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1.
Shinsuke Morioka Phonaphet Chanthasone Phoutsamone Phommachan Bounsong Vongvichith 《Ichthyological Research》2012,59(1):53-62
Morphological development, including the body proportions, fins, pigmentation and labyrinth organ, in laboratory-hatched larval
and juvenile three-spot gourami Trichogaster trichopterus was described. In addition, some wild larval and juvenile specimens were observed for comparison. Body lengths of larvae
and juveniles were 2.5 ± 0.1 mm just after hatching (day 0) and 9.2 ± 1.4 mm on day 22, reaching 20.4 ± 5.0 mm on day 40.
Aggregate fin ray numbers attained their full complements in juveniles >11.9 mm BL. Preflexion larvae started feeding on day
3 following upper and lower jaw formation, the yolk being completely absorbed by day 11. Subsequently, oblong conical teeth
appeared in postflexion larvae >6.4 mm BL (day 13). Melanophores on the body increased with growth, and a large spot started
forming at the caudal margin of the body in flexion postlarvae >6.7 mm BL, followed by a second large spot positioned posteriorly
on the midline in postflexion larvae >8.6 mm BL. The labyrinth organ differentiated in postflexion larvae >7.9 mm BL (day
19). For eye diameter and the first soft fin ray of pelvic fin length, the proportions in laboratory-reared specimens were
smaller than those in wild specimens in 18.5–24.5 mm BL. The pigmentation pattern of laboratory-reared fish did not distinctively
differ from that in the wild ones. Comparisons with larval and juvenile morphology of a congener T. pectoralis revealed several distinct differences, particularly in the numbers of myomeres, pigmentations and the proportional length
of the first soft fin ray of the pelvic fin. 相似文献
2.
Shinsuke Morioka Sayaka Ito Shoji Kitamura Bounsong Vongvichith 《Ichthyological Research》2009,56(2):162-171
Morphological development, including fin and labyrinth organ, body proportions and pigmentation, in laboratory-reared larval
and juvenile climbing perch Anabas testudineus was described and behavioral features under rearing condition were observed. Body lengths (BL) of larvae and juveniles were
1.9 ± 0.1 (mean ± SD) mm just after hatching (day-0), 8.7 ± 1.3 mm on day-19, reaching 18.4 ± 2.1 mm on day-35 after hatching.
Aggregate fin ray numbers attained full complements in juveniles larger than 8.3 mm BL. Preflexion larvae started feeding
on day-2 following formation of the upper and lower jaws, the yolk being completely absorbed by day-7 after hatching. Teeth
appeared in flexion larvae larger than 5 mm BL on day-6, with cannibalism starting shortly after and continuing with further
growth. Melanophores on the body increased with growth, a large dark spot developing on the lateral midline around caudal
margin of the body in the postflexion and juvenile stages. The labyrinth organ differentiated in postflexion larvae larger
than 7.2 mm BL on day-16, with air-breathing starting at the same time. Body proportions attained constant in postflexion
larvae larger than 7.0 mm BL, and habitat of fish shifted from bottom to mid-layer. With the exception of fin ray numbers,
the above morphological developments corresponded to behavioral shifts that occurred in the postflexion stage (ca. 7 mm BL),
their subsequent continuity illustrating that the species possessed most juvenile-equivalent functions from ca. 7 mm BL. 相似文献
3.
Morphological development in laboratory-reared larval and juvenile Hemibagrus filamentus, and behavioral features observed under rearing conditions are described. Body lengths (BL) of larvae and juveniles were
3.8 ± 0.2 (mean ± SD) mm just after hatching and 11.7 ± 1.6 mm on day 15, reaching 26.5 ± 5.4 mm on day 30 after hatching.
Aggregate fin ray numbers (for caudal fin, except for procurrent rays) attained full complements in specimens larger than
12.9 mm BL. A maxillary barbel bud appeared on day 0, and all larvae initiated feeding on day 3 with the development of mandibular
barbels and conical teeth. Pectoral fin buds and primordial nostrils were present on day 1. Notochord flexion began on day 3,
and the yolk was completely absorbed by day 4. Melanophores were scarce at hatching, but increased with growth to cover almost
the entire body except the ventral surface of the head and body. Body proportions became relatively constant in juveniles,
excepting maxillary barbel length that continued to increase, reaching over 40% BL. Fish were negatively phototactic from
day 1. Cannibalism was observed from day 6, continuing to the juvenile stage. 相似文献
4.
