镉胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗内源一氧化氮和活性氧的生成

以"甘农三号"紫花苜蓿幼苗为材料,在水培条件下,研究了不同浓度镉(Cd)胁迫下紫花苜蓿根、茎和叶内源一氧化氮(NO)和活性氧(ROS)的生成机制以及根系活力的变化.结果表明:在0~2.0 mmol·L-1范围内,随着Cd浓度的增加,幼苗内NO含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,最后可维持在略高或持平于对照的水平.幼苗内一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、亚硝酸根离子(NO2-)含量和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量的变化与NO含量变化规律相似却又不全相同.NOS和NR是影响幼苗茎中NO含量的主要因素,NOS、NO2-和NR则是影响叶中NO含量的主要因素,而根中NO含量主要与NOS活性和NO2-含量有较大相关性.随着Cd浓度的增加,幼苗内过氧化氢(H2 O2)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧阴离子(O-2·)含量和相对电导率(REC)呈现显著升高趋势,说明高浓度的Cd处理会使ROS大量积累,细胞膜遭破坏,细胞质外流,进而引发膜脂过氧化.随着Cd浓度的增加,紫花苜蓿根系活力的变化为先升高后降低,指示了低浓度Cd处理会促进植物代谢,增强其生命力;而高浓度Cd会致使植株代谢受抑制,细胞受损害.NO和ROS的相关性不大,说明二者虽同为自由基,但它们产生和变化方式大有差别.     

一氧化氮对渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发及其活性氧代谢的影响

一氧化氮供体硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)能明显地促进渗透胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种子萌发、胚根和胚芽伸长,提高萌发过程中淀粉酶和内肽酶的活力,加速贮藏物质的降解：胁迫解除后,仍能使种子维持较高的活力。此外,SNP还能显著诱导渗透胁迫下CAT、APX活力的上升和脯氨酸含量积累,抑制LOX活力,从而提高渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发过程中抗氧化能力。进一步研究还发现,SNP诱导切胚半粒小麦种子萌发早期(6h)的淀粉酶活力上升可能与GA3无直接关系。     

铅胁迫下三叶鬼针草内源一氧化氮的生成及其对氧化损伤的缓解效应

对不同浓度铅(Pb)胁迫下三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)叶、茎和根中内源一氧化氮(NO)和活性氧(ROS)的生成机制及根系活力的变化,内源NO对Pb胁迫下三叶鬼针草幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应进行了研究。结果显示,在0~1000 mg/L范围内,随着Pb浓度的增加,叶片中NO含量呈升高趋势,根中NO含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,但仍高于对照,Pb浓度在0~400 mg/L范围内,茎中NO含量与对照持平,Pb浓度大于600 mg/L时,茎中NO含量低于对照;600 mg/L Pb处理能显著增强叶、茎和根中一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,显著增加叶和茎中亚硝酸根离子(NO_2~-)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量,NOS、NR、NO_2~-和Car均能促进叶片中内源NO的生成,NOS是根中内源NO生成的主要途径。Pb胁迫使超氧阴离子(O_2~(·-))产生速率、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率(REC)显著升高,从而造成幼苗严重的膜脂过氧化损伤,而胁迫诱发产生的NO能降低根中ROS的产生,促进幼苗根系活力,进而缓解胁迫造成的膜脂过氧化损伤。     

一氧化氮对渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发及其活性氧代谢的影响

一氧化氮供体硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)能明显地促进渗透胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种子萌发、胚根和胚芽伸长,提高萌发过程中淀粉酶和内肽酶的活力,加速贮藏物质的降解;胁迫解除后,仍能使种子维持较高的活力.此外,SNP还能显著诱导渗透胁迫下CAT、APX活力的上升和脯氨酸含量积累,抑制LOX活力,从而提高渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发过程中抗氧化能力.进一步研究还发现,SNP诱导切胚半粒小麦种子萌发早期(6h)的淀粉酶活力上升可能与GA3无直接关系.     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响

