人尾加压素Ⅱ对大鼠脑微循环的影响

目的:探讨尾加压素Ⅱ(UII)对于大鼠软脑膜微循环的影响.方法:健康成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、生理盐水(NS)、UII(10-7mol/L)、去甲肾上腺素(NA,10-6mol/L)、UII(10-7mol/L) NA(10-6mol/L)等五组,采用活体微循环观测技术观察大鼠软脑膜微血管内径、血流速度等微循环参数,采用激光多普勒血流量仪测定软脑膜血流量的变化.结果:正常对照组软脑膜细动脉和细静脉血管内径分别为(35.4±3.6)μm和(40.6±8.5)μm,UII组于滴加UII(10-7mol/L)后即刻细动脉和细静脉出现收缩,1 min时细动脉和细静脉收缩达到高峰,血管内径分别为(25.6±3.4)μm和(23.4±3.3)μm (与正常对照组比较,P均<0.05);细动、静脉内血流速度无明显变化(与正常对照组比较P均>0.05);软脑膜血流量于滴加UII(10-7mol/L)后1 min开始升高,5 min达到高峰(3.5±0.4 )PU 值,正常对照组(2.3±0.6)PU值(P<0.05).结论:UII可以使大鼠软脑膜微血管收缩,血流量增加.     

氢溴酸樟柳碱对离体大鼠颈总动脉的作用及机制研究

目的观察氢溴酸樟柳碱对离体大鼠颈总动脉的作用及相关机制。方法麻醉大鼠后,分离得到大鼠颈总动脉并制成血管环,采用离体血管环实验,观察氢溴酸樟柳碱在1×10~(-4)～5×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1)浓度范围内对KCl、苯肾上腺素(PHE)预收缩的内皮完整及去内皮血管环的作用;并观察预孵一氧化氮合酶抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)、不同的钾离子通道抑制剂格列本脲(Gly)、4-氨基吡啶(4-AP)、四乙基氯化铵(TEA)、BaCl_2对氢溴酸樟柳碱舒张血管环作用的影响;以2×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1)氢溴酸樟柳碱预孵血管环,观察其对以细胞内、外钙为收缩剂的血管收缩的作用,并探讨其舒张血管的机制。结果氢溴酸樟柳碱在体外1×10~(-4)～5×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1)浓度范围内能浓度依赖性舒张KCl和PHE预收缩的血管环,对KCl预收缩的血管环最大舒张幅度(Emax)为33. 97%±11. 53%,并在低浓度(1×10~(-4)～1×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1))收缩血管(P 0. 01,P 0. 05),对PHE预收缩的血管环的半数有效浓度为5. 61(3. 88,8. 10) mmol·L~(-1),Emax=47. 93%±18. 63%;对PHE预收缩的去内皮血管环,氢溴酸樟柳碱舒张血管的Emax无明显变化;而L-NAME、Gly、4-AP、TEA、BaCl_2对氢溴酸樟柳碱舒张PHE预收缩的血管环均无明显作用;在无Ca~(2+)溶液中,2×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1)氢溴酸樟柳碱可以显著增强PHE引起的血管环短暂收缩(P 0. 01)。结论氢溴酸樟柳碱能够在低浓度收缩离体大鼠颈总动脉环,并能浓度依赖性地舒张离体大鼠颈总动脉环,对血管的张力具有双向作用,且其机制与非内皮依赖途径及促肌浆网内钙释放相关。     

槲皮素舒张大鼠离体肾动脉及其与L-型电压依赖性钙通道和蛋白激酶C的关系

为了观察槲皮素对大鼠离体肾动脉的舒张作用,并探讨该作用与蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)的关系,本研究采用血管张力测定仪记录大鼠肾动脉肌张力变化,用膜片钳全细胞记录方式记录大鼠肾动脉血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC)L-型电压依赖性钙通道(L-type voltage-gated Ca~(2+) channels,LVGC)电流。实验结果显示,槲皮素能够舒张60 mmol/L KCl或1×10~(-5) mol/L苯肾上腺素(phenylephrine,PE)预收缩的大鼠肾动脉,其最大舒张百分比分别为(84.53±7.35)%和(76.42±4.63)%;血管内皮完整组和去内皮组肾动脉相比,槲皮素对预收缩肾动脉的最大舒张百分比没有显著性差异;预孵育PKC特异性抑制剂C6303可使槲皮素对肾动脉的最大舒张幅度降低,与未孵育C6303组相比具有统计学差异(P0.05);离体大鼠肾动脉VSMC的正常LVGC尖峰电流密度为(23.17±1.33)pA/pF,10μmol/L槲皮素可以降低其电流密度到(10.46±1.35)pA/pF,其抑制百分比为54.86%,1μmol/L C6303可部分逆转槲皮素对LVGC电流的降低幅度,其抑制百分比为62.08%(P0.05)。上述实验结果提示,槲皮素可舒张大鼠离体肾动脉,该作用具有浓度依赖性且不受内皮影响,可能与抑制LVGC和激活PKC有关。     

