利用海洋硅藻生产生物活性物质研究进展*

生物活性物质在食品、饵料、化妆品、保健品和医药等行业具有广阔的应用前景,其研究早已受到广泛关注。鉴于海洋硅藻具有生长速度快、生物活性物质含量高、易于规模培养、便于提取等诸多优势,为理想的生物活性物质生产者。尽管国内外已进行了大量利用海洋硅藻生产生物活性物质的研究,但是受限于培养工艺老旧、生产成本过高等缺陷,商业化利用海洋硅藻开发生物活性物质依然停滞不前。阐述海洋硅藻五种常见生物活性物质的应用价值,进一步探讨海洋硅藻高产生物活性物质的策略,就如何低成本、高效开发利用硅藻源生物活性物质提出建议,为海洋硅藻商业化开发利用提供参考。     

Bioactive phenolic compounds: production and extraction by solid-state fermentation. A review

Interest in the development of bioprocesses for the production or extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources has increased in recent years due to the potential applications of these compounds in food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. In this context, solid-state fermentation (SSF) has received great attention because this bioprocess has potential to successfully convert inexpensive agro-industrial residues, as well as plants, in a great variety of valuable compounds, including bioactive phenolic compounds. The aim of this review, after presenting general aspects about bioactive compounds and SSF systems, is to focus on the production and extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds from natural sources by SSF. The characteristics of SSF systems and variables that affect the product formation by this process, as well as the variety of substrates and microorganisms that can be used in SSF for the production of bioactive phenolic compounds are reviewed and discussed.     

Antifouling potential of cyanobacteria: a mini-review

Cyanobacteria produce a variety of bioactive metabolites that may have allelochemical functions in the natural environment, such as in the prevention of fouling by colonising organisms. Chemical compounds from cyanobacteria are also of biotechnological interest, especially for clinical applications, because of their antibiotic, algicidal, cytotoxic, immunosupressive and enzyme inhibiting activities. Cyanobacterial metabolites have the potential for use in antifouling technology, since they show antibacterial, antialgal, antifungal and antimacrofouling properties which could be expoited in the prevention of biofouling on man-made substrata in the aquatic environment. Molecules with antifouling activity represent a number of types including fatty acids, lipopeptides, amides, alkaloids, terpenoids, lactones, pyrroles and steroids. The isolation of biogenic compounds and the determination of their structure may provide leads for future development of, for example, environmentally friendly antifouling paints. An advantage of exploring the efficacy of cyanobacterial products is that the organisms can be grown in mass culture, which can be manipulated to achieve optimal production of bioactive substances. Phycotoxins and related products from cyanobacteria may serve as materials for antimicro- and antimacrofouling applications. A survey of antibiotic compounds with antifouling potential revealed more than 21 different antifouling substances from 27 strains of cyanobacteria.     

Antifouling potential of cyanobacteria: a mini-review

Abstract

Cyanobacteria produce a variety of bioactive metabolites that may have allelochemical functions in the natural environment, such as in the prevention of fouling by colonising organisms. Chemical compounds from cyanobacteria are also of biotechnological interest, especially for clinical applications, because of their antibiotic, algicidal, cytotoxic, immunosupressive and enzyme inhibiting activities. Cyanobacterial metabolites have the potential for use in antifouling technology, since they show antibacterial, antialgal, antifungal and antimacrofouling properties which could be expoited in the prevention of biofouling on man-made substrata in the aquatic environment. Molecules with antifouling activity represent a number of types including fatty acids, lipopeptides, amides, alkaloids, terpenoids, lactones, pyrroles and steroids. The isolation of biogenic compounds and the determination of their structure may provide leads for future development of, for example, environmentally friendly antifouling paints. An advantage of exploring the efficacy of cyanobacterial products is that the organisms can be grown in mass culture, which can be manipulated to achieve optimal production of bioactive substances. Phycotoxins and related products from cyanobacteria may serve as materials for antimicro- and antimacrofouling applications. A survey of antibiotic compounds with antifouling potential revealed more than 21 different antifouling substances from 27 strains of cyanobacteria.     

