哺乳动物精原干细胞体外分离培养研究进展

精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)作为成体干细胞的一种,具有高度自我更新和分化潜能。近几年研究发现,SSCs的体外培养是表观遗传基础研究、精子发生机制深入探索以及治疗雄性不育的基础条件。本文根据国内外SSCs相关研究,对哺乳动物SSCs的生物学特性、体外分离培养和鉴定等作一综述,以期为哺乳动物SSCs和其他干细胞的长期体外培养以及建系提供一定的借鉴。     

哺乳动物精原干细胞的增殖分化及其移植技术的应用

精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)是指位于睾丸生精小管基膜上既能自我更新以维持自身群体数量恒定,又能定向分化形成精母细胞,最终形成精子的一类成体干细胞.鉴于其独具的生物学特性,SSCs的研究在干细胞生物学、医学、畜牧业等领域均具有重要意义.通过其建立转基因动物模型,对研究精子的发生机制、重建不育个体的生精功能等都有着重要意义.综述了哺乳动物SSCs的形态特性,增殖分化特性及其调控因素,简述了SSCs移植技术的应用.     

哺乳动物精原干细胞的分离富集及检测鉴定

获得高纯度、高活力的具有生物学安全性的精原干细胞(SSCs)并能从功能上对其进行检测鉴定,是SSCs体外生物学研究的关键所在。近年来,借助于SSCs移植这一功能性检测手段,有关SSCs的分离富集及识别鉴定取得了快速进展。本文结合作者的工作实践,就生精上皮细胞悬液的制备、SSCs的分离富集及其检测鉴定方法进行评述。     

鸡胚ESC和SSCs特定基因表达差异的研究

目的:探讨鸡胚胎干细胞(ESC)和精原干细胞(SSCs)在基因表达水平上的差异.方法:传至二代的ESC和SSCs,采用免疫荧光和碱性磷酸酶检测法联合鉴定其干细胞特性,RT-PCR方法检测两者相关基因的表达差异.结果:两种处于未分化状态时的干细胞基因表达存在差异:未分化的ESC表达基因GDF3基因和Nanog基因;SSCs表达特定基因c-kit、Cvh和Stra8基因.结论:两种干细胞在基因表达水平上有差异,为ESC与SSCs在基因水平上的鉴定提供参考依据.     

牛精原干细胞体外分化潜能的分析

家畜精原干细胞操作的核心技术是精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)的长期培养。至今家畜精原干细胞的长期培养方法还没有完善。其中的一个原因是缺乏简便有效的家畜精原干细胞生物活性鉴定手段。该研究的目的是建立一种牛精原干细胞生理潜能的体外分析方法,用于体外培养的牛精原干细胞的生物活性鉴定。首先培养牛精原干细胞,进而用干细胞因子(stem cell factor,SCF)对体外长期培养的牛精原干细胞进行诱导分化。在诱导分化过程中对细胞进行显微观察,并且用免疫荧光染色法鉴定分化的细胞。观察结果显示,经过诱导培养8 d后,牛精原干细胞形态发生了明显改变;细胞的运动行为显示出精母细胞特有的特征。免疫荧光染色结果显示,分化的细胞表达精母细胞的标记基因Scp3。上述结果例证了体外培养的牛精原干细胞具有分化为精母细胞的潜能。该研究建立了牛SSCs体外诱导分化的分析方法,用于鉴定体外培养的牛SSCs的生理潜能。但是体外诱导培养条件不能满足牛SSCs减数分裂的全部要求,导致出现一些不完全符合精母细胞特征的现象。诱导分化培养液尚需改进。     

水牛精原干细胞研究进展

精原干细胞(SSCs)是一类能够不断地进行自我更新和分化,并能保证遗传物质在亲子代之间有效传递的成体干细胞。伴随着各种移植技术、细胞体外培养及冻存等技术的发展,精原干细胞的应用成为可能,其在生产转基因动物及保护珍稀物种等方面有着广阔的应用前景。本文对水牛SSCs的生成、分离、纯化、培养、鉴定以及冻存的研究进行了系统的阐述。     

