阴囊纵隔血管蒂皮瓣尿道成形Ⅰ期治疗尿道下裂26例

目的:介绍阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂的方法.方法:于阴囊纵隔部设计以纵隔血管为蒂,宽1.5～2cm,长等于尿道外口至冠状沟距离的皮瓣,切取后成形尿道,修复下裂.结果:本组26例皮瓣全部成活,成形尿道排尿通畅.术后6例出现尿漏,4例换药治疗后自行愈合,2例半年后行瘘修补.随访6月至2年,无尿瘘及尿道狭窄.阴茎功能及外形满意.结论:阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术是Ⅰ期治疗尿道下裂的良好方法.     

阴茎阴囊转位合并尿道下裂分期手术修复（附43 例报道）

目的：探讨阴茎阴囊转位合并尿道下裂的手术方法及分期手术修复的临床意义。方法：回顾性分析2005年1 月至2012 年 6 月间兰州军区兰州总医院收治的43 例阴茎阴囊转位伴尿道下裂的病例资料并分析手术方式及术后随访外观情况。结果：43 例 患者经2 期阴囊成形术后疗效满意,其中2 例伴严重尿道下裂患者经分手术后达到预期效果,术后随访6 个月至7 年。所有患者 在阴茎阴囊复位后经同期或分期尿道成形术后最终均达到尿道下裂修复的标准。结论：阴茎阴囊转位合并尿道下裂应及早手术 矫正治疗。分期手术方法使操作简化,阴茎阴囊复位整形效果满意,最终尿道成形术后预后良好,术后并发症少,是一种安全可行 的手术方式,但性器官发育后易复发,术后要随访至青春期以后。     

阴茎阴囊转位合并尿道下裂分期手术修复（附43例报道）

目的：探讨阴茎阴囊转位合并尿道下裂的手术方法及分期手术修复的临床意义。方法：回顾性分析2005年1月至2012年6月间兰州军区兰州总医院收治的43例阴茎阴囊转位伴尿道下裂的病例资料并分析手术方式及术后随访外观情况。结果：43例患者经2期阴囊成形术后疗效满意,其中2例伴严重尿道下裂患者经分手术后达到预期效果,术后随访6个月至7年。所有患者在阴茎阴囊复位后经同期或分期尿道成形术后最终均达到尿道下裂修复的标准。结论：阴茎阴囊转位合并尿道下裂应及早手术矫正治疗。分期手术方法使操作简化,阴茎阴囊复位整形效果满意,最终尿道成形术后预后良好,术后并发症少,是一种安全可行的手术方式,但性器官发育后易复发,术后要随访至青春期以后。     

Ⅰ期尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂(附126例报告)

目的:总结Ⅰ期手术治疗尿道下裂的方法及疗效.方法:分析本科室2008年9月至2010年3月期间收治的尿道下裂126例患者,其中98例为采用侧背侧皮瓣的OUPFⅡ法;另28例阴茎下弯畸形较严重,采用切除尿道板加尿道口旁皮瓣的OUPFⅣ法的治疗方法和效果等临床资料.结果:126例中115例病例得到治愈,治愈率为91.3%.11例出现术后并发症:10例术后并发尿瘘,均为针尖样尿道皮肤瘘口,其中3例多发瘘口,7例单发瘘口,均已行补瘘术.另1例为尿道外口狭窄,定期行尿道扩张术可获得满意疗效.结论:OUPF法尿道成形手术适合于几乎所有尿道下裂患者,是一种很好的手术方法,具有手术时间短,取材方便,术后恢复快,阴茎外观满意,尿道狭窄、尿瘘、阴茎下弯畸形等并发症少等优点.     

