加强实验动物福利伦理的实施

动物实验是生命科学研究中必须采用的研究手段,对于生物医学、生物技术的发展起着非常重要的作用。但随着社会的发展,实验动物的福利及动物实验的伦理问题越来越引起人们的关注。重视实验动物的福利伦理是社会文明的体现,也是对用于人类健康研究的实验动物生命的尊重。2006年9月,科技部发布了《关于善待实验动物的指导性意见》,为落实意见的实施,我所进一步加强了实验动物福利伦理工作的开展。     

动物福利在研究生实验动物学教学中的应用初探

在医学研究中,实验动物具有不可替代的地位和作用,越来越多的人开始关心动物福利。各医学院校是培养未来科研工作者的机构,实验动物在医学院校的使用量非常大,因此,在课堂教学中,培养医学生树立保护动物福利的观念具有重要意义。本文从课堂教育、实验动物处理、3R原则的实施等方面探讨了如何在教学过程中开展动物福利教育。     

实验动物的环境与福利

实验动物在生物科学研究领域中的应用不断发展,其饲养环境和福利保障的问题已越来越被国际所关注。实验动物的环境与福利不仅是对动物本身的保护,更重要的是对动物试验结果的保证。本文详细论述了大环境（温度、湿度、气流等方面）及小环境（笼具、饲养密度、垫料）对实验动物福利的影响,通过总结国内外的研究概况,旨为我国改善和提高实验动物的福利提出一些思路。     

浅谈兽医在非人灵长类动物实验福利中的作用

非人灵长类实验动物作为人类的“替身”,在生理学、病理学、病毒学、药物动力学、毒理学、生殖生理学、免疫学、遗传学、基因工程药和生物医药等科学研究领域具有无可替代的重要作用。因此,在其实验过程中的动物福利问题应当引起人们的足够重视。本文根据工作实践和动物福利的要求,从疾病的监视、诊断、治疗、预防、实验操作技术、猴类捕捉、保定、镇静、止痛、麻醉和安乐死术等方面,总结了兽医及其护理在灵长类实验动物福利中的作用。     

实验动物福利与人的保护

实验动物学是一门研究实验动物和动物实验的综合性学科。是生命科学研究的基础和支撑条件。随着社会经济的长足发展和生命科学研究的突飞猛进,国际交流与合作的不断加强,实验动物福利倍受人们的关注。进入21世纪后国际上又对从事实验动物饲养管理和动物实验的工作人员的防护问题提出了新的要求,这就要我们必须考虑到人与实验动物如何和谐相处,促进科学发展。既要做到加强动物福利,又要注意人的保护,找到二者之间的平衡点,加快实验动物科学的发展。     

实验动物福利与“3R”原则

实验动物的广泛应用是人们对实验动物福利越来越重视,实验动物福利不仅是对动物本身的保护,更重要的是对动物试验结果的保证。“3R”原则是动物福利的一种具体反应和实施方法,本文详细论述了实验动物福利和“3R”原则的由来,内容涉及国内外的发展概况,其目的是借鉴国外的一些经验和教训,促进我国实验动物科技的发展,使实验动物更好的为科学技术和经济建设服务。     

医药院校教学中应注重培养实验动物福利观念

在生命科学、医学和药学研究中,实验动物作为直接的实验材料和人类的替难者,具有不可替代的地位和作用。实验动物福利影响着实验动物的身心健康和动物实验的质量,进而影响到科学研究的科学性、可靠性和公众认可程度。各医药院校是培养未来医务人员、科研工作者的机构,在其教学中,都涉及到利用实验动物进行实际操作的训练学习,许多学科都与实验动物学科有着密不可分的内在联系。因此,在医药院校教学中,树立和培养医学生实验动物福利观念具有重要意义。     

实验动物替代技术在中国实验动物部分调查初步报告

为了解中国部分地区实验动物饲养机构及使用情况,特对包括高校在校研究生、教师、生物制药企业职员等专业内人员进行调查,分析中国实验动物使用现状及实验动物操作人员的实验动物福利观.     

国内外高校动物福利教育发展历史与前景展望

自20世纪80年代动物福利作为一个严谨的科学分支被人们接受以来,动物福利学科得到了迅猛发展,相关概念在科学研究结果的支持下被更精确地定义,评价动物所处福利水平的体系也逐步被建立起来.伴随着动物福利科学的发展,动物福利教育也逐步被纳入高等教育的课程体系.综述了国内外高等院校特别是高校的动物医学学院近30年间的动物福利教育进程,并以英国、美国、澳大利亚等国的动物福利教育为例说明国际动物福利教育的发展现状与趋势,结合中国现状,思考中国与国际动物福利教育之间存在的差异.随着动物福利相关科学、伦理学以及法学研究的深入,社会对动物福利的关注将会日益加深,相信至少对准动物医生普及动物福利教育必将成为发展的趋势.     

心房颤动模型中实验动物优化的研究进展

房颤动物模型的建立对于研究房颤的机制以及治疗方法有着极其重要的作用。而房颤医学模型需要较长时间才能获得,对实验动物有一定的特殊要求,并且影响较大。这样,实验动物优化,即实验动物福利的改良与发展就显得重要,是促进建模成功的重要保障。我们从伦理与法规支持,饲养管理,替代方法和福利技术四个方面综述心房颤动医学模型中实验动物福利的改良与发展。     

Individual adaptation of industry LCA practice: Results from two case studies in the Swedish forest products industry

Goal, Scope and Background The mere existence of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology and general acceptance of the life cycle philosophy is not enough to make their use widespread in industry. To gain a better understanding of factors shaping LCA studies and life cycle related practice, field studies of the development of LCA practice in two companies were carried out. Methods In order to obtain a deeper understanding of LCA practice, the number of ‘variables’ was minimized and two similar companies were chosen for study: Stora Enso and SCA. Both companies are part of the Swedish forest products industry, are large multinational enterprises and have been working with LCA since the early 1990s. Both interviews and document studies were used to collect data regarding LCA work from its introduction until 2003. Results and Discussion We found fundamental differences in LCA practice between two similar companies in regard to LCA studies per se (the number of studies undertaken and methodological preferences) and also in regard to the organisation of and approach to LCA work. By testing various theoretical explanations of these divergent LCA practices, we identified the actions of individuals and their understanding of the situation as important factors shaping LCA practice. Conclusions Although sector-wide recommendations on LCA practice are common in the LCA community, this study indicates that companies use LCA differently despite similar structural conditions such as company size or sector affiliation. Recommendations and Perspectives Since the understanding and actions of individuals are important in shaping LCA practice, people working with LCA in industry probably have greater scope for action than they recognise and than sector recommendations may imply when it comes to organising and carrying out their work. Thus, those working with life cycle issues, even in different sectors, can learn much from each other about ways of organising and benefiting from LCA work.     

动物行为学实验带教探索与实践

目的：为提高实验教学和科研工作的质量和效果,结合国家重点实验室有利条件,从行为学实验培训角度以培养实验技术人员基本实验技能为重点。方法：安排学生学习行为医学发展史、熟练行为学动物生命观、基本实验仪器操作以及鼓励实验技术人员自行研制行为检测制仪器等课程。结果：实验技术人员了解了现代行为学的发展,掌握常规的实验方法,培养了科学的思维方式,同时也激发了实验技术人员发挥主观能动性,实现理论和技术的结合。结论：多途径带教培训有利于实验技术人员行为学实验工作打下牢固的基础。     

Preregistration house officers in general practice.

OBJECTIVES--To obtain from house officers who had rotated through general practice in their pre-registration year their views about their experience; and, separately, to compare the overall hours and type of work performed by hospital based and general practice based house officers. DESIGN--Postal questionnaire; and self recording of working hours and duties during four consecutive weeks. SETTING--Inner London teaching hospital and nearby general practice. PARTICIPANTS--28 preregistration house officers in general practice, 1981-91; and 12 preregistration house officers, four each in medicine, surgery, and general practice. RESULTS--26 out of 28 questionnaires were returned (response rate 93%). Twelve respondents were following or thinking of following a career in general practice. Twenty five respondents were satisfied with the clinical and educational aspects of the general practice rotation and would recommend the rotation, and 25 thought four months was about the right length of time in general practice. With regard to hours and type of work performed, hospital based house officers worked on average 55.5 hours a week (excluding on call), with an average of 12.5 hours (22.5%) spent in clinical activities; general practice based house officers worked about 41 hours a week, of which 24 hours (58%) were in clinical activities. House officers in hospital received less than one hour''s specific teaching a week; those in general practice received nearly three hours'' a week. CONCLUSIONS--A preregistration rotation in general practice is a popular alternative to the hospital based rotation. Although this is a limited study, other medical schools should consider introducing general practice options for preregistration house officers.     

Facilitating prevention in primary care.

We believe that many general practitioners would practice preventive medicine if they had the opportunity to organise their practice to do this. We therefore provided a "facilitator," who understands the work of a general practice, to help practices that were interested in prevention to set up programmes. She, for example, helped the primary care team to set up objectives, trained practice nurses to measure blood pressure, and set up a system to measure the progress of the programme.     

Commentary: Moving From Practice to Research,and Back

It is a widely accepted idea that knowledge from research needs to be better integrated into practice. Considerable energy is dedicated to strengthening the flow of research to practice. Less attention, however, has been paid to strengthening the ways researchers can learn from practice to improve their work. In this commentary, we draw on our work over the past decade to offer reflections on the nature and pace of practice, the gaps between practitioners’ needs and available research, and the importance of trust and relationships. Although there are no easy responses to these challenges, we can create a dialogue about them and begin to work collectively toward overcoming them.     

