒、艾滋病的阳性率进行比较,现场调查急诊手术中防护用品的使用情况。结果：手术患者乙肝、丙肝、梅毒、艾滋病的阳性率逐年上升,职业暴露的危险性越来越大;急诊手术中医务人员防护用品使用率的高低取决于血液、体液、分泌物的污染程度。结论：对医务人员要加强职业安全教育,强化标准预防,提高医务人员的整体防护水平,避免或减少职业暴露的危害,在救死扶伤的同时,保护好自身安全。     

医护人员针刺伤调查分析

目的了解医护人员针刺伤的相关因素,探讨有效的职业防护管理模式。方法采用前瞻性调查方法,监测医护人员针刺伤发生情况。结果2008年1月～2010年12月共有38例医护人员报告了针刺伤,其中护理人员33例（86．8％）,医生5例（13．2％）。结论针刺伤是医疗操作中常见的职业暴露,重视自身的防护和暴露后的处置是降低职业性感染的有效方法。     

母体核心抗体能阻断经胎盘传播的乙型肝炎病毒感染吗?

<正>全球约有2亿人为乙肝病毒(HBV)携带者,估计发展为肝细胞癌的危险约40％。预防携带HBV的措施取决于对传播类型的了解。远东地区围产期感染与母亲携带HBV呈高度相关,可能系分娩期间或分娩后不久发生传播。如在分娩后立即给予乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBlG),或与乙肝疫苗联合应用,似能预防感染。然而,由于曲解现有资料而废弃以前假设的宫内传播,可能为时过早。     

医务人员对艾滋病职业暴露相关知识和态度的分析

目的 分析和总结医疗机构医务人员对艾滋病职业暴露相关的知识与态度。方法 对经济水平和艾滋病疫情不同地区的两所综合医院的医务人员进行问卷调查。结果 77.5%的医务人员发生过职业暴露,49.1%的不知道职业暴露后如何处理,50.3%的不知道艾滋病职业暴露后预防服药时间,70.4%的没有参加过标准防护培训,27.5%的认为对艾滋病病人进行常规检查有风险;如果知道病人是艾滋病感染者,43.8%的会避免与其接触;如果在手术前知道病人感染艾滋病,41.0%的医务人员认为会放弃手术。结论 医务人员发生职业暴露的比例较高,暴露后处理的知识和技能欠缺;艾滋病预防知识存在缺陷;标准防护培训不到位;面对艾滋病病人时,医务人员会通过不接触或拒绝为其手术等方式过度保护自己。     

行为运作管理在医院血源性暴露防护中的应用

目的 探讨医务人员血源性职业暴露防护干预模式,降低职业暴露发生率。方法 分析影响医务人员血源性职业暴露防护行为的因素,从行为运作视角构建“人—机—环境”的防护干预模式,在4所医院应用并评价干预效果。结果 干预后的医务人员防护知识、防护态度、防护行为及医院科室安全环境得分高于干预前,锐器伤发生率从51.5%下降至40.4%（P＜0.05）。结论 该模式的应用能有效提高医务人员安全防护知识,转变防护态度,促进安全行为依从性,降低血源性职业暴露发生率。

     

急诊手术的职业暴露及防护对策

目的:通过对医务人员在急诊手术中职业暴露的情况调查,了解急诊手术中标准预防现状,提出合理化建议和措施。方法:对2007年6月-2010年5月手术患者乙肝、丙肝、梅毒、艾滋病的阳性率进行比较,现场调查急诊手术中防护用品的使用情况。结果:手术患者乙肝、丙肝、梅毒、艾滋病的阳性率逐年上升,职业暴露的危险性越来越大;急诊手术中医务人员防护用品使用率的高低取决于血液、体液、分泌物的污染程度。结论:对医务人员要加强职业安全教育,强化标准预防,提高医务人员的整体防护水平,避免或减少职业暴露的危害,在救死扶伤的同时,保护好自身安全。     