采用营养液水培的方法,研究了外源一氧化氮（Nitricoxide,NO）对50mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响。结果表明：10～4001μmol·L^-1 NO供体硝普钠（Sodium nitroprusside,SNP）能显著缓解NaCl胁迫对黄瓜植株造成的伤害,100μmol·L^-1 SNP缓解效果最好,可提高幼苗的生长量,增强幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性,提高了叶片叶绿素和脯氨酸（Pro）含量、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（n）及气孔导度（Gs）;降低了叶片丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（H2O2）的含量、超氧阴离子（O2^-）的产生速率、质膜透性和胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）。     

外源一氧化氮对镉胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响

镉是植物生长的非必需元素,它具有很大的生物毒性,与其它重金属相比,更易被植物吸收积累。通过采用营养液水培试验的方法,研究了外源一氧化氮（Nitric oxide,NO）对不同浓度Cd^2＋（100μmol L^-1．300μmol L^-1,500μmol L^-1）胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶片光合特性以及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明：300μmol L^-1NO供体硝普钠（Sodium nitrop russide,SNP）能显著缓解镉胁迫时黄瓜植株造成的伤害,对300μmol L^-1 Cd^2＋处理的黄瓜幼苗缓解效果最好,可提高幼苗的生长量,增强幼苗叶片超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性;提高了叶片叶绿素和脯氨酸（Pro）含量;降低了叶片内二醛（MDA）含量。     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响

采用营养液水培的方法,研究了外源一氧化氮（Nitric oxide, NO）对50mmol•L^-1NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响。结果表明：10~400μmol•L^-1 NO供体硝普钠（Sodium nitroprusside, SNP）能显著缓解NaCl胁迫对黄瓜植株造成的伤害,100μmol•L^-1 SNP缓解效果最好,可提高幼苗的生长量,增强幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性,提高了叶片叶绿素和脯氨酸（Pro）含量、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）及气孔导度（Gs）;降低了叶片丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的含量、超氧阴离子（O^•-₂）的产生速率、质膜透性和胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）。     

外源NO对盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗活性氧代谢、多胺含量和光合作用的影响

采用溶液培养法研究了外源一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)对100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、活性氧代谢、多胺含量和光合作用的影响。结果表明,50 μmol·L^-1 SNP显著提高盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、精胺(Spm)、亚精胺(Spd)含量和(Spm+Spd)/Put比值,降低了腐胺(Put)、超氧阴离子(O^—·₂)、H₂O₂和丙二醛(MDA)含量,使幼苗叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s)升高,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)下降,相对生长量增加。叶绿素荧光动力学资料显示,SNP处理降低盐胁迫下黑麦草叶片的初始荧光(F₀),表明它对光合膜系统具有保护效应。SNP处理不仅提高了盐胁迫下叶片的最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(F_v/F₀)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m),而且提高了PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(q_P)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学速率(PCR),降低了非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)和天线热耗散(D),而1 mmol·L^-1 NO清除剂PTIO和0.5 μmol·L^-1 NaNO₂处理(对照)则无此效应。由此表明,外源NO可能通过提高植株的抗氧化能力及光能的捕获与转换而增强盐胁迫下黑麦草叶片的光合能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

干旱胁迫对小麦旗叶活性氧代谢及灌浆速率的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了干旱胁迫对小麦旗叶活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明,小麦旗叶内H2O2和O-·2水平随干旱胁迫的加剧和衰老进程的加快而逐渐升高,活性氧清除系统中的SOD和CAT活性逐渐下降,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高,导致叶片内可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量下降,是干旱胁迫造成对籽粒产量贡献较大的旗叶伤害的主要原因之一,从而导致穗粒重下降.     