大鼠皮层扩散性抑制过程的在体内源光信号成像

皮层扩散性抑制(cortical spreading depression,CSD)是研究偏头痛、脑梗塞等疾病的一种重要病理模型.而CSD过程中伴随发生的皮层血液动力学变化目前尚不完全清楚.利用高分辨的内源光信号成像技术,在体观测了大鼠CSD产生和发展过程中540 nm及660 nm波长皮层反射内源光信号变化的时空动力学特征,分析讨论了引起这一内源光信号变化可能的内在生理机制.实验结果显示,CSD诱发的内源光信号变化呈现多时相的特点,其传播由刺激中心以同心圆的样式向周围扩散,速度约为(3.7±0.4) mm/min.对于540 nm,CSD引起了皮层反射光强的降低［幅度(－2.1±1.2)%, 持续时程(16.2±3.8)s］,升高 ［幅度(2.9±1.6)%, 持续时程(13.8±2.2)s］,再降低 ［幅度(－14.2±4.5)%, 持续时程(40.6±8.4)s］和再升高持续时程［(146.2±40.3)s］,同时观测到软脑膜动脉的大幅度舒张,血管管径变化峰值增大了(69.2±26.1)%.而对于660 nm, 内源光信号变化的时间特性在皮质区主要表现为反射光强的增大［幅度(3.8±0.6)%, 持续时程(17.9±5.1)s］,减小［幅度(－3.0±1.7)%, 持续时程(43.3±6.4)s］和稍后持续缓慢的光强增加.     

强啡肽抑制离体血管收缩效应的机制

用离体血管电场刺激收缩模型观察到强啡肽明显抑制电场刺激引起的兔耳中心动脉及兔肠系膜上动脉的收缩效应,且呈剂量反应关系,而对股动脉的电场刺激收缩反应无明显影响,强啡肽抑制血管收缩达50％时的用量(IC_(50)值)分别为8.5±1.2×10~(-6)mol/L、5.02±1.3×10~(-7)mol/L及>10~(-6)mol/L。 用药物分析法看到,酚妥拉明(10~(-6)mol/L)可取消电场刺激及去甲肾上腺素引起的血管收缩作用,而强啡肽仅抑制电场刺激致血管收缩作用。 用HPLC法测定孵育液中去甲肾上腺素的含量变化时看到,应用强啡肽(5×10~(-7)mol/L)后孵育液中去甲肾上腺素的含量从对照组的340.56±73.13pg/ml下降至67.91±10.26pg/ml,两组差别有极显著意义(P<0.01)。纳洛酮(10~(-6)mol/L)可完全拮抗强啡肽的这一抑制效应。 以上结果提示强啡肽可能通过抑制交感神经末梢释放去甲肾上腺素,从而产生抑制血管的收缩作用。     

核苷酸对ATP-敏感性钾通道开放剂吡那地尔舒血管效应的调节作用

目的: 在正常Wistar大鼠离体主动脉上,研究核苷酸类物质ATP,ADP,UDP,GTP及其代谢产物腺苷(Ade)对ATP敏感性钾通道(ATP-sensitive potassium channel,KATP)开放剂吡那地尔(pinacidil,Pin)舒血管效应的影响,以评价其对动脉平滑肌KATP功能的调节作用.方法: 大鼠离体主动脉去内皮血管环以核苷酸或核苷酸与格列本脲(Gli)孵育10 min后,再以KCl 20 mmol*L-1诱发收缩,观察Pin的血管舒张效应的变化.结果: 离体去内皮大鼠主动脉标本经ATP,ADP,UDP和GTP 4种核苷酸和Ade在100 μmol*L-1浓度下预孵育后,Pin舒血管作用发生变化:①ATP可减弱Pin对KATP的开放作用,但增强Gli对KATP的阻断作用.②ADP既减弱Pin对KATP的开放作用,又减弱Gli对KATP的阻断作用.③Ade对KATP功能的调节与ADP相似,既减弱Pin对KATP的开放作用,又减弱Gli对KATP的阻断作用.④UDP 100 μmol*L-1可增强Pin对KATP的开放作用,但减弱Gli对KATP的阻断作用.⑤GTP可增强Pin激活KATP开放的作用,但对Gli阻断KATP开放的作用无影响.结论: 不同的核苷酸和腺苷均可调节血管平滑肌KATP的功能,但其调节作用的药理学特征并不相同.     

