真菌多聚半乳糖醛酸酶研究进展

真菌多聚半乳糖醛酸酶是降解植物细胞壁果胶的主要降解酶之一,是植物病原真菌的致病因子之一。文中对真菌多聚半乳糖醛酸酶及其序列特征、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的基因及其序列特征、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的表达调控以及与病原真菌致病力之间的关系等方面进行了综述。     

植物多聚半乳糖醛酸酶功能研究进展

综述了近年来多聚半乳糖醛酸酶 (PG)在果实软化、器官脱落、花粉授粉、种子发育、胁迫反应等中作用的研究进展 ,结合实验结果讨论了PG与乙烯的关系 ,以及PG在植物病害发生和逆境反应中的作用。分析了PG的多基因家族所表现出来的功能多样性     

胡萝卜抗冻蛋白失去PGIP家族抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的活性

含有LRR基序的胡萝卜抗冻蛋白虽然具有抗冻活性,但却属于植物PGIP家族。胡萝卜抗冻蛋白虽然在氨基酸序列上属于PGIP家族,但却失去了抑制外源真菌的PGase活性,并且获得了一个重要的活性——抑制冰晶的生长和重结晶。胡萝卜抗冻蛋白的这种活性的变化一直被认为是由于植物自身长期进化的结果,并认为最初的DcAFP也应当具有抑制PGase的活性。采用酵母双杂交来分析DcAFP是否还拥有PGIP的活性。通过RT-PCR克隆了真菌互格链格孢（Alternaria alternata）的PGase的cDNA,然后分别将PGase与DcAFP的完整编码框构建成酵母双杂交的捕获质粒和诱饵质粒,经过预实验表明两者都不能产生自激活作用,酵母双杂交实验表明两者不能产生相互作用,说明DcAFP完全失去了抑制PGase的活性,这种活性的丢失是由于位于6-螺旋上凹面的LRR基序中非保守的氨基酸残基发生了大量的碱性氨基酸的取代,导致结合的凹面从负电荷富集区变成了正电荷表面,从而不能通过静电作用与PGase的正电荷表面相结合。     

桃多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因的cDNA克隆及序列分析

以白粉桃成熟果实为材料,用Trizol法提取桃总RNA,根据已发表的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)基因的序列设计合成一对特异引物,经 RT-PCR 扩增出一条1 188 bp的目的片段,包括一个393个氨基酸组成的开放阅读框.通过TA克隆,把它连接到pGEM-T vector上.PCR、酶切鉴定后进行基因测序,结果表明所克隆的PG基因与GenBank中肥城桃PG基因序列(AF095577)同源性为98.65%,相应的氨基酸的同源性为97.46%,说明此片段为桃PG基因片段.     

辣椒多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因CaPG的克隆与序列分析

以耐贮辣椒品系P98为材料,采用RACE方法,首次获得辣椒果实多聚半乳糖醛酶(PG)基因的全长cDNA,命名为CaPG,登录号为FJ596175.序列分析结果表明,该基因cDNA长1 668 bp,5′非编码区为119 bp,3′非编码区为442 bp,CDS长1 107 bp,编码368个氨基酸.Blast比对发现,该基因核苷酸序列与已报道的番茄和番木瓜PG基因具有84%和85%的相似性.聚类分析表明,该基因与番茄和番木瓜的亲缘关系较近,与拟南芥PG基因的亲缘关系较远.     

甜瓜成熟期间多聚半乳糖醛酸酶与乙烯的变化和果实软化的关系…

内源乙烯在河套蜜瓜成熟之前就已产生,其含量上升先于呼吸跃变。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活力显著增加与果实软化平行相关,并与内源乙烯变化趋势一致。乙烯利处理后,该酶活力与乙烯生成量呈正相关。     

小麦多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白的部分结构

为了弄清小麦多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白 (polygalacturonase inhibitingprotein ,PGIP)的作用机制 ,并为其在基因工程中的应用提供依据 ,对其结构进行了研究 .用Edman降解法测得小麦PGIP的N端序列为Lys Pro Leu Leu Thr Lys Ile Thr Lys Gly Ala Ala Ser Thr .用CD谱研究其二级结构 ,发现小麦PGIP天然态含有 4 3 7%的 β折叠和 13 1%的α螺旋 .酸碱和温度变性引起了二级结构改变 .不完全变性阶段 ,二级结构的变化表现为α螺旋无明显变化 ,β折叠遭到破坏 ;活性完全丧失阶段 ,β折叠变化很小 ,α螺旋含量明显减少 .用NR R(非还原 还原 )双向对角线SDS PAGE鉴定出小麦PGIP含有链内二硫键 .用去糖基化法确证了小麦PGIP的糖含量为 2 2 %.小麦PGIP与双子叶植物PGIP相比 ,一级结构差异较大 ,同源性由 36 %变为 9%;二级结构相似 ,都是高 β 折叠的蛋白 ;均具有链内二硫键 ;在糖含量上也相似 .研究结果为进一步弄清小麦PGIP作用机理打下了基础 ,同时对于植物抗赤霉病基因工程具有重要意义 .     