盐胁迫下不同葡萄砧木的渗透调节及抗氧化能力

该研究以13种葡萄砧木品种为材料,采用盆栽试验用100 mmol/L NaCl的1/2 Hoaglands营养液浇灌处理,以葡萄砧木无盐胁迫为对照,待砧木长至20片完全展开叶后测定各品种叶片的相对电导率、渗透调节物质含量、MDA含量、活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性等指标,探究不同葡萄砧木耐盐能力及其机制。结果显示：(1)至盐胁迫处理结束时,葡萄砧木 ‘188 08’、‘3309C’、‘140R’的处理组叶片近乎完全脱落,‘贝达’、‘5BB’、‘Dogridge’有少部分叶片脱落,而‘101 14’和‘110R’叶枯现象最少。(2)盐胁迫条件下,耐盐性较差的品种‘3309C’和‘140R’叶片相对电导率均大于90%,而耐盐性较强的品种‘101 14’和‘110R’的叶片相对电导率在60%左右;随着盐胁迫处理天数的增加,‘110R’的MDA含量呈明显的上升趋势。(3)盐胁迫条件下,耐盐性较强的品种‘101 14’和‘110R’积累了较多的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸等渗透调节物质,而耐盐性弱的品种‘3309C’则积累了较多的活性氧,引起明显的脂膜过氧化,严重影响砧木的正常代谢。(4)在盐胁迫条件下,耐盐品种‘101 14’的SOD、POD等抗氧化酶活性显著提高,有效清除体内过量的活性氧,从而维持细胞膜的稳定性。研究发现,葡萄砧木品种‘101 14’、‘110R’在盐胁迫下能积极积累较多渗透调节物质,增强自身抗氧化酶活性,表现出较强的渗透调节和抗氧化能力,有效抵御盐胁迫造成的伤害,可作为西北盐渍化地区葡萄栽培的砧木品种。     

Proteome analysis of soybean leaves,hypocotyls and roots under salt stress

Background  

Salinity is one of the most widespread agricultural problems in arid and semi-arid regions that makes fields unproductive, and soil salinization is a serious problem in the entire world. To determine the effects of salt stress on soybean seedlings, a proteomic technique was used.     

Homocysteine altered ROS generation and NO accumulation in endothelial cells

Mild hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for vascular disease and is closely associated with endothelial dysfunction. Oxidative stress and decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability were reported in HHcy-induced vascular injury; however, the exact relationship is not understood. We thus directly determine the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO in cultured endothelial cells (HUVECs) to demonstrate the correlated variation between ROS and NO induced by Hcy (homocysteine), Cys (cysteine), another thiol compound, and Met (methionine), precursor of HHcy in animal study. HUVECs were treated with Hcy, Cys, or Met for 0.5 or 22-24 h; ROS generation was detected by DCF fluorescence with flow cytometry and NO by chemiluminescence. In non-cytotoxic (<1.0 mM) concentration ranges, Met exerted no effects on either ROS production or NO concentration, Cys decreased ROS production and increased NO in both short-term (0.5 h) and long-term (22-24 h) treatments; Hcy, however, induced a biphasic effect on ROS production, i.e., inhibitory at 0.5 h but stimulatory at 24 h. The maximal stimulation by Hcy (0.25 mM) was significantly reduced by co-incubation (12 h) with estrogen (1 microM). Hcy caused an early (0.5 h) increase of medium NO which was absent in long-term Hcy treatment. The oxidative stress caused by long-term Hcy incubation could be ameliorated by estrogen, consistent with earlier in vivo observations that estrogen prevents HHcy-induced injury.     

Unravelling how plants benefit from ROS and NO reactions,while resisting oxidative stress

Background and Aims Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide (NO), play crucial roles in the signal transduction pathways that regulate plant growth, development and defence responses, providing a nexus of reduction/oxidation (redox) control that impacts on nearly every aspect of plant biology. Here we summarize current knowledge and concepts that lay the foundations of a new vision for ROS/RNS functions – particularly through signalling hubs – for the next decade.Scope Plants have mastered the art of redox control using ROS and RNS as secondary messengers to regulate a diverse range of protein functions through redox-based, post-translational modifications that act as regulators of molecular master-switches. Much current focus concerns the impact of this regulation on local and systemic signalling pathways, as well as understanding how such reactive molecules can be effectively used in the control of plant growth and stress responses.Conclusions The spectre of oxidative stress still overshadows much of our current philosophy and understanding of ROS and RNS functions. While many questions remain to be addressed – for example regarding inter-organellar regulation and communication, the control of hypoxia and how ROS/RNS signalling is used in plant cells, not only to trigger acclimation responses but also to create molecular memories of stress – it is clear that ROS and RNS function as vital signals of living cells.     