精原干细胞分离、鉴定、培养及其应用进展

雄性哺乳动物睾丸内持续的精子发生是维持其生殖能力的必备条件。精原干细胞(SSCs)是精子发生的基础,是永久分化成精子的克隆源,它既可以自我更新维持体内干细胞的数量,又可以增殖分化形成各阶段的生精细胞直至成熟精子。现对SSCs分离、鉴定与培养等技术及其应用的进展进行综述,发现两步酶消化、差异贴壁、磁珠分选等方法是体外分离与纯化SSCs的常用方法。特异性标志物的研究一直在推进SSCs的纯化与鉴定,并仍将是SSCs技术的研究重点之一。培养基、血清、生长因子和饲养层在SSCs体外培养中至关重要,但长期培养中血清可引起SSCs分化的问题有待解决。在基础与临床方面的应用中,SSCs体外培养系统为研究精子发生过程、遗传学、雄性辅助生殖和细胞再生治疗等开辟了新的道路。     

精原干细胞微环境研究进展

精原干细胞(spermatogonia stem cells, SSCs)是一类在睾丸中具有长期自我更新和分化潜能的生殖细胞(germ cells, GCs),即位于基底膜上的组织干细胞,其自我更新和分化受到周围微环境的调控。近年来对SSCs的研究取得了一系列重要进展,为临床治疗部分男性不育患者带来了曙光。其中,微环境对SSCs的调节功能的研究尤为重要,微环境负责整合不同类型的细胞成分、细胞外基质、细胞外调节分子及激素等对SSCs的作用,从而调节SSCs命运。关于SSCs微环境的研究已开始逐步成为干细胞研究的主要内容之一。本文主要对小鼠(Mus musculus)SSCs微环境的细胞组成、调控因子以及特点等研究现状进行了综述,为深入研究SSCs微环境的结构和功能提供背景资料,希望在未来能够通过多种研究模式复用,发现更为丰富的细胞表型和微环境因子。     

免疫磁珠纯化小鼠精原干细胞的研究

精原干细胞（spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs）富集纯化是利用SSCs进行基因修饰新方法等研究的前提基础。采用免疫磁珠分选法,使用干细胞抗体CD90.2进行小鼠SSCs的纯化富集,并采用流式细胞分析法和定量PCR验证了磁珠分选效率。流式细胞分析结果：免疫磁珠分选后SSCs纯度为50.11%。荧光定量PCR检测结果：磁珠分选后支持细胞特异表达基因 GATA4 显著下调（6倍）、SSCs表达基因 GFRα-1 上调（6.5倍）、生殖干细胞特异表达基因 OCT4 极显著上调（5.9倍）,3个基因相对表达量的变化说明,免疫磁珠分选效率为6倍。流式细胞分析法所产生的偏差可能是受到了未解离磁珠及SSCs本身转基因荧光的影响。     

过表达水牛睾丸FGF2基因维持水牛精原细胞的体外培养

水牛睾丸支持细胞(Sertoli cells)是环绕在精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)周围的一类体细胞,为SSCs增殖提供物理支持及稳定的环境,同时参与血睾屏障形成.支持细胞可分泌FGF2,从而提高SSCs存活和增殖.至今为止,水牛SSCs培养体系仍然面临许多挑战,推测内源性的...     

食蟹猴精原干细胞体外培养体系的初步建立

为了掌握食蟹猴(Macaca fascicularis)精原于细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)体外培养生长特性,并建立其培养体系.手术法获得幼年期食蟹猴单侧睾丸,改良的两步酶消化法获得其细胞悬液,添加特定培养液进行体外培养,以碱性磷酸酶(AKP)染色鉴定培养细胞,并评价不同饲养层细胞...     