贮藏温度和气体组成对苹果乙烯生物合成的影响

苹果果实贮藏在高变温条件下(10℃开始,以后降至0℃)的空气中,随着乙烯形成酶(EFE)和ACC合成酶活性的增高,果实内乙烯浓度迅速上升,ACC和MACC积累。低温(0℃)抑制乙烯生成,ACC和MACC也有积累,但保持较高的EFE,促进ACC合成酶不断上升。低温气调(CA)(3％CO_2,3％O_2)显著抑制乙烯生成和相应的酶活性。高变温情况下,先提高CO_2浓度至12％,然后,随温度变化CO_2降至6％,形成双变气调。双变气调对乙烯生物合成的抑制作用与CA相同。     

番茄果实中乙烯与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的关系

乙烯与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)都是果实成熟过程中关键的调节因子.一方面,在有乙烯合成缺陷的转反义ACS番茄和乙烯感受缺陷的Nr突变体番茄果实中PG基因表达量都明显下降,PG酶活性明显降低;用外源乙烯(100 μL/L)处理绿熟期番茄果实使PG基因的表达明显增强,而1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP,1 μL/L)处理转色期番茄果实明显抑制PG基因表达.另一方面,转反义PG基因番茄果实乙烯释放量在授粉后低于其野生型,番茄乙烯受体基因LeETR4和乙烯反应因子LeERF2基因表达量比野生种低.PG降解果胶的产物D-GA(100 mg/L)促进未熟期番茄果实中的乙烯生成和LeETR4、LeERF2基因的表达.     

Storage of Tomatoes in Low Oxygen Atmospheres Inhibits Ethylene Action and Polygalacturonase Activity

The effect of low concentrations of O₂ (1%) with or without the application of exogenous ethylene (10 l/l) on the production of endogenous ethylene, the activity of polygalacturonase (PG), and the ripening of tomato fruits during storage for three weeks at 20°C and four weeks at 10°C, followed by one week under ambient conditions (25°C) was studied. The internal ethylene concentration in the fruits stored under low O₂ at 10 or 20°C was low during storage and increased only when fruits were transferred to ambient conditions. The application of exogenous ethylene to fruits stored under low O₂ at 10 or 20°C did not induce autocatalytic ethylene synthesis. By contrast, the internal ethylene concentration of fruits stored in air was high at 20°C and somewhat lower at 10°C. Under low O₂ conditions, PG activity was low and the fruits remained firm and green throughout storage, whereas, during storage in the air, PG activity increased and the fruits softened and developed their characteristic red color.     

Polygalacturonase, Pectate Lyase and Pectin Methylesterase Activity in Pathogenic Strains of Phytophthora capsici Incubated under Different Conditions

Pectolytic enzymes are found mainly in fungi and bacteria. The most widely occurring enzymes are polygalacturonase (PGs), pectin methylesterase (PMEs) and pectate lyase (PLs) produced during the infection process and during culturing. The secretion of these enzymes results in the disorganization of the plant cell walls, which is responsible for the pathogenicity of the pathogens. These enzymes degrade the pectin of plants causing maceration of plant tissues and the enzyme activity increases under favourable environmental conditions. We have found that Phytophthora capsici , a pathogenic oomycete, produces levels of these three enzymes equal to those produced by soft-rotting Erwinia chrysanthemi . The activity of PGs, PLs and PMEs was investigated at the optimum temperature, pH and ionic strength in highly pathogenic P. capsici strains cultivated in two kinds of liquid medium containing either crude pepper extracts plus pectin or pectin as the carbon source. Virulence tests and enzymes activity showed that there was a high correlation between the enzyme activity and the pathogenicity of P. capsici . The effects of different carbon sources on the enzyme activity showed that pepper extract plus pectin was the best source for the carbon source.     