Fine-scale genetic structure of grape phylloxera from the roots and leaves of Vitis

Patterns of variation at microsatellite loci suggest that root populations of the pest grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) are largely parthenogenetic in Australian vineyards. To investigate reproduction in leaf galling phylloxera and the association between these individuals and phylloxera on roots, we examined in detail genetic variation in phylloxera from a vineyard block. Some genotypes found on leaf galls within this block were not present on roots, whereas others spanned both zones. There was no evidence that genotypes on roots were the product of sexual reproduction in leaf galls. mtDNA variation was not associated with the location of the phylloxera clones. The spatial distribution of genotypes within a root population was further investigated by intensively sampling phylloxera from another vineyard block. Join-count spatial autocorrelation statistics were used to explore fine-scale spatial structure. Clones were nonrandomly distributed within the block and there was evidence that the distribution of clones followed rows. These findings suggest firstly that there is limited dispersal of root and leaf feeding phylloxera, and secondly that factors, other than vine host, are likely to be important and contribute to clonal structure within populations.     

Silicon effects on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of peanut under aluminum stress

Silicon (Si) can enhance plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, but little is known of its possible alleviation of aluminum (Al) stress. In this study, we find out how Si may mediate Al stress based on changes in root morphological parameters, biomass, physiological attributes and concentrations of Al and Si in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L., cv. Zhongkaihua 99). The peanut was raised with (80 mg L^?1) or without Si in the growth chamber under 0 and toxic Al (160 mg L^?1) levels. Aluminum stress reduced the root dry weight by 52.4 %, shoot dry weight by 33.9 % and root-to-shoot ratio (R/S) by 28.8 %. However, it increased the activities of catalase in leaves and roots by as much as 161.6 and 149.0 %, superoxide dismutase by 141.7 and 147.0 %, and peroxidases by 62.0 and 64.1 %. The Si-treated peanut suffered less from Al stress through improvements in photosynthesis, biomass and R/S. The malondialdehyde, an index of membrane damage decreased significantly by 26.0 and 28.2 % in peanut leaf and root with silicon application under Al toxicity. For the peanut treated with Al, tissue concentration of Al increased by 371.5 % in the root, 20.9 % in the stem and 37.8 % in the leaf, much of the uptake was partitioned to the root. These concentrations decreased by 40.7, 5.3 and 25.6 %, respectively, following Si application.     

外源一氧化氮对低温胁迫下枇杷叶片AsA-GSH循环的影响

采用0.2、0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L^-1的硝普钠(SNP)处理3年生‘早钟6号’枇杷幼苗,以喷清水为对照(CK),于-3 ℃低温胁迫处理6 h后在25 ℃下培养4 d,测定恢复0、1和4 d时叶片非酶抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明：与CK相比,经SNP处理的枇杷叶片过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量降低,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)活性升高.低温处理后恢复4 d时,经0.5 mmol·L^-1 SNP处理的枇杷叶片H₂O₂含量下降至CK的75.3%,而GSH和AsA含量分别比CK增加了29.12%和23.40%,APX、GR、DHAR和MDAR活性分别比CK增加了50.0%、44.4%、49.53%和62.68%.适当的外源NO处理可提高枇杷叶片的抗氧化系统活性,减轻细胞在低温胁迫下的损伤,其中以0.5 mmol·L^-1的SNP处理效果较理想.     

Mitochondrial uncoupling,ROS generation and cardioprotection

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is incompletely coupled, since protons translocated to the intermembrane space by specific respiratory complexes of the electron transport chain can return to the mitochondrial matrix independently of the ATP synthase —a process known as proton leak— generating heat instead of ATP. Proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane increases the respiration rate and decreases the electrochemical proton gradient (Δp), and is an important mechanism for energy dissipation that accounts for up to 25% of the basal metabolic rate. It is well established that mitochondrial superoxide production is steeply dependent on Δp in isolated mitochondria and, correspondingly, mitochondrial uncoupling has been identified as a cytoprotective strategy under conditions of oxidative stress, including diabetes, drug-resistance in tumor cells, ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury or aging. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are able to lower the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and are involved in the control of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. There is strong evidence that UCP2 and UCP3, the UCP1 homologues expressed in the heart, protect against mitochondrial oxidative damage by reducing the production of ROS. This review first analyzes the relationship between mitochondrial proton leak and ROS generation, and then focuses on the cardioprotective role of chemical uncoupling and uncoupling mediated by UCPs. This includes their protective effects against cardiac IR, a condition known to increase ROS production, and their roles in modulating cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis.