大学生鼻前庭菌群分布特征研究

目的了解大学生鼻前庭的菌群分布特征及金黄色葡萄球菌的携带情况。方法无菌采集935名大学生鼻前庭拭子,接种哥伦比亚血琼脂平板、麦康凯琼脂平板,常规分离培养鉴定细菌;血浆凝固酶实验鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,纸片扩散法检测金黄色葡萄球菌的药物敏感性。结果鼻前庭细菌检出率从高到低为类白喉棒状杆菌(53.80%)、表皮葡萄球菌(45.78%)、枯草杆菌(31.97%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(15.51%),链球菌(2.78%)、克雷伯菌(1.60%)、真菌(1.50%)、铜绿假单胞菌(0.43%)、肠球菌(0.21%)和变形杆菌(0.21%)等。7.48%(70/925)的学生鼻前庭未检出细菌;34.12%(319/935)携带单一细菌,51.12%(478/935)携带2种细菌,7.27%(68/935)携带3种及3种以上细菌。共检出145株金黄色葡萄球菌,携带率为15.51%(145/935)。结论大学生鼻前庭菌群组成以类白喉棒状杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主。     

慢性前列腺炎病人尿道和前列腺液细菌培养结果比较

目的了解普宁市慢性前列腺炎(CP)病人前列腺液(EPS)和尿道细菌感染状况.方法应用培养法,检测患者中EPS和尿道拭子中的细菌.结果 EPS细菌阳性率为27.8%,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和类白喉棒状杆菌等革兰阳性细菌为主.结论该地区CP病人病原体以多重耐药的条件致病性革兰阳性细菌为主,EPS和尿道拭子细菌阳性率差异有极显著性,说明通过排尿,可排除大部分前尿道的细菌污染EPS;两者细菌种类接近,说明尿道细菌是引起CP感染的主要来源;单纯尿道拭子培养细菌的意义有待于进一步研究.     

广西巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒类型群体检测

抽样检测广西巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒(PERV),了解广西巴马小型猪携带PERV的情况。为培育无PERV广西巴马小型猪提供依据。对广西巴马小型猪PERV-A、PERV-B基因亚型以及陆川猪PERV-C基因亚型进行基因克隆分析,三种亚型基因克隆片段与NCBI上的目的片段一致,确保了PCR分型方法检测PERV的准确性。根据通用的env基因分型方法检测广西巴马小型猪群体内PERV-A、PERV-B、PERV-C基因的存在情况。在50份巴马小型猪样品中,96%的样品中存在PERV-A亚型,100%的样品存在PERV-B亚型,所有广西巴马小型猪样品中都不存在PERV-C亚型;其中,有96%的样品同时存在PERV-A、PERV-B两种亚型,而在24份陆川猪样品中有58.3%存在PERV-C型。广西巴马小型猪没有检测到PERV-C亚型,可以作为无PERV小型猪的培养对象,具有很好的应用前景。     

贵州小型猪主要病原微生物与寄生虫的控制

封闭群实验用贵州小型猪Sus scrofa domestica var. mino guizhounensis Yu是目前国内最主要的实验用小型猪种群之一(甘世祥, 1994).开展实验动物微生物与寄生虫的控制与监测,对保证实验动物和动物实验的质量和维护人类健康具有重要意义(孙靖,2005).本研究探索了环境消毒、体内外驱虫、疫苗接种等措施对贵州小型猪病原生物的携带和免疫状况的影响.     