精原干细胞的生物学特性

精原干细胞(spermatogonialstemcells,SSCs)是雄性生殖系干细胞,位于睾丸曲细精管基膜上,既具有自我更新潜能,又具有定向分化潜能,是自然状态下出生后动物体内在整个生命期间进行自我更新并能将基因传递至子代的唯一成体干细胞。自SSCs移植技术建立以来,有关其分离、鉴定、培养、冻存、转基因操作及移植等方面均已取得长足进步,使人们对其生物学特性有了更深入的了解。根据最近的相关进展,系统评述了SSCs的相关生物学特性,以期为该领域及其他干细胞研究提供借鉴。     

Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation and testicular function

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are responsible for the continual production of spermatozoa throughout adult life. Interactions between SSCs and the surrounding cells in the seminiferous tubules regulate the biological activity of these cells. Factors involved in the regulation of SSCs are beginning to be defined by animal models and the culture of SSCs in defined media. A critical development in the characterization of SSCs has been the development of the germ cell transplantation technique, which provides the only assay for the presence of SSCs in a population of cells, and which allows the determination of whether SSCs are proliferating or differentiating in culture. This approach has accelerated SSC-focused research and promises to provide a better understanding of the factors and mechanisms that regulate these cells. The knowledge provided by this work is also critical to an appraisal of the components of the SSC niche in the seminiferous epithelium. Thus, many aspects of testicular function can be defined by the investigation of SSCs and the factors, cells, and environment that regulate SSCs, thereby leading to a more comprehensive understanding of spermatogenesis.     

E-cadherin as a novel surface marker of spermatogonial stem cells

Spermatogenesis is a fundamental biological process that ensures the transition of a gene from one ganeration to another via male gametes. This process relies on a rare population of testicular cells called spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), which self-renew throughout adult male life and differentiate into mature gametes. Despite the longstanding study of SSCs, their biological properties remain largely unknown, which is partly due to the very limited availability of these cells. Here, we show that cell adhesion protein E-cadherin is a highly specific surface marker of mouse SSCs that can be successfully used to enrich them.     

哺乳动物精原干细胞的研究进展

精原干细胞是雄性体内可以永久维持的成体干细胞,它具有自我更新和分化的能力,保证了雄性个体生命过程中精子发生的持续进行,从而实现将遗传信息传递给下一代。精原千细胞不仅可在体外实现长期培养或诱导分化为各级生精细胞,并且可在特定条件下将其诱导去分化成为多能性干细胞。同样,这种多能性干细胞如同胚胎干细胞,可被诱导形成造血细胞、神经元细胞、肌细胞等多种类型细胞。鉴于其独具的生物学特性,精原干细胞在揭示精子的发生机制、治疗雄性不育和转基因动物等研究中具有重要价值。该文对精原干细胞在生物学特性、纯化培养、移植、体外诱导分化及其相关调控方面的各项研究进行了小结,综述了近年来的研究历程和最新研究成果。     

哺乳动物精原干细胞的操作技术及应用

精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)具有高度的自我更新能力和分化潜能。精原干细胞移植技术作为精原干细胞研究的重要手段,已成为一种新兴的动物繁殖技术,能够提高雄性动物的生殖能力。该技术是从适龄雄性供体动物中采集精原干细胞,注射入受体动物的生精小管中使其产生精子。通过对精原干细胞的体外培养、遗传修饰及移植等操作,可以为探讨精子的发生机制、重建不育个体的精子发生、生产转基因动物提供新的途径;同时为提高优良品种家畜的生产效率、保护野生动物资源及不育症的治疗提供了一种新的方法;在医学、生物学及动物科学方面有着广泛地应用。通过对培养体系的不断完善,筛选、移植方法的不断改进,可获得更高的移植成功率。本文将从利用精原干细胞法生产转基因动物的优势,精原干细胞的形态特性和增殖分化特性,精原干细胞的移植技术和影响移植效率的关键因素,精原干细胞的体外培养,以及相关操作技术的应用与前景展望等方面做一概述。     

精原干细胞技术研究进展

精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)是位于睾丸曲细精管基膜上能自我更新和连续分化产生精子的最原始精原细胞,是雄性体内唯一能将遗传信息自然传至子代并可终生复制的双倍体细胞,对复杂的精子发生过程有着至关重要的作用。作为一个未分化细胞群体,SSCs在精子生成和物种进化所必需的基因传递中发挥作用。基于课题组多年的研究,该文较系统地评述了SSCs的生物学特性、分离富集、体外培养影响因素和移植技术等方面的进展,以期对雄性辅助生殖、细胞再生治疗、畜牧业生产等研究应用提供借鉴。     

GDNF family receptor alpha1 phenotype of spermatogonial stem cells in immature mouse testes

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for spermatogenesis, and these adult tissue stem cells balance self-renewal and differentiation to meet the biological demand of the testis. The developmental dynamics of SSCs are controlled, in part, by factors in the stem cell niche, which is located on the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules situated among Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells produce glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and disruption of GDNF expression results in spermatogenic defects and infertility. The GDNF signals through a receptor complex that includes GDNF family receptor alpha1 (GFRA1), which is thought to be expressed by SSCs. However, expression of GFRA1 on SSCs has not been confirmed by in vivo functional assay, which is the only method that allows definitive identification of SSCs. Therefore, we fractionated mouse pup testis cells based on GFRA1 expression using magnetic activated cell sorting. The sorted and depleted fractions of GFRA1 were characterized for germ cell markers by immunocytochemistry and for stem cell activity by germ cell transplantation. The GFRA1-positive cell fraction coeluted with other markers of SSCs, including ITGA6 and CD9, and was significantly depleted of KIT-positive cells. The transplantation results confirmed that a subpopulation of SSCs expresses GFRA1, but also that the stem cell pool is heterogeneous with respect to the level of GFRA1 expression. Interestingly, POU5F1-positive cells were enriched nearly 15-fold in the GFRA1-selected fraction, possibly suggesting heterogeneity of developmental potential within the stem cell pool.     

精原干细胞移植及受体制备技术研究进展

精原干细胞移植为研究精子发生、雄性生殖能力及新型转基因技术奠定了基础.尽管已利用小鼠建立了较成熟的移植技术体系,白消安受体制备法和曲细精管及睾丸网移植法已得到广泛应用,但白消安可导致动物较高的死亡率,局部射线照射和无内源性精子发生受体动物的制备费用较昂贵,热处理受体制备法应用范围较窄且效果不稳定;三种移植方法均对操作有较高的技术要求,曲细精管、睾丸输出管移植需要显微注射装置,而睾丸网移植需要超声仪的辅助.而且,移植效果在不同实验间、物种间差异较大,移植效率有待提高,对移植排斥反应的认识也有待进一步深入.对睾丸结构和精原干细胞生物学特性的深入研究,将有助于建立更简单高效的受体制备和移植的方法.     

Male germ line stem cells have an altered potential to proliferate and differentiate during postnatal development in mice

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) continuously support spermatogenesis after puberty. However, accumulating evidence suggests that SSCs differ functionally during postnatal development. For example, mutant mice exist in which SSCs support spermatogenesis in the first wave after birth but cease to do so thereafter, resulting in infertility in adults. Studies using a retroviral vector have shown that the vector transduces pup SSCs more efficiently than adult SSCs, which suggests that pup SSCs divide more frequently. Thus, it is hypothesized that the SSCs in pup and adult testes have different characteristics. As an approach to testing this hypothesis in the present study, we investigated the proliferation kinetics of pup SSCs (6-9 days old) and their self-renewal/differentiation patterns for the first 2 mo after transplantation, and compared them to those of adult SSCs. Using serial transplantation, we found that the number of pup SSCs declined over the first week after transplantation. Thereafter, it increased ~4-fold by 1 mo and ~9-fold by 2 mo after transplantation, which indicates that pup SSCs continuously proliferate from 1 wk to 2 mo after transplantation. Compared to the proliferation of SSCs derived from adult intact testes, that of pup SSCs was lower at 1 mo but similar at 2 mo, indicating the delayed proliferation of pup SSCs. However, the pup SSCs regenerated spermatogenic colonies at 1 mo that were similar in length to those of SSCs from adult intact testes. Therefore, these results suggest that some functional differences exist in SSCs during postnatal development, and that these differences may affect the abilities of SSCs to self-renew and differentiate.