Treatment Methods for Wine-Related and Distillery Wastewaters: A Review

A large and increasing volume of wastewater is produced globally by the winery and distillery industries. These wastewaters are generally acidic, high in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color, and may contain phenolic compounds that can inhibit biological treatment systems. Treatment of distillery and phenolic compound–rich wastewaters by physicochemical, aerobic biological systems and hybrid treatment methods are discussed, as well as products derived from fungal treatment. White-rot fungi have been shown to exhibit unique biodegradation capabilities, primarily due to their production of extracellular and broad substrate range enzymes that are capable of mineralizing lignin, a recalcitrant biopolymer. One of these enzymes, laccase, catalyses the oxidation of various organic compounds with the subsequent reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Laccase synthesis, induction, and inhibition are discussed with the utilization of waste residues for laccase production and the enzyme's potential industrial applications. Distillery wastewaters offer a unique, presterilized, potential growth substrate for the production of lignolytic enzymes such as laccase. Compounds may be utilized for enzyme and biomass production resulting in remediation by the growing fungus.     

Engineering robust microorganisms for organic acid production

Organic acids are an important class of compounds that can be produced by microbial conversion of renewable feedstocks and have huge demands and broad applications in food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. An economically viable fermentation process for production of organic acids requires robust microbial cell factories with excellent tolerance to low pH conditions, high concentrations of organic acids, and lignocellulosic inhibitors. In this review, we summarize various strategies to engineer robust microorganisms for organic acid production and highlight their applications in a few recent examples.     

Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies

This review highlights the use of bromelain in various applications with up-to-date literature on the purification of bromelain from pineapple fruit and waste such as peel, core, crown, and leaves. Bromelain, a cysteine protease, has been exploited commercially in many applications in the food, beverage, tenderization, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and textile industries. Researchers worldwide have been directing their interest to purification strategies by applying conventional and modern approaches, such as manipulating the pH, affinity, hydrophobicity, and temperature conditions in accord with the unique properties of bromelain. The amount of downstream processing will depend on its intended application in industries. The breakthrough of recombinant DNA technology has facilitated the large-scale production and purification of recombinant bromelain for novel applications in the future.     

Cardoon as a Sustainable Crop for Biomass and Bioactive Compounds Production

Cardoon is a multi‐purpose and versatile Mediterranean crop, adapted to climate change, with a wide spectrum of potential applications due its added value as a rich source of fibers, oils and bioactive compounds. The Cynara species are a component of the Mediterranean diet and have been used as food and medicine since ancient times. The important role of cardoon in human nutrition, as a functional food, is due to its high content of nutraceutical and bioactive compounds such as oligofructose inulin, caffeoylquinic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, sesquiterpenes lactones, triterpenes, fatty acids and aspartic proteases. The present review highlights the characteristics and functions of cardoon biomass which permits the development of innovative products in food and nutrition, pharmaceutics and cosmetics, plant protection and biocides, oils and energy, lignocellulose materials, and healthcare industries following the actual trends of a circular economy.     

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for Bioactive Food Components

The inclusion of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, or phytosterols, is an essential requisite for the production of functional foods designed to improve the long-term health and well-being of consumers worldwide. To incorporate these functional components successfully in a food system, structurally sophisticated encapsulation matrices have to be engineered, which provide maximal physical stability, protect ingredients against chemical degradation, and allow for precise control over the release of encapsulated components during mastication and digestion to maximize adsorption. A novel encapsulation system initially developed in the pharmaceutical industries to deliver lipophilic bioactive compounds is solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). SLN consist of crystallized nanoemulsions with the dispersed phase being composed of a solid carrier lipid–bioactive ingredient mixture. Contrary to larger colloidal solid lipid particles, specific crystal structures can be “dialed-in” in SLN by using specific surfactant mixtures and ensuring that mean particle sizes are below 100–200 nm. Moreover, in SLN, microphase separations of the bioactive compound from the solidifying lipid matrix can be prevented resulting in an even dispersion of the encapsulated compound in the solid matrix thereby improving chemical and physical stability of the bioactive. In this review article, we will briefly introduce the structure, properties, stability, and manufacturing of solid lipid particles and discuss their emerging use in food science.     

侧耳属真菌经济利用的研究进展

侧耳属真菌分布广泛、是大型真菌中生物多样性最为丰富的类群之一。其含有丰富的多糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸等生物活性物质,在食品、保健和医药等方面具有广泛用途。侧耳属真菌通过产生木质素氧化酶、锰过氧化物酶和漆酶等酶类降解多环芳烃、染料、工农业废弃物等有害物,并广泛应用于纺织厂、造纸厂、橄榄油厂废水及城市废水的处理。同时,侧耳属是食用菌家族中利用基质最为广泛的真菌,可以多种农业、林业、轻工业等废弃物为基质进行栽培生产,且生物学效率较高,具重要农业生产应用价值。     