太原地区乙肝患者HBV基因分型与细胞免疫功能研究

了解太原地区乙肝病毒基因型分布情况,研究不同基因型乙肝病毒致病性与细胞免疫功能关系。选择慢性乙肝、乙肝肝硬化及乙肝病毒相关肝癌等乙肝病毒感染患者,采用PCR技术检测患者血清HBV-DNA和HBV基因型,用流式细胞仪直接免疫荧光法(FCM)检测患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群百分率,分析不同病毒基因型与乙肝病程关系以及不同基因型病毒感染患者细胞免疫功能状态。检测136例乙肝病毒感染患者,其中B基因型感染38例,占总数27.9%;C基因型感染93例,占总数70.6%;B/C混合型感染3例,占总数2.2%;D基因型感染2例,占总数1.5%。B型与C型乙肝病毒感染患者的HBsAg水平无区别,B型患者血清HBeAg(+)%高于C型乙肝病毒感染者,慢性无症状乙肝携带者、慢性乙肝、乙肝肝硬化和乙肝病毒相关的原发性肝细胞癌各组中乙肝病毒基因型的分布无差异,但乙肝肝硬化患者与慢性无症状乙肝携带者、慢性乙肝患者的基因型有差异(P<0.01),C基因型感染者HBV-DNA水平、HBeAg阳性率、CD4+细胞和CD4+/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值低于B基因型感染者。太原地区临床乙肝病毒感染患者以C基因型为主,C基因型感染者比B基因型的肝脏功能损害严重,可能与细胞免疫功能降低HBV-DNA水平和HBeAg阳性率高有关。     

内蒙古地区乙型肝炎病毒的基因分型及临床意义

为了探讨乙型肝炎病毒在内蒙古地区的基因分型,为本地区乙型肝炎的临床治疗、病情进展和发病机制等方面研究提供有益的实验依据。2013年7月至2014年7月本研究在内蒙古自治区人民医院、内蒙古医科大学第一附属医院、通辽市医院的门诊及住院病例中随机选取已感染乙型肝炎病毒的253例。以荧光定量PCR法检测HBV基因分型和HBV病毒基因载量,Elisa法检测血清标志物HBeAg,全自动生化分析仪检测ALT、AST、TBA、TBIL和ALB。实验发现,内蒙古地区253例患者HBV基因分型结果以B型(49例,19.37%)、C型(188例,74.31%)为主,且C基因型显著多于B基因型(p<0.05);HBeAg阳性率为67.59%,且C基因型HBeAg阳性率高于B基因型;高载量病例中B型占31例(63.27%),而C型占162例(86.17%),C基因型组中HBV DNA载量显著高于B基因型组(p<0.01);B基因型与C基因型TBA、TBIL和ALB结果比较差异无统计学意义(p>0.05),但C基因型的ALT和AST这两项生化指标均显著高于B基因型组(p<0.05)。本研究结果初步说明,内蒙古地区HBV感染以B型和C型为主,尤以C型居多;且C型病毒的复制较活跃,致病力较强,HBV感染者更易转成严重肝病。     

Natural history and treatment of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is not uncommon as a result of similar routes of infection. Patients who are coinfected represent a unique group with diverse serologic profiles. Combined chronic hepatitis B and C leads to more severe liver disease and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, coinfected patients represent a treatment challenge. No standard recommendations exist for treatment of viral hepatitis due to dual HBV/HCV infection, and therefore treatment must be individualized based on patient variables such as serologic and virologic profiles, patient's prior exposure to antiviral treatment, and the presence of other parenterally transmitted viruses such as hepatitis D virus and human immunodeficiency virus. The natural history and treatment of patients with HBV and HCV coinfection is reviewed.     