巴马小型猪大肠埃希菌的分离鉴定及耐药性试验

目的分离鉴定引起巴马小型猪腹泻的细菌并筛选出对其敏感的特效药物。方法通过常规细菌学检测、分子生物学鉴定、生化试验等方法对疑似细菌感染的巴马小型猪进行分析,同时选用呋喃妥因、美满霉素、庆大霉素等25种药物对分离的细菌进行药敏实验。结果通过以上实验判定巴马小型猪为大肠埃希菌感染引起的腹泻,血清型为O138;药敏试验分析结果表明,该菌株仅对青霉素、链霉素、头孢曲松和呋喃妥因4种药物敏感,对磷霉素、磺胺脒、左氟沙星等高度耐药。结论大肠埃希菌广泛存在耐药性,该研究结果为防治相关实验动物大肠埃希菌感染提供理论依据。     

中国小型猪空肠弯曲菌的首次分离及其鉴定

目的对中国小型猪空肠弯曲菌进行分离鉴定。方法采集发病小型猪标本,采用细菌学分离培养、生化鉴定、药敏试验、血清学试验、PCR检测等方法进行鉴定,并对细菌的分子生物学特征进行分析。结果分离到1株细菌,经鉴定为空肠弯曲菌（CJp0812）。用空肠弯曲菌flaA基因特异引物对CJp0812细菌的PCR扩增为阳性,经核苷酸序列测定分析证实上述序列与空肠弯曲菌NCTC11168基因序列（GenBank登录号：NC002163）同源性高达99%。结论首次从中国小型猪中分离到了空肠弯曲菌,为进一步研究该菌及开展流行病学调查提供了科学依据。     

猪肝细胞和培养上清液中猪内源性逆转录病毒的检测

建立了猪肝细胞及其培养上清液中猪内源性逆转录病毒(PERV)的检测方法,探讨了其在猪肝细胞生物人工肝应用中的意义。以PERV gag基因为靶序列,选用特定的引物,PCR检测中国实验用小型猪肝细胞PERV前病毒DNA;RT-PCR检测猪、犬、大鼠以及HBV阳性病人血清和猪肝细胞培养6h、24h时的上清液PERV RNA,同时检测猪肝细胞猪线粒体DNA(mtDNA)。研究结果表明：检测5份中国实验用小型猪血清、肝细胞及培养猪肝细胞24h时的上清液PERV均为阳性,而5份培养猪肝细胞6h时的上清液、5份犬血清、5份大鼠血清和5份HBV阳性病人血清PERV检测结果均为阴性,猪肝细胞中均可检测到猪mtDNA。因此,中国实验用小型猪肝细胞携带PERV;PERV可释放到血清中;猪肝细胞培养24h后该病毒颗粒已释放到培养液中;PCR和RT-PCR方法检测PERV具有特异性强、简便的特点。     

我国小型猪品系资源状况初浅分析

小型猪正逐渐成为生命科学研究中的重要实验动物。我国具有独特和丰富的小型猪资源,我国小型猪品系或资源涉及资源品系、封闭群、近交培育品系等。本文就我国的小型猪品系资源状况进行了介绍和初步分析。     

猪内源性反转录病毒在中国实验小型猪中的存在与表达

目的对中国实验小型猪中内源性反转录病毒的存在与mRNA的表达进行检测,摸清中国实验小型猪中内源性反转录病毒的携带情况.方法根据已发表的PERV的序列设计并合成了三对引物,分别用于检测PERV核心蛋白基因(gag)、多聚酶基因(pol)及囊膜基因(env)的存在与表达;同时,根据目前通用的env基因分型方法合成了三对用于分型检测的引物env-A、env-B、env-C.应用PCR、RT-PCR扩增的方法,对来自于中国实验小型猪外周血淋巴细胞的DNA和RNA样品进行了检测.结果在6个被检DNA样品中均检出了PERV特异性DNA的存在;同样,在被检RNA样品中均有PERV特异性RNA的表达,且所表达的PERV均为A型和B型,在所有样品中均未检出C型PERV的表达.结论初步表明中国实验小型猪中存在内源性反转录病毒序列,且能以mRNA的形式表达,这一结果为我国特有小型猪的开发、利用及其病毒安全性评价奠定了基础.     