先天性尿道下裂的矫治（附1000例报告）

目的：总结先天性尿道下裂的矫治经验。方法：尿道下裂患者1000例,年龄1～26岁,平均4岁。冠状沟型118例,阴茎体型593例,阴茎阴囊型189例,会阴型100例。791例采用尿道板切开卷管成形法（TIP）,117例采用Duckett＋Duplay术,92例采用二期手术,一期行阴茎伸直及皮瓣转移,二期行尿道成形术（TIP）。术中遵循微创原则,使用显微器械,尽量保留原有的正常组织结构。结果：随访6月至2年,TIP术741例手术一次成功,Duckett＋Duplay术99例一次成功,分期手术二期成功86例。并发尿道皮肤瘘51例,尿道狭窄17例,尿道憩室6例,均经再次手术治愈。结论：尿道下裂矫治手术中,首先保留尿道板手术,并发症少,成功率高,值得推广,阴茎严重弯曲者或重度尿道下裂患者可选Duckett＋Duplay术或者分期手术。     

尿液转流在尿道下裂术后复杂性尿瘘术中的应用

目的：评价尿液转流在修复尿道下裂术后复杂性尿瘘术中的作用。方法：将40例尿道下裂术后复杂性尿瘘患者随机分为尿液转流组和非尿液转流组两组进行比较。结果：尿液转流组：25例患者术后尿道皮肤瘘复发两例,手术成功率99.2%。非尿液转流组：15例患者中有6例（40%）发生尿瘘复发。结论：尿道下裂术后复杂性尿瘘修复术中应用尿液转流有较好的效果。     

先天性尿道下裂的矫治(附1 000例报告)

目的:总结先天性尿道下裂的矫治经验.方法:尿道下裂患者1000例,年龄1～26岁,平均4岁.冠状沟型118例,阴茎体型593例.阴茎阴囊型189例,会阴型100例.791例采用尿道板切开卷管成形法(TIP),117例采用Duckett+Duplay术,92例采用二期手术,一期行阴茎伸直及皮辩转移,二期行尿道成形术(TIP).术中遵循微创原则,使用显微器械,尽量保留原有的正常组织结构.结果:随访6月至2年,TIP术741例手术一次成功,Duckett+Duplay术99例一次成功,分期手术二期成功86例.并发尿道皮肤瘘51例,尿道狭窄17例,尿道憩室6例,均经再次手术治愈.结论:尿道下裂矫治手术中,首先保留尿道板手术,并发症少,成功率高,值得推广,阴茎严重弯曲者或重度尿道下裂患者可选Duckett+Duplay术或者分期手术.     

尿液转流在尿道下裂术后复杂性尿瘘术中的应用

目的:评价尿液转流在修复尿道下裂术后复杂性尿瘘术中的作用。方法:将40例尿道下裂术后复杂性尿瘘患者随机分为尿液转流组和非尿液转流组两组进行比较。结果:尿液转流组:25例患者术后尿道皮肤瘘复发两例,手术成功率99.2%。非尿液转流组:15例患者中有6例(40%)发生尿瘘复发。结论:尿道下裂术后复杂性尿瘘修复术中应用尿液转流有较好的效果。     

尿道下裂术后两种不同尿液引流方式的临床护理和效果观察

目的探讨尿道下裂术后2种不同尿液引流方式的临床护理和效果。方法选取我院泌尿外科2014年8月~2016年8月收治的46例接受尿道下裂成形术治疗的患者为研究对象。根据术后尿液引流方式不同分为A、B两组,其中A组22例患者采用新尿道内留置支架管的方式引流,B组24例患者采用耻骨上膀胱造瘘管+新尿道内留置支架管的方式引流,两组患者均按照尿道下裂术后护理常规实施术后护理,并根据尿液的不同引流方式给予相关护理。结果两组患者均顺利完成手术治疗,术后采用耻骨上膀胱造瘘管+新尿道内留置支架管方式引流尿液的B组尿瘘及尿道狭窄发生率显著低于实施新尿道内留置支架管引流尿液的A组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论尿道下裂术后采用耻骨上膀胱造瘘管+新尿道内留置支架管方式引流尿液,能有效保持尿液及分泌物的充分引流,减少管道堵塞的发生,减少术后尿瘘和尿道狭窄的发生,提高了手术成功率,提高了患者满意度。     