苹果双变气调贮藏

苹果双变气调贮藏(TDCA)是在产地简易气调贮藏基础上,总结发展形成的一项新的理论与技术。与传统气调不同,TDCA贮藏初期采用较高温度(10℃或更高),高CO_2(10％以上),并在贮藏期间变动,由高到低。对比试验证明,TDCA贮藏效果优于冷藏,与气调相近。其生理机制在于显著抑制呼吸作用;抑制乙烯的生成和催熟作用,减弱叶绿素和原果胶分解;保持果实色泽和硬度,抑制虎皮病的发生。初步确定的双变模式在生产上应用获得良好效益。同时还讨论了贮藏期间温度和气体成分变动之间相互依赖的辨证关系以及环境因子变动的合理性。     

一氧化氮处理对香蕉多聚半乳糖醛酸酶及MaPGs基因表达的影响

为了解多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）在香蕉采后软化中的分子调控机制,采用40 μL/L NO熏蒸处理绿熟期的‘巴西’香蕉果实3 h后,在20℃和相对湿度为85%的条件下贮藏,研究NO对香蕉果实乙烯释放量、硬度、PG活性及MaPGs基因表达的影响。结果表明：NO处理降低了果实乙烯释放量,延缓了果实硬度的下降,抑制了PG的活性;降低了MaPG2、MaPG3和MaPG4基因的表达,延缓了香蕉果实的软化。     

Effect of the Calcium on Polygalacturonase (PG) Activity and Synthesis at Different Ripening Stages of Tomato Fruits

It has been reported that PG is a key enzyme related to the tomato fruit ripening and that the application of calcium can dramatically decrease the PG activity and delay the ripening of fruits. In this paper the effects of calcium treament at various ripening stages on the transformation of absorbed calcium, PG activity and PG synthesis in tomato fruits were studicd. According to the analysis of calcium by atomic absorption spectroscopy, it was shown that the soluble and total calcium contents in pericarp of fruits treated with calcium at mature-green stage were increased significantly, and that more soluble calcium was transformed into bound calcium. Both the absorption and transformation of calcium decreased in fruits treated with calcium at later stage of ripening. The inhibition of calcium on PG activity was most effective by treatment at mature-green stage, but less effective at later stage of ripening. One reason for the decrease of calcium inhibition was probably due to the decline of calcium absorption as fruit ripening. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of PG showed that PG with a molecular weight of 46.7 kD was absent in mature-green fruits, and PG synthesis occurred only at the later stage of ripening. It seems that the earlier the treatment was done the more effective of the calcium inhibition of PG synthesis. Based on the above results, it was concluded that the PG plays a major role in ripening and senescence of tomato fruits, and both PG synthesis and its activity were inhibited by calcium. In order to delay the ripening and senescence of tomato fruits, the treatment with calcium should be done at mature-green stage.     

高温对苹果花粉在花柱内萌发和生长的影响

以‘长富2号’红富士苹果为母本,‘红星’苹果为父本,研究35℃高温对苹果花粉在花柱内萌发和生长的影响。结果表明：温度影响花粉在柱头和花柱内的萌发及生长,与对照相比,高温促进花粉在柱头表面快速萌发,并加速花粉管在花柱内的伸长生长,但是在授粉72hN,高温处理下培养的花粉管形态出现花粉管变粗、弯曲并有瘤状小结的异化现象,同时,花柱发生褐变,并产生胼胝质,最终导致花粉管不能进入胚珠完成受精。     

苹果和葡萄果实蛋白激酶特性分析

以组蛋白Ⅲ S作苹果和葡萄果肉蛋白激酶制剂底物时 ,反应体系中加EGTA可抑制蛋白激酶活性 ,而加Ca2 可激活蛋白激酶的活性 ,表明苹果和葡萄果实中有依赖钙的蛋白激酶存在。而且 ,葡萄果实微粒体蛋白激酶呈热稳定性 ,苹果果实微粒体蛋白激酶对热敏感。以髓鞘碱性蛋白 (MBP)作底物 ,在苹果和葡萄果实微粒体中都检测出很高的蛋白激酶活性 ,并且不依赖于钙 ,说明苹果和葡萄果实中可能有分裂原激活的蛋白激酶 (MAP激酶 )的存在。苹果和葡萄果实MAP激酶的活性都表现出对二价阳离子Mg2 或Mn2 的依赖 ,并对高温处理表现出了激活效应     

番茄多聚半乳糖醛酸酶cDNA的克隆及其对番茄中PG表达的反义抑制

通过PCR扩增获得了包含多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)全部阅读框架的1.5kb cDNA,经限制酶酶谱和部分序列分析鉴定无误后,将其以反方向插入含两个增强子的35s启动子和Nos3＇端之间,构建成表达PG反义RNA的双元载体,经农杆菌途径转化番茄品种“丽春”,获得了60株抗卡那霉素再生植株,经PCR检测,证明有2／3的再生植株有外源PG基因导入,成熟果实的PG粗提液的SDS—PAGE分析表明：若干株系中PG蛋白量较对照有不同程度的下降。PG活性亦同步下降,其中一个株系3^＃,PG酶活下降了93%。这些结果表明外源PG基因的反方向导入有效地抑制了内源PG基因的表达。