广西巴马小型猪PGC-1α基因克隆与组织表达分析

目的克隆广西巴马小型猪PGC-1α基因编码区（CDS）序列,利用RT-PCR和QRT-PCR方法分析PGC-1αmRNA组织表达情况。方法本实验以广西巴马小型猪背最长肌cDNA为模版,PCR扩增PGC-1α基因CDS序列,将其连接至pEASY-T5载体,转染细菌、验证和序列测定;通过RT-PCR半定量和QRT-PCR实时荧光定量检测PGC-1α基因在小型猪多个组织中的表达情况。结果克隆获得广西巴马小型猪PGC-1α基因CDS序列,全长2391 bp,编码796个氨基酸,与参考序列的同源性为99.9%,两处碱基发生同义突变,分别是C-A1105和GA1524;PGC-1α基因在广西巴马小型猪心脏和肾脏中的表达丰度最高,其次是肝脏、皮下脂肪和背最长肌,而在胰腺中未检测到其表达。结论成功克隆了广西巴马小型猪PGC-1α基因编码区序列并进行了多种组织表达分析,为后续研究PGC-1α在小型猪2型糖尿病发生过程中作用途径打下基础。     

Embryo collection from miniature pigs and production of the piglets after transfer to common pig recipients

Embryo collection from G?ttingen miniature pigs and transfer to common pig recipients were performed. Embryos were collected 2 to 6 days after the onset of estrus. Two to 7 eggs including unfertilized ova were collected from a naturally ovulated donor and more eggs (7 to 15) were obtained from a superovulated donor. A total of 21 piglets were born after transfer of 33 miniature pig embryos to two common pig recipients. Among them 12 were stillbirths which seemed to have resulted from suffocation during the parturition. Such an embryo transfer technique will be utilized as an inventive method for the purposes such as international exchange of the particular strains of miniature pigs, establishment of a SPF miniature pig herd and so on.     

两个国内小型猪品种GH基因部分序列的多态性分析

目的对西藏小型猪和广西巴马小型猪生长激素基因（GH基因）部分序列的多态性进行分析。方法采用内切酶ApaI和Hin6I对西藏小型猪（108头）和广西巴马小型猪（132头）GH基因-119 bp～＋486 bp之间的区域进行PCR-RFLPs分析。结果 （1）从ApaI酶切产生的结果来看,ApaI酶切产生A（449 bp＋101 bp＋55bp）,B（316 bp＋133 bp＋101 bp＋55 bp）两种等位基因。等位基因A的频率高于等位基因B,等位基因A为优势基因。AA基因型频率高于AB和BB基因型频率;（2）从Hin6I酶切产生的结果来看,Hin6I酶切产生G1（605bp）、G2（498 bp＋107 bp）、G3（449 bp＋156 bp）、G4（449 bp＋107 bp＋49 bp）四种等位基因。等位基因G4的频率高于等位基因G1、G2、G3。等位基因G1频率很低。基因型G2G3、G2G4、G3G4、G4G4的频率较高。（3）由酶切产生的基因和基因型多态性,发现西藏小型猪与广西巴马小型猪在该基因部分序列差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论国内的优质实验用小型猪,如西藏小型猪和广西巴马小型猪等位基因A频率均较高。     

三品系小型猪35个微卫星基因座的遗传学研究

利用35个微卫星基因座对中国三个品系的小型猪（贵州小型香猪、广西巴马小型猪、版纳小耳猪近交系）进行了遗传检测。计算出三个小型猪品系个体样本在35个微卫星基因座的纯合率,并对其进行t检验。计算出各品系的平均杂合度,多态信息含量（PIC）及品系间的遗传距离,并进行了系统聚类。结果表明三个品系的小型猪其基因纯合率均较高,其中版纳小耳猪近交系的基因纯合率最高;PIC和平均杂合度均较低;贵州小型香猪和广西巴马小型猪亲缘关系较近,并均与版纳小耳猪近交系的亲缘关系略远。 Abstract：The polymorphism of 35 microsatellites in the three miniature pig breeds in China(Guizhou miniature pig, Guangxi Bama miniature pig, Banna miniature pig inbred) was analysed. Rates of homozygote for 35 microsatellite loci in three miniature pig breeds were calculated,and t-test for them were performed. Mean heterozygosity and polymorphism information content(PIC) were calculated for all breeds, and genetic distances between these breeds were estimated. The dendrograms were obtained based on genetic distances. The results suggest that rates of homozygote in the three breeds are all high, and that is the highest in Banna miniature pig inbred. The results also suggest that polymorphism information content and mean heterozygosity in all the three breeds are low, and the genetic relationship between Guizhou miniature pig and Guangxi Bama miniature pig is closer than their relationship with Banna miniature pig inbred.     