急性低温/再复温对大鼠心室肌膜电位和钾电流的影响

本文旨在研究急性低温/再复温对大鼠心室肌膜电位和钾电流的影响.膜电位和膜电流分别在全细胞膜片钳的电压钳和电流钳模式下记录.当细胞外灌流液从25℃降低到4℃后,一过性外向电流(transient outward current, Ito)完全消失,膜电位为 60mV时的稳态外向K 电流(sustained outward K current, Iss)和膜电位为-120mV时的内向整流K 电流(inward rectifier K current, IK1)分别降低(48.5±14.1)%和(35.7±18.2)%,同时,膜电位绝对值降低.当细胞外灌流液从4℃再升高到36℃后,膜电位出现一过性超级化,然后恢复到静息电位水平;在58个细胞中,有36个细胞伴随复温出现ATP-敏感性K (ATP-sensitive K , KATP)通道的激活.再复温引起的上述变化可以被Na /K -ATP酶抑制剂哇巴因(100μmol/L)所抑制.再复温引起的KATP通道激活也能被蛋白激酶A抑制剂H-89(100μmol/L)所抑制.在细胞膜电位被钳制在0mV时,当细胞外灌流液温度从25℃降低到4℃后,细胞的体积没有发生明显改变,但当再复温引起KATP通道激活后,细胞很快发生皱缩,同时细胞内部出现许多折光较强的斑点.上述结果表明急性低温/再复温对大鼠心室肌膜电位和K 电流有明显影响,并提示KATP通道激活可能与心肌低温/再复温损伤有关.     

依他尼酸抑制小鼠气管平滑肌收缩北大核心CSCD

本研究旨在探讨依他尼酸(ethacrynic acid, EA)抑制气管平滑肌(airway smooth muscle, ASM)收缩的作用及其机制。利用BL-420S系统测量小鼠气管环张力,用全细胞膜片钳技术记录ASM细胞通道电流,用钙成像系统测量ASM细胞内Ca^2+浓度。结果显示,EA剂量依赖性地抑制高-K^+(80 mmol/L)和乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine, ACh, 100μmol/L)引起的小鼠气管环收缩,最大舒张百分比分别为(97.02±1.56)%和(85.21±0.03)%,半数有效浓度(median effective concentration, EC50)分别为(40.28±2.20)μmol/L和(56.22±7.62)μmol/L。EA分别降低高-K^+和ACh诱导的细胞内Ca^2+浓度,分别从0.40±0.04降到0.16±0.01,0.50±0.01降到0.39±0.01。此外,EA抑制ASM细胞L-型电压依赖钙通道(L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel,LVDCC)和钙库操纵的钙离子通道(store-operated calcium channel, SOCC)电流,以及高-K^+和ACh引起的外Ca^2+内流。同时,EA可以降低小鼠呼吸系统阻力(resistance of the respiratory system, Rrs)。以上结果提示,EA通过抑制小鼠ASM细胞LVDCC和SOCC,抑制Ca^2+的内流,降低细胞内Ca^2+浓度,导致ASM舒张,提示EA是一种潜在的支气管扩张剂。     

依他尼酸抑制小鼠气管平滑肌收缩

本研究旨在探讨依他尼酸(ethacrynic acid, EA)抑制气管平滑肌(airway smooth muscle, ASM)收缩的作用及其机制。利用BL-420S系统测量小鼠气管环张力,用全细胞膜片钳技术记录ASM细胞通道电流,用钙成像系统测量ASM细胞内Ca~(2+)浓度。结果显示,EA剂量依赖性地抑制高-K~+(80 mmol/L)和乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine, ACh, 100μmol/L)引起的小鼠气管环收缩,最大舒张百分比分别为(97.02±1.56)%和(85.21±0.03)%,半数有效浓度(median effective concentration, EC50)分别为(40.28±2.20)μmol/L和(56.22±7.62)μmol/L。EA分别降低高-K~+和ACh诱导的细胞内Ca~(2+)浓度,分别从0.40±0.04降到0.16±0.01,0.50±0.01降到0.39±0.01。此外,EA抑制ASM细胞L-型电压依赖钙通道(L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel,LVDCC)和钙库操纵的钙离子通道(store-operated calcium channel, SOCC)电流,以及高-K~+和ACh引起的外Ca~(2+)内流。同时,EA可以降低小鼠呼吸系统阻力(resistance of the respiratory system, Rrs)。以上结果提示,EA通过抑制小鼠ASM细胞LVDCC和SOCC,抑制Ca~(2+)的内流,降低细胞内Ca~(2+)浓度,导致ASM舒张,提示EA是一种潜在的支气管扩张剂。     

美皂异黄酮非内皮依赖性血管舒张作用及其机制

目的:探讨植物雌激素美皂异黄酮舒张血管的可能机制。方法:采用MedLab生物信号采集系统记录灌流大鼠胸主动脉环张力变化。结果:美皂异黄酮(10-9~10-4mol/L)对苯肾上腺素(PE,10-5mol/L)预收缩的内皮完整或去内皮血管环均产生浓度依赖性的舒张作用;美皂异黄酮对高浓度氯化钾(KCl,6×10-2mol/L)预收缩的血管环也产生浓度依赖性的舒张作用;四乙胺(TEA,5×10-3mol/L)或格列苯脲(3×10-6mol/L)预处理对美皂异黄酮诱导的去内皮动脉环舒张作用具有明显的抑制效应;在无钙液中,美皂异黄酮抑制PE引起的去内皮主动脉环的短暂收缩。结论:美皂异黄酮的非内皮依赖性血管舒张作用的机制可能涉及血管平滑肌细胞的Ca2+激活K+通道和ATP敏感性K+通道的激活,以及肌浆网内钙离子释放的减少。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.