Processing of Apple Pomace for Bioactive Molecules

The growth of horticulture industries worldwide has generated huge quantities of fruit wastes (25%–40% of the total fruits processed). These residues are generally a good source of carbohydrates, especially cell wall polysaccharides and other functionally important bioactive molecules such as proteins, vitamins, minerals and natural antioxidants. “Apple pomace” is a left-over solid biomass with a high moisture content, obtained as a by-product during the processing of apple fruits for juice, cider or wine preparation. Owing to the high carbohydrate content, apple pomace is used as a substrate in a number of microbial processes for the production of organic acids, enzymes, single cell protein, ethanol, low alcoholic drinks and pigments. Recent research trends reveal that there is an increase in the utilization of apple pomace as a food processing residue for the extraction of value added products such as dietary fibre, protein, natural antioxidants, biopolymers, pigments and compounds with unique properties. However, the central dogma is still the stability, safety and economic feasibility of the process(s)/product(s) developed. This review is mainly focused on assessing recent research developments in extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive molecules from apple pomace, along with their commercial utilization, in food fortification.     

Valorization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit processing by-products and wastes using bioprocess technology – Review

The date palm Phoenix dactylifera has played an important role in the day-to-day life of the people for the last 7000 years. Today worldwide production, utilization and industrialization of dates are continuously increasing since date fruits have earned great importance in human nutrition owing to their rich content of essential nutrients. Tons of date palm fruit wastes are discarded daily by the date processing industries leading to environmental problems. Wastes such as date pits represent an average of 10% of the date fruits. Thus, there is an urgent need to find suitable applications for this waste. In spite of several studies on date palm cultivation, their utilization and scope for utilizing date fruit in therapeutic applications, very few reviews are available and they are limited to the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits and phytochemical composition, nutritional significance and potential health benefits of date fruit consumption. In this context, in the present review the prospects of valorization of these date fruit processing by-products and wastes’ employing fermentation and enzyme processing technologies towards total utilization of this valuable commodity for the production of biofuels, biopolymers, biosurfactants, organic acids, antibiotics, industrial enzymes and other possible industrial chemicals are discussed.     

Sitting above the maze: recent model discoveries in molecular science

The 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has convinced the world that how important the role that computational sciences play in chemical and materials sciences. In this review, computational methods and rational molecule design, including quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics methods, have been applied to study electronic structures and the interactions in a number of important applications at molecular level. The applications which include bioactive compounds, drug candidates and photoactive molecules at Swinburne University in the past several years are discussed. The research is in close collaboration with world class experimental groups from spectroscopy, organic and medicinal synthesis laboratories and most recently to γ-ray spectroscopy as well as other theory groups in the world. Ionisation spectra of biomolecules and bioactive compounds including amino acids, DNA bases, cyclic dipeptides, drug candidates, complexes and photoactive molecules are discussed. Most recent projects such as infrared spectral studies of ferrocene, rational design of organic dyes in solar cell applications, and recent development in γ-ray spectra of positron annihilation in molecules are highlighted.     

Bioactive molecules from protists: Perspectives in biotechnology

For hundreds of years, mankind has benefited from the natural metabolic processes of microorganisms to obtain basic products such as fermented foods and alcoholic beverages. More recently, microorganisms have been exploited for the production of antibiotics, vitamins and enzymes to be used in medicine and chemical industries. Additionally, several modern drugs, including those for cancer therapy, are natural products or their derivatives. Protists are a still underexplored source of natural products potentially of interest for biotechnological and biomedical applications. This paper focuses on some examples of bioactive molecules from protists and associated bacteria and their possible use in biotechnology.     

微藻异养高密度培养研究进展与发展趋势*

微藻细胞可以积累大量油脂、蛋白质、多糖、色素、不饱和脂肪酸等物质,在能源、食品、饵料、保健品及药品等行业有巨大的应用价值。然而,微藻在传统光自养模式下很难实现高密度培养来大量生产这些重要的物质,进而限制了微藻的实际应用。相反,微藻在异养模式下生长速度快、生物质浓度高,可以短时间内获得大量微藻生物质。因此,异养高密度培养微藻具备大规模、高效率培养微藻生产目标产物的巨大潜力。阐述微藻异养培养的优缺点及相应技术难点的解决思路、影响微藻异养生长及目标产物积累的主要营养因子和环境因子、微藻异养高密度培养的方式及微藻异养高密度培养的当前发展水平。结合文献报道分析微藻异养高密度培养的四个具有极大发展潜力的发展方向,以期更好地利用异养模式来高效率、低成本培养微藻生产大量目标产物,满足上述多个行业对微藻原材料的巨大需求,从而加速微藻产业的发展。     

Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of marine bioactive compounds

Many marine bioactive compounds have medicinal and nutritional values. These bioactive compounds have been prepared using solvent-based extraction from marine bio-resources or chemical synthesis, which are costly, inefficient with low yields, and environmentally unfriendly. Recent advances in metabolic engineering allowed to some extent more efficient production of these compounds, showing promises to meet the increasing demand of marine natural bioactive compounds. In this paper, we review the strategies and statuses of metabolic engineering applied to microbial production of marine natural bioactive compounds including terpenoids and their derivatives, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and marine natural drugs, and provide perspectives.     

Retrospect and prospects of secondary agriculture and bioprocessing

Secondary agriculture plays a significant role in making a positive impact on the country’s economy. It has potential to increase the value of primary agriculture. It ensures better utilization of renewable agro-bioresources either through value addition or waste utilization. Nurseries, bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, compost, fruit-processed products, agro-tourism, weaving, flavours, and dyes are some of the avenues of secondary agriculture. By-products from agricultural crops like wheat and rice bran, corn gluten meal and germ, pulses meal and husk, and sugarcane bagasse, if processed appropriately for deriving industrial products could pave a way in getting better economic returns from agriculture rather using them as livestock feed. Among food crops, major post-harvest losses (30–40%) occurs in fruits and vegetables; their waste being rich in several bioactive compounds possess great potential to be added as a polyphenol rich and fibre source in food products or for the synthesis of food-grade industrial products like ethanol, citric acid and pectin etc. Wastes from floriculture industries can also be utilised for the production of several value-added products such as biofuels, bio-ethanol, compost, organic acids, pigments and dyes, incense sticks, handmade paper production, and sugar syrup. Around the world, 80% of population is dependent on traditional medicine for health care needs. The secondary metabolites from medicinal plants possess pharmaceutical properties and advancement in extraction techniques can lead to novel range of herbal products of high economic value. The market potential of agro-produce seems to be naïve but opportunistic in near future. The advancement in technologies, equipments, and processes would enable enhanced secondary agriculture practices giving range of materials of better quality, yield, nutrition, and convenience. Hence, the potential of secondary agriculture and bioprocessing could be strong boost to the economy, societal status and environmental protection. In this article we have made an effort to understand the secondary agriculture, its potential to uplift the economy and strategies for value addition in different agricultural domains such as horticulture, floriculture and medicinal plants.     

紫球藻的培养与利用（综述）

紫球藻为单细胞红藻,其细胞富含红藻多糖、多不饱和脂肪酸(主要为AA和EPA）及藻胆蛋白等高价值生物活性物质,在医药和精细化工领域有广泛的应用前景。本文综述紫球藻的生物学特性、生物活性物质、培养与培养特性等方面的研究概况。     

Valorization of potato peel: a biorefinery approach

Potato is the fourth main crop consumed worldwide and is an important constituent in the human diet. Consequently, potato is widely used in food-processing industries. However, these industries generate massive amounts of potato peel (PP) as a by-product, which is usually considered a waste, and is discarded. Interestingly, recent research suggests that PP is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, which can be converted into value-added products. In this study, we review the physicochemical composition and valorization of PP. In addition to being used as a dietary fiber or medicine, the value-added products obtained by the fermentation of PP have multiple uses, including their use as adsorbents, biocomposites and packaging materials. These products can also be used in energy production, biopolymer film development, corrosion inhibition and the synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals. The biorefinery approach for PP will increase the value of this waste by producing an array of value-added products and reducing extensive waste generation.     

Systematic and biotechnological aspects of halophilic and halotolerant actinomycetes

More than 70 species of halotolerant and halophilic actinomycetes belonging to at least 24 genera have been validly described. Halophilic actinomycetes are a less explored source of actinomycetes for discovery of novel bioactive secondary metabolites. Degradation of aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds, detoxification of pollutants, production of new enzymes and other metabolites such as antibiotics, compatible solutes and polymers are other potential industrial applications of halophilic and halotolerant actinomycetes. Especially new bioactive secondary metabolites that are derived from only a small fraction of the investigated halophilic actinomycetes, mainly from marine habitats, have revealed the huge capacity of this physiological group in production of new bioactive chemical entities. Combined high metabolic capacities of actinomycetes and unique features related to extremophilic nature of the halophilic actinomycetes have conferred on them an influential role for future biotechnological applications.