Employment experiences of vocationally trained doctors.

OBJECTIVES--To investigate the expectations and employment experiences of male and female doctors who completed vocational training in East Anglia during 1981-7 and to examine the factors which had influenced those who had changed direction early in their careers. DESIGN--Survey conducted by confidential postal questionnaire. SETTING--Britain. SUBJECTS--281 doctors, 233 (83%) of whom responded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Ideal choice of work on completion of vocational training; present employment; factors which had restricted present choice of work; factors associated with reported satisfaction with job. RESULTS--77/83 (93%) men and 130/150 (87%) women had hoped to work in general practice (p = 0.75). A smaller proportion of women (71%; 106) than men (89%; 74) were in general practice posts (p less than 0.01); only 6% (nine) of women were on maternity leave or caring for children without paid employment. More women than men were working in medical jobs other than general practice (18% (27) women v 4% (three) men; p less than 0.01). 44/91 (49%) women with children had achieved their employment goals compared with 47/59 (80%) women without children and 55/71 (78%) men with children. 87% (72/83) of men and 65% (98/150) of women had achieved the status of principal (p less than 0.01). 162/193 (84%) doctors who had worked in general practice reported satisfaction with their jobs. Dissatisfaction was linked with doing a job different from that hoped for and with perceiving that the share of practice income did not accurately reflect their share of the practice workload. CONCLUSIONS--Steps need to be taken to retain women in general practice, including a statutory part time pay allowance and incentives for practices to allow flexible working hours for doctors with young children.     

呼吸内科临床实习中的问题与对策探析

目的:研究呼吸内科临床实习中的问题与对策。方法:查询我院对实习生的管理相关文件、现场考核带教老师,最后对85名在医院已经结束呼吸内科实习的本科同学进行问卷调查,包括实习目的、实习态度、实习效果以及实习与就业和考研的关系等项目,对问卷结果进行分析。结果:现今在呼吸内科临床实习的医学生面临着一些问题,如实习管理松懈;带教老师因工作、患者等原因忽视教学;大部分实习生实习目的不明确、实习主动性较差、实习效果不佳;因"择业"、"考研"压力等外界因素以及呼吸内科学科自身的一些原因轻视呼吸内科实习。结论:影响呼吸内科临床实习教学质量的因素有多方面,可针对"教"与"学"提出解决其临床实习的一些对策。     

Microchips in the laboratory of A.D. Mirzabekov: 1988–2007

The paper reviews the last period in the research work of A.D. Mirzabekov, when gel-based biochips were invented, studied, and introduced in practice. This work, starting from the early stages of the Human Genome Project up to the recent development of diagnostic and protein biochips, is considered in the context of the worldwide development of microarray technologies.     

Family physicians for underserved areas. The role of residency training.

Graduates of four rural and four urban family practice programs were interviewed to determine the nature of their practices and the factors that had influenced their practice location decisions. All programs gave residents substantial experience providing continuity of care for underserved populations. Of the 158 physicians surveyed, 58 (46%) were working in areas designated as underserved. The percentage of physicians in underserved areas was higher than that reported in other studies and was much higher than would be expected if practice sites were selected on the basis of population distribution alone. Notable differences in personal and practice characteristics were found between the physicians who chose to work in underserved areas and those who did not and between those who established practices in rural and in urban underserved areas.     

The Association between Meditation Practice and Job Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study

Many previous studies have shown that meditation practice has a positive impact on cognitive and non-cognitive functioning, which are related to job performance. Thus, the aims of this study were to (1) estimate the prevalence of meditation practice, (2) identify the characteristics of individuals who practice meditation, and (3) examine the association between meditation practice and job performance. Two population-based, cross-sectional surveys were conducted. In study 1, we examined the prevalence of meditation practice and the characteristics of the persons practicing meditation; in Study 2, we examined the association between meditation practice and job performance. The outcome variables included work engagement, subjective job performance, and job satisfaction. The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale was used to assess work engagement, the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) was used to measure subjective job performance, and a scale developed by the Japanese government was used to assess job satisfaction. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used in Study 2. Demographic characteristics and behavioral risk factors were included as covariates in the analyses. The results of Study 1 indicated that 3.9% of persons surveyed (n = 30,665) practiced meditation; these individuals were younger and had a higher education, higher household income, higher stress level, and lower body mass index than those who did not practice meditation. The results of Study 2 (n = 1,470) indicated that meditation practice was significantly predictive of work engagement (β = 0.112, p < .001), subjective job performance (β = 0.116, p < .001), and job satisfaction (β = 0.079, p = .002), even after adjusting for covariates (β = 0.083, p < .001; β = 0.104, p < .001; β = 0.060, p = .015, respectively). The results indicate that meditation practice may positively influence job performance, including job satisfaction, subjective job performance, and work engagement.