用Far-Western印迹技术筛选人肝组织中与乙肝病毒表面抗原PreS1相互作用的蛋白

目的:利用Far-Western印迹技术从正常人肝组织中筛选乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)表面抗原PreS1结合蛋白,为阐明HBV的感染致病机理提供依据。方法:提取正常人肝组织细胞膜蛋白,双向电泳展示后转膜,对表达纯化获得的PreS1的重要片段与GST的融合蛋白PreS/1-48myr-GST进行Far-Western印迹实验,对筛选获得的蛋白点切胶,质谱鉴定。结果:对PreS/1-48myr-GST融合蛋白进行Far-Western-2D筛选,共获得22个蛋白点,经质谱鉴定获得15个候选相互作用蛋白,其中膜蛋白Ezrin可能在HBV感染致病过程中具有重要作用。结论:Ezrin蛋白能够与乙肝病毒表面抗原PreS1结合,其在HBV感染致病过程中的重要作用值得探索。     

Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 and Hepatitis B Virus Co-infection

In addition to the recent emerged SARS-CoV-2, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the viruses which cause a global infection and threat public health. In worldwide, the prevalence of HBsAg is about 3.9% (Polaris Observatory 2018). According to a nationwide epidemiological survey of population whose ages range from 1 to 59 years in China, 2006, the prevalence of HBsAg was 7.2% (Liang et al. 2009). As SARS-CoV-2 and HBV both can cause liver damage (Fan et al. 2020), further understanding of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 on patients with HBV infection is urgently required in order to design an optimized treatment strategy. However, the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HBV patients are still not clear. For example, we do not yet know whether the SARS-CoV-2 infection is more severe in HBV patients and we also do not have much knowledge about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the course of HBV infection. In this retrospective study, we investigated the clinical characterizes of the patients coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 and HBV by analyzing the clinical records and laboratory tests of 123 COVID-19 patients admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, from January 5 to February 20, 2020.     

Human low-density lipoprotein receptor plays an important role in hepatitis B virus infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects more than 240 million people worldwide, resulting in chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV vaccine is effective to prevent new HBV infection but does not offer therapeutic benefit to hepatitis B patients. Neither are current antiviral drugs curative of chronic hepatitis B. A more thorough understanding of HBV infection and replication holds a great promise for identification of novel antiviral drugs and design of optimal strategies towards the ultimate elimination of chronic hepatitis B. Recently, we have developed a robust HBV cell culture system and discovered that human apolipoprotein E (apoE) is enriched on the HBV envelope and promotes HBV infection and production. In the present study, we have determined the role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in HBV infection. A LDLR-blocking monoclonal antibody potently inhibited HBV infection in HepG2 cells expressing the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as well as in primary human hepatocytes. More importantly, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)-mediated knockdown of LDLR expression and the CRISPR/Cas9-induced knockout of the LDLR gene markedly reduced HBV infection. A recombinant LDLR protein could block heparin-mediated apoE pulldown, suggesting that LDLR may act as an HBV cell attachment receptor via binding to the HBV-associated apoE. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that LDLR plays an important role in HBV infection probably by serving as a virus attachment receptor.     

PI3K 与乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的相关研究

慢性乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染是全世界关注的公共卫生问题。我国是乙肝高流行区,每年约有150万乙肝病毒携带者分娩,近半数胎儿通过母婴垂直传播感染乙肝。由于婴幼儿期感染乙肝后形成的免疫耐受,往往成为慢性甚至终身携带者,逐渐发展为肝硬化、肝癌。近年来的研究发现,PI3-Akt信号通路与妊娠生及或病理过程关系密切,在感染HBV的胎盘组织中发现PI3K-Akt信号通路中相关蛋白表达异常增高,且HBx Ag干扰该通路调节凋亡功能。推断HBx Ag通过调节PI3K-Akt信号通路活性影响胎盘功能,是HBV宫内感染的一种重要分子机制。为今后阻断HBV宫内感染提供新的研究方向。     