Shinsuke Morioka Kosuke Sano Phoutsamone Phommachan Bounsong Vongvichith 《Ichthyological Research》2010,57(2):139-147
The morphological development, including the fins, body proportions and pigmentation, of laboratory-reared larval and juvenile
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was described and their behavioral features were observed under rearing conditions. Body lengths (BL) of larvae and juveniles
were 3.0 ± 0.2 (mean ± SD) mm just after hatching, and 12.9 ± 1.1 mm on day 13, reaching 23.4 ± 1.8 mm on day 25 after hatching.
Aggregate fin ray numbers (for caudal fin, principal soft ray number) attained their full complements in specimens larger
than 12.8 mm BL. Notochord flexion began in yolksac larvae on day 0 (10.5 h after hatching), with teeth buds and barbels appearing
with jaw formation in yolksac flexion larvae on day 1. Melanophores on the body increased with growth, with a broad vertical
band forming on the lateral line and an oblique band extending from above the pectoral fin base towards the forepart of the
anal fin during the postflexion larval and juvenile stages. Body proportions became relatively constant in juveniles, except
for maxillary barbel length (MBL), which continued to decrease. Yolksac flexion larvae started feeding on day 2 with the onset
of intense cannibalism. Yolks were completely absorbed by day 3, and cannibalism ended by day 6. Subsequently, fish displayed
a schooling behavior with growth, preferring relatively dark areas during the juvenile stage. 相似文献
5.
Shinsuke Morioka Bounsong Vongvichith Phoutsamone Phommachan Phonaphet Chantasone 《Ichthyological Research》2013,60(1):16-25
Morphological development in laboratory-reared larval and juvenile bighead catfish Clarias macrocephalus is described. Body length (BL) of larvae and juveniles was 3.4 ± 0.3 (mean ± SD) mm just after hatching, reaching 11.3 ± 1.0 mm by day 16, and 24.2 ± 2.8 mm by day 40. Overall aggregate fin ray numbers (except for caudal fin procurrent rays) attained full complements by 15.2 mm BL. Gill buds appeared on day 0, those of barbels (four pairs) and primordial nostrils on day 1, and pectoral fins on day 3. All larvae began feeding by day 3. Conical teeth were observed on day 7. Notochord flexion began on day 2, the yolk being completely absorbed during days 7–9. Melanophores were scarce at hatching, increasing with growth to cover almost the entire body except the ventral surface of the abdominal cavity. Proportions of head length, pre-anal length, body depth, eye diameter, and maxillary barbel length became relatively constant after yolk absorption, those of snout length and upper jaw length increasing until ca. 12–13 mm BL and decreasing thereafter. Suprabranchial organ started developing in postflexion larval stage larger than ca. 11.0 mm BL (day 16), and air-breathing was suggested to be functional at that time. 相似文献
6.
Yuka Ogata Shinsuke Morioka Kosuke Sano Bounsong Vongvichith Hiroki Eda Hisashi Kurokura Thongkhoun Khonglaliane 《Ichthyological Research》2010,57(4):389-397
The morphological development, including the pigmentation, body proportions, fins, and survival rate for 30 days after hatching, of laboratory-reared larval and juvenile Hypsibarbus malcolmi is described. Body lengths (BL) of larvae and juveniles were 2.0 ± 0.2 (mean ± SD) mm at 1 h after hatching (day 0) and 9.2 ± 0.6 mm on day 16, reaching 12.1 ± 0.9 mm on day 30. Yolk volume decreased linearly, with the yolk being completely absorbed by day 3 in all preflexion larvae (all specimens >3.2 mm BL). Feeding was observed on day 2 in fish which had rapidly undergone complete yolk absorption following mouth and anus opening on day 1, and on day 3 in all remaining fish. Myomere numbers were 20–21 + 11–12 = 31–33, although they were not clearly visible in juveniles. Melanophores were few on the body during days 0–2, but increased with growth and covered the entire upper dorsal body surface during the juvenile stage. Body proportions tended to become constant in juveniles. Notochord flexion began in larvae >5.2 mm BL on day 8, and was completed in larvae >8.4 mm BL on day 14. Specimens with full fin ray complements were initially observed on day 22 (10.4 mm BL in juveniles). All specimens >11.5 mm BL had attained the juvenile stage. A high survival rate of 92.7% was estimated on day 30. 相似文献
7.