髂腰皮瓣在阴囊深度烧伤中的应用

目的观察髂腰皮瓣治疗阴囊深度烧伤临床效果。方法对7例阴囊深度烧伤患者行切除焦痂及坏死睾丸后,采用单侧岛状髂腰皮瓣转移修复阴囊缺损,并放置负压引流,术后2周拆线。结果 7例患者术后皮瓣均完全成活,随访6~12个月,阴囊形态及功能良好。结论使用髂腰皮瓣修复阴囊深度烧伤是一种简单、有效的治疗方法。     

尿道下裂不同术式疗效的比较

目的：探讨不同手术方式对尿道下裂的临床疗效。方法：对我院收治的尿道下裂患者根据其不同手术方式将其分为A组、B组以及C组,其中A组采用Ducker术进行治疗,B组采用Snodgrass术进行治疗,C组患者采用阴囊中线皮肤岛状皮瓣法进行治疗。结果：A、B两组患者手术成功率比较无统计学差异性（P〉0．05）;阴囊中线皮肤岛状皮辫法术其出现并发症的机会明显低于其他两组（P〈0．05）。结论：不同术式对尿道下裂进行治疗,各术式各具有点,在临床运用中应当考虑患者的综合情况进行制定相应的手术方式进行治疗,从而有效改善患者预后。     

Snodgrass' urethroplasty in hypospadias surgery in Clinical Hospital Mostar--preliminary report

Amongst the various methods of reconstructing the hypospadic urethra such as the MAGPI, Mathieu's and Preputial island flap urethroplasty method and the Snodgrass method, the latter is being used more frequently nowadays in patients with the urethral meatus located in the proximity of the penis. In the Pediatric ward at Mostar Clinical Hospital, we have recently adopted the Snodgrass method when reconstructing the hypospadic urethra. We herewith present our research regarding the successful results in adopting the aforementioned method. Success was evaluated according to the frequency of post-operative complications, as well as the patients' satisfaction with the functional and the cosmetic result of the urethra reconstruction. The conclusions relating to our research result in an addition basis from which to evaluate whether the Snodgrass method should receive privileged preference in future operative treatment of the hypospadias over others methods, as can be seen from our research.     

What is new in the treatment of hypospadias?

Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly characterized by a ventrally placed urethral meatus in a more proximal position on the midline than its normal position in the glanular part of the penis. In 1961, C. E. Horton and C. J. Devine, Jr., developed single-stage modern surgical techniques, namely, local skin flaps and free skin grafts, for urethra reconstruction in hypospadias repair, which may be applied to almost any case with different localizations of the meatus. Later, two new methods, advancement of the urethra and preputial island flap techniques, were added to the surgical algorithm. Because acceptable results were observed, the authors have insisted on using these four techniques for all hypospadias cases since 1972. Complication rates (mainly fistula formation) were quite high (50 percent) in their early series of adults as a result of erection and hematoma formation. The complication rate of their patient population, which is now mainly composed of preschool children, has decreased to 7 to 8 percent, primarily as a result of careful selection of appropriate techniques for each individual case, the development of better surgical materials and equipment, and taking necessary precautions for postoperative care. A brief summary of modern hypospadias repair techniques is presented in four major classes. The results of the authors' 30-year experience and the precautions necessary to avoid postoperative complications are evaluated. The authors conclude that the four modern techniques and their modifications should be performed meticulously for successful hypospadias repair.     

Treatment modalities for hypospadias cripples

Hypospadias cripples can be defined as patients with remaining functional complications after previous hypospadias repair. A retrospective follow-up study was performed on the long-term results of a group of 94 patients disabled by hypospadias. The records of 94 patients showed that they presented with the following problems: 82 had a major meatal dystopia (87 percent), 43 (46 percent) had residual curvature of the penile body, 19 (20 percent) showed meatal stenosis, and only 5 (5 percent) had one or more fistulas. The techniques used to solve these problems were circumferential advancement of penile skin, dorsal transposition flap of preputial skin, distally based transposition flap of penile skin, and full-thickness skin graft. Between one and nine operations were needed to achieve the desired result (mean and median of two operations). The complications after these procedures were 11 fistulas in nine patients, meatal stenosis caused by tight scarring in six patients, and a residual curvature after an orthoplasty that had to be released once before a urethroplasty could be performed. Forty-three men were seen at long-term follow-up (range, 2 to 25 years; mean, 12 years). Functional complaints that were seen included spraying at micturition (5 patients, 12 percent), dribbling (6 patients, 14 percent), and deviation of urinary stream (7 patients, 16 percent). No patients complained of painful miction, hesitation, or straining. At physical examination, 4 patients had a residual curvature (three of which were mild without functional problems), 5 had a skin surplus, 1 presented with a fistula after an operation in another hospital, and 13 had a penile torsion. Only 6 patients had a penile torsion greater than 10 degrees, which was evenly distributed to the left and right. There was no correlation between any functional complaint and the presence of a physical abnormality.     

Bidirectional signaling mediated by ephrin-B2 and EphB2 controls urorectal development

Incomplete urethral tubularization (hypospadias) and anorectal abnormalities are two common and poorly understood birth defects that affect the extreme caudal midline of the human embryo. We now show that cell surface molecules essential for proper axon pathfinding in the developing nervous system, namely ephrin-B2 and the ephrin receptors EphB2 and EphB3, also play major roles in cell adhesion events that tubularize the urethra and partition the urinary and alimentary tracts. Mice carrying mutations which disrupt the bidirectional signals that these molecules transduce develop with variably penetrant severe hypospadias and incomplete midline fusion of the primitive cloaca. We further show that animals completely lacking ephrin-B2 reverse signaling present a fully penetrant failure in cloacal septation. This results in severe anorectal malformations characterized by an absence of the terminal-most hindgut (rectum) and formation of a fistula that aberrantly connects the intestines to the urethra at the base of the bladder. Consistent with an apparent requisite for both forward and reverse signaling in these caudal remodeling events, EphB2 and ephrin-B2 are coexpressed at the midline in the fusing urethral/cloacal endoderm and underlying lateral mesoderm of the urorectal septum that migrates toward the caudal midline as the cloaca septates. Our data thus indicate that B-subclass Eph and ephrin molecules play an important role in these clinically significant midline cell-cell adhesion and fusion events.     

Urethral seam formation and hypospadias

Knowledge of the formation of the normal male urethra may elucidate the etiology of hypospadias. We describe urethral formation in the mouse, show the similarities and relevance to human urethral development, and introduce the concept of the epithelial seam formation and remodeling during urethral formation. Three mechanisms may account for epithelial seam formation: (1) epithelial-mesenchymal transformation similar to that described in the fusion of the palatal shelves, (2) apoptosis, and/or (3) tissue remodeling via cellular migration. Urethral development in the embryonic mouse (14-21 days of gestation) was compared with urethral formation in embryonic human specimens (8-16 weeks of gestation) by using histology, immunohistochemistry, and three-dimensional reconstruction. The urethra forms by fusion of the epithelial edges of the urethral folds, giving a midline epithelial seam. The epithelial seam is remodeled via cellular migration into a centrally located urethra and ventrally displaced remnant of epithelial cells. The epithelial seam is remodeled by narrowing approximately at its midpoint, with subsequent epithelial migration into the urethra or penile skin. The epithelial cells are replaced by mesenchymal cells. This remodeling seam displays a narrow band (approximately 30 microns wide) of apoptotic activity corresponding to the mesenchymal cells and not to epithelial cells. No evidence was seen of the co-expression of cytokeratin and mesenchymal markers (actin or vimentin). Urethral seam formation occurs in both the mouse and the human. Our data in the mouse support the hypothesis that seam transformation occurs via cellular migration and not by epithelial mesenchymal transformation or epithelial apoptosis. We postulate that disruption of epithelial fusion remodeling, and cellular migration leads to hypospadias.