不同临床类型乙型病毒感染者外周血T细胞亚群与血清HBVDNA载量及HBeAg滴度相关性分析

目的：探讨慢性乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染患者外周血T细胞亚群与血清HBVDNA载量及HbeAg滴度的关系。方法：选取103名HBV感染患者和20名健康者为研究对象。流式细胞术检测外周血T细胞亚群,聚合酶链式反应及酶免疫分析法分别检测血清HBVDNA载量及HbeAg滴度。结果：慢性乙型肝炎患者和慢性HBV携带者外周血CD3可、CD4T淋巴细胞亚群百分数低于健康对照组,结果有统计学意义（P〈0．05或0．01;而CD8＋T细胞亚群则呈现相反趋势,结果亦有统计学意义（P〈0．05或0．01）。HBeAg阴性组中,HBVDNA水平与CD8T细胞亚群百分数呈正相关（r=0．567,P〈0．01）,与CD47CD8＋T细胞亚群百分数比值呈负相关（r=-0．601,P〈0．01）,而与CD3＋T、CD4＋T细胞亚群百分数无相关性。HBeAg阳性组中,HBVDNA水平及HbeAg滴度与cD3＋1r、cD41、CD8叮细胞百分数及CD47CD8＋T细胞百分数均无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论：不同临床类型的慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染患者外周血T细胞亚群存在不同程度细胞免疫功能降低和细胞免疫调节异常。HbeAg阴性的HBV感染患者,其血清HBVDNA水平与外周血T淋巴细胞免疫存在相关性。     

Development of Mathematical Models for the Analysis of Hepatitis Delta Virus Viral Dynamics

Background

Mathematical models have shown to be extremely helpful in understanding the dynamics of different virus diseases, including hepatitis B. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite virus of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). In the liver, production of new HDV virions depends on the presence of HBV. There are two ways in which HDV can occur in an individual: co-infection and super-infection. Co-infection occurs when an individual is simultaneously infected by HBV and HDV, while super-infection occurs in persons with an existing chronic HBV infection.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In this work a mathematical model based on differential equations is proposed for the viral dynamics of the hepatitis D virus (HDV) across different scenarios. This model takes into consideration the knowledge of the biology of the virus and its interaction with the host. In this work we will present the results of a simulation study where two scenarios were considered, co-infection and super-infection, together with different antiviral therapies. Although, in general the predicted course of HDV infection is similar to that observed for HBV, we observe a faster increase in the number of HBV infected cells and viral load. In most tested scenarios, the number of HDV infected cells and viral load values remain below corresponding predicted values for HBV.

Conclusions/Significance

The simulation study shows that, under the most commonly used and generally accepted therapy approaches for HDV infection, such as lamivudine (LMV) or ribavirine, peggylated alpha-interferon (IFN) or a combination of both, LMV monotherapy and combination therapy of LMV and IFN were predicted to more effectively reduce the HBV and HDV viral loads in the case of super-infection scenarios when compared with the co-infection. In contrast, IFN monotherapy was found to reduce the HDV viral load more efficiently in the case of super-infection while the effect on the HBV viral load was more pronounced during co-infection. The results suggest that there is a need for development of high efficacy therapeutic approaches towards the specific inhibition of HDV replication. These approaches may additionally be directed to the reduction of the half-life of infected cells and life-span of newly produced circulating virions.     

Chronic HBV-related liver disease

Thirty years after its discovery, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) still remains a major global public health problem. Worldwide, two billion subjects have been infected, 300 million have a chronic infection and more than 600,000 die annually of HBV-related liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma; new infections occur because of the presence of a large reservoir of chronic carriers of the virus. The knowledge of the HBV organization and replication cycle and the availability of sensitive HBV-DNA assays have led to remarkable progress in our understanding of the natural history of chronic hepatitis B infections. Crucial to the prevention of new infections, to the management and the monitoring of HBV carriers and to the choice of best treatment strategy, is the understanding of the natural dynamism of HBV infection and of the virus-host interactions that induce liver damage.     

HBV转基因小鼠--乙型肝炎研究的重要工具

HBV感染具有严格的种属特异性和组织亲嗜性,所以可用于研究的动物模型很少。随着转基因技术的出现和发展,人们通过研制转基因动物模型来研究病毒致病机理。把HBV的DNA或其片段转入小鼠受精卵建立起来的HBV转基因小鼠,已被广泛地应用于乙型肝炎的研究中,主要体现在以下3个方面：研究HBV的致病机制、与肝细胞癌的关系及寻找、评价治疗乙肝的方法。