We investigated the size at maturation, breeding season, and morphological development of larvae and juveniles of a freshwater
pipefish Microphis leiaspis, which belongs to Gastrophori, collected from three rivers on the northern part of Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. The minimum
size of brooding males was 105–123 mm in standard length (SL). The smallest mature female was estimated to be ca. 130 mm SL
from the analysis of gonadosomatic index (GSI) and histological observations of gonads. The breeding season was estimated
to be from June to December according to monthly changes in female GSI, histological observations of gonads, and monthly changes
in the occurrence of brooding males. The number of eggs in the male brood pouch ranged from 75 to 241 (mean ± SD: 152 ± 52,
n = 22). The male releases newly hatched larvae in freshwater areas. After newborns grow in the sea, they return to freshwater
areas of the rivers and attain maturity. Microphis leiaspis was conformed to have an amphidromous life history. Notochord length of the released larvae was 6.1 mm, with a well-developed
finfold. Larvae attained 11.1 mm SL, formation of the caudal and dorsal fin rays was complete, and the caudal fin became lozenge
shaped at 30 days after the release, and juveniles reached 36.0 mm SL at 63 days after release. In the period between 30 and
63 days after the release, formation of all fins except the pectoral fins was completed, and caudal fin rays were extended
and sector shaped with deep slits between each fin ray. The morphology of the released larvae of M. leiaspis is similar to that of Gastrophori species, and the morphology of juveniles similar to other species of Microphis. 相似文献
8.
Early life stages of Artedidraco skottsbergi and A. shackletoni were collected off Adélie Land. The morphology and pigmentation pattern of nine larvae and juveniles of A. skottsbergi between 17.2 and 21.4 mm in standard length (SL), and of two juveniles of A. shackletoni measuring 25.1 mm SL were described. A. skottsbergi was characterized by a heavily pigmented body, except for the caudal peduncle, with distinctively dense pigmentation on the
ventrolateral half of the body and caudal section (17.2–17.9 mm SL). Furthermore, they had no pigmentation on the pectoral
fin base until they attained 21.4 mm SL. Juvenile A. shackletoni had a heavily pigmented body except for the ventral side of the abdomen and the anal fin base. The proximal part of the dorsal
fin and most of the anal fin were covered with melanophores. Although knowledge of larval and juvenile Artedidraco species is limited, the distribution of melanophores on the fins, pectoral fin base and caudal peduncle at each developmental
stage may be useful for species identification. 相似文献
9.
Embryonic, larval, and juvenile development of a small cyprinid species, Tanichthys albonubes, is described from laboratory-reared specimens. The eggs, measuring 1.0–1.2 mm in diameter, were demersal, almost spherical
in shape, transparent and unpigmented, with a pale yolk without oil globules. Hatching occurred 45–53 h after fertilization
at 25.5°–26.9°C. The newly hatched larvae, measuring 2.2–2.6 mm in body length (BL), had melanophores on the head and body.
In particular, a dark vertical streak occurring posterior to the otic capsule and melanophores above the eyes were distinctive.
The yolk was completely absorbed at 3.4 mm BL. Notochord flexion was initiated at 5.0 mm BL and finished at 6.0 mm BL. Aggregate
numbers of all fin rays were completed at 11 mm BL. Squamation was initiated at 8.4 mm BL and completed at 13 mm BL. Although
the eggs of T. albonubes resembled those of other small danionin species, including Aphyocypris chinensis, Chela dadiburjori, Danio rerio, Devario malabaricus, Gobiocypris rarus, Hemigrammocypris rasborella, and Horadandia atukorali, they differed from those of A. chinensis, C. dadiburjori, G. rarus, and Horadandia atukorali in having a wider perivitelline space. The larvae and juveniles of T. albonubes were similar to those of the aforementioned seven species plus Danio albolineatus, Danio kerri, and Devario sp. (cf. D. aequipinnatus) in general morphology. However, the early life stage morphology of T. albonubes differed from them in having a dark vertical streak posterior to the otic capsule and melanophores above the eyes in the
yolk sac larval stage, and a dark lateral streak with an unpigmented area just above the former on the body, a dark blotch
on the caudal fin, and reddish dorsal, anal, and caudal fins during the postflexion larval and juvenile stages. 相似文献
10.
11.
Toru Nagasawa 《Ichthyological Research》2000,47(3-4):311-320
The larval and juvenile stages of kitsune-mebaru,Sebastes vulpes, based on 50 wild specimens collected in, the Sea of Japan, are described and illustrated, and some ecological aspects of
the early life history (feeding, horizonal distribution and habitat shift) included. Preflexion larvae became extruded between
3.9–4.6 mm body length (BL) and notochord flexion occurred between 4.7–7.1 mm BL. Transformation from postflexion larvae to
pelagic juventiles occurred between 13–17 mm BL. Compared with other rockfish species,S. vulpes is deep-bodied, throughout both larval and, juvenile stages. Larval and juvenileS. vulpes inhabit mainly coastal water surface layer (usually on the continental shelf), but do not occur offshore region (northwest
of Oki Islands). Although someS. vulpes juveniles are associated with drifting seaweed, such clumps are not indispensable habitats for any stages. Surface-to-benthie
migration of juveniles occurs at about 25 mm BL. Preflexion and flexion larvae feed mainly on copepod nauplii, and postflexion,
transforming larvae and pelagic juveniles mainly on calanoid copepodites (Parracalanus parvus). 相似文献
12.