Microbial Infections Are Associated with Embryo Mortality in Arctic-Nesting Geese

To address the role of bacterial infection in hatching failure of wild geese, we monitored embryo development in a breeding population of Greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. During 2013, we observed mortality of normally developing embryos and collected 36 addled eggs for analysis. We also collected 17 infertile eggs for comparison. Using standard culture methods and gene sequencing to identify bacteria within collected eggs, we identified a potentially novel species of Neisseria in 33 eggs, Macrococcus caseolyticus in 6 eggs, and Streptococcus uberis and Rothia nasimurium in 4 eggs each. We detected seven other bacterial species at lower frequencies. Sequences of the 16S rRNA genes from the Neisseria isolates most closely matched sequences from N. animaloris and N. canis (96 to 97% identity), but phylogenetic analysis suggested substantial genetic differentiation between egg isolates and known Neisseria species. Although definitive sources of the bacteria remain unknown, we detected Neisseria DNA from swabs of eggshells, nest contents, and cloacae of nesting females. To assess the pathogenicity of bacteria identified in contents of addled eggs, we inoculated isolates of Neisseria, Macrococcus, Streptococcus, and Rothia at various concentrations into developing chicken eggs. Seven-day mortality rates varied from 70 to 100%, depending on the bacterial species and inoculation dose. Our results suggest that bacterial infections are a source of embryo mortality in wild geese in the Arctic.     

Skin swabbing as a new efficient DNA sampling technique in amphibians, and 14 new microsatellite markers in the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris)

This study introduces a novel DNA sampling method in amphibians using skin swabs. We assessed the relevancy of skin swabs relevancy for genetic studies by amplifying a set of 17 microsatellite markers in the alpine newt Ichthyosaura alpestris, including 14 new polymorphic loci, and a set of 11 microsatellite markers in Hyla arborea, from DNA collected with buccal swabs (the standard swab method), dorsal skin swabs and ventral skin swabs. We tested for quality and quantity of collected DNA with each method by comparing electrophoresis migration patterns. The consistency between genotypes obtained from skin swabs and buccal swabs was assessed. Dorsal swabs performed better than ventral swabs in both species, possibly due to differences in skin structure. Skin swabbing proved to be a useful alternative to buccal swabbing for small or vulnerable animals: by drastically limiting handling, this method may improve the trade-off between the scientific value of collected data, individual welfare and species conservation. In addition, the 14 new polymorphic microsatellites for the alpine newt will increase the power of genetic studies in this species. In four populations from France (n=19-25), the number of alleles per locus varied from 2 to 16 and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.04 to 0.91. Presence of null alleles was detected in two markers and two pairs displayed gametic disequilibrium. No locus appeared to be sex-linked.     

A pilot study: microbiological conditions of the oral cavity in minipigs for peri-implantitis models

As peri-implantitis is an emerging problem, the development of validated animal models is mandatory. The aim of this pilot study was to provide a first step in describing the normal oral flora of minipigs. In five minipigs, samples of the oral flora were collected with sterile cotton swabs from the buccal gingiva of the lower jaw. Two swabs per animal were collected, followed by bacterial isolation under both aerobe and anaerobe conditions. Microbiological analyses included biochemical tests, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. A total of 61 taxa were detected, 14-21 different bacterial taxa from each minipig. Among the Gram-positive cocci, mainly staphylococcal and streptococcal species were identified. Different Actinomyces species were the most abundant taxa in the group of Gram-positive rods. Among the anaerobic bacteria, the Gram-negative genera Fusobacterium, Bacteroides and Prevotella were the most often observed taxa. This is the first study which begins to describe the normal oral flora in minipigs in cultures to allow for the detection of a broad spectrum. Several bacterial species identified are different from human ones. No specific species for peri-implantitis could be detected in that healthy sample.     

贵州小型香猪和广西巴马小型猪微卫星位点的遗传学分析

利用35个微卫星位点对贵州小型香猪,广西巴马小型猪的封闭群进行了遗传检测,计算出两个小型猪品系个体样本微卫星位点的平均杂合度,多态信息含量（PIC）、有效等效基因数及品系间的遗传距离。结果表明两个品系的小型猪平均杂合度和PIC均较低,有效等效基因数与实测等位基因数较接近,也表明两品系均有稳定的遗传;两者的遗传距离表明贵州小型香猪和广西巴马小型猪亲缘关系较近,同时表明两者已分别成为两个猛增的封闭群动物。     

五种品系猪亲缘关系的RAPD分析

应用190个RAPD引物对贵州小型猪,巴马小型猪、西双版纳近交系小耳猪JB和JS亚系、荣昌猪Ⅰ系、长白猪的亲缘关系进行了初步分析,其中39个引物的扩增结果具有非常明显的品系间多态性,将其扩增结果以RAPDistance package Version 1?04程序进行分析,计算相对遗传距离指数1－F,再用NJ法进行聚类分析,构建系统树。结果表明,三种小型猪相互间亲缘关系较近,尤以贵州小型猪与巴马小型猪更近。荣昌猪Ⅰ系和长白猪关系较近,但与小型猪关系较远。 关键词：随机扩增多态DNA;小型猪;亲缘关系 The phylogenetic relationship of five species of pigs including Guizhou miniature pig,Bama pig,Xisuangbanna inbred pig,Rongchang Pig and Landrance was studied by RAPD analysis.Thirty-nine single polymorphic primers were selected out of 190 primers.The amplified fragments of thirty-nine primers were analysed by the RAPDistance package version 1.04 and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using NJ method.The results indicated as the following: three strains of miniature pigs have close phylogenetic relationship and the phylogenetic relationship between Guizhou miniature pig and Bama miniature pig was much closer.Landrance and Rongchang pig have close phylogenetic relationship too,but their phylogenetic relationship is far from the three strains of miniature pigs.     

Comparison of the efficacy of CO2‐baited and unbaited light traps,gravid traps,backpack aspirators,and sweep net collections for sampling mosquitoes infected with Japanese encephalitis virus

Two field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of mosquito collection methods for species composition, species abundance, and Japanese encephalitis virus infection rates in Taiwan. Traps evaluated included John W. Hock (JH) model UD black light traps, JH model 1012 new standard miniature CDC light traps, JH model 1712 CDC gravid traps, and Taiwan‐made Pest‐O‐Lite light traps. Backpack aspirators and sweep nets were also used to collect the resting population. Culex tritaeniorhynchus in all studies and Mansonia uniformis in the Taipei areas were the two most abundance species collected. Dry ice‐baited UD black light traps were effective in regard to species diversity, species abundance, and Japanese encephalitis virus infection rates. The unbaited Pest‐O‐Lite light traps collected significantly more female mosquitoes than the UD black light traps but performed similarly with regard to species diversity and male mosquito collection. Most mosquitoes collected by Pest‐O‐Lite light traps were dried and not suitable for virus detection. Dry ice‐baited CDC light traps collected significantly fewer mosquitoes than other light traps. Although CO₂‐baited UD black light traps with octenol attracted more mosquitoes, no statistical significance was found compared to CO₂‐baited UD black light traps without octenol. Japanese encephalitis viruses were isolated from half of the positive pools in UD black light traps and CDC light traps.