Ken Maeda Nozomi Yamasaki Masashi Kondo Katsunori Tachihara 《Ichthyological Research》2008,55(2):162-174
Larvae and juveniles of six species of Luciogobius were collected at Aritsu Beach on Okinawa Island using a small seine. Postflexion larvae were dominant during sampling and
were collected when they approached the shoreline adjacent to or at the entrances to their adult habitats prior to settlement.
Standard lengths of postflexion larvae ranged from 5.4 to 14.4 mm and varied depending on the species. The larvae occurred
mainly from January to April, but some larvae were caught in October and November. Their pelagic larval durations were estimated
to range from 17 to 36 days and varied depending on the species. Morphologies of field-caught larvae and juveniles and laboratory-reared
juveniles were described. Six species were clearly distinguished based on fin ray and vertebral counts, proportions, body
size, and pigment patterns. Although their taxonomic statuses could not be determined, it is thought that they have independent
relatives in other regions. 相似文献
13.
Embryonic, larval, and juvenile development of a Taiwanese cyprinid fish, Candidia barbatus, is described from laboratory-reared specimens. The eggs, measuring 1.8–2.1 mm in diameter, were demersal, almost spherical in shape, transparent and unpigmented, with a pale yellow yolk and no oil globule. Hatching occurred 56–69 h after fertilization, the newly hatched larvae measuring 4.9–5.3 mm in body length (BL) with 25–26 + 13–14 = 39–40 myomeres. The yolk was completely absorbed at 7.6 mm BL. Notochord flexion was initiated at 6.8 mm BL and finished at 7.6 mm BL. Aggregate numbers of all fin rays were completed at 12 mm BL. Barbels on the upper jaw appeared near the corner of the mouth at 17 mm BL. Eggs of the species closely resembled those of its related cyprinid genera, Opsariichthys and Zacco. Larvae and juveniles of C. barbatus were similar to those of O. uncirostris subspp., Z. platypus, and Z. pachycephalus, but differed from the latter in the process of disappearance of the adipose finfold (postflexion larval stage), barbels on upper jaw (juvenile stage), and pigmentation on the lateral body surface (postflexion larval and juvenile stages). Although C. barbatus also differed from the Z. temminckii species' group [Z. temminckii and Zacco sp. (sensu Hosoya, 2002)] in having barbels, larvae and juveniles of the former showed more similarity to the latter species group than to O. uncirostris subspp., Z. platypus, and Z. pachycephalus, from the aspect of head and body pigmentation. 相似文献
14.
The embryonic, larval and juvenile development of blue whiting,Sillago parvisquamis Gill, are described from a series of laboratory-reared specimens. Mean egg diameter and mean total length (TL) of newly-hatched
larvae were 0.71 mm and 1.58 mm, respectively. The eggs were non-adhesive, buoyant and spherical with an oil globule (mean
diameter 0.18 mm). Hatching occurred about 20 hours after fertilization at a temperature of 24.0–25.0°C, newly-hatched larvae
having 38–40 myomeres. The yolk and oil globule were completely absorbed 3 days after hatching at 2.8–3.2 (mean 3.0) mm TL.
Notochord flexion was completed by 7.2–8.2 (7.7) mm TL, and pectoral and caudal fin rays fully developed by approximately
10 mm and 8.5 mm TL, respectively. Completion of fin development occurred in the following sequence: caudal, pectoral, anal
and second dorsal, first dorsal and pelvic, the last-mentioned by approximately 11 mm TL. The larvae ofS. parvisquamis andS. japonica, which closely resemble each other in general morphology and pigmentation, could be distinguished as follows. Newly-hatchedS. parvisquamis larvae had more myomeres thanS. japonica (38–40 vs. 32–34) and more melanophores on the dorsal surface of the body (19–28 vs. about 40).Sillago japonica had a vertical band of melanophores on the caudal peduncle, which was lacking in postflexionS. parvisquamis larvae. In addition, juveniles ofS. parvisquamis (larger than 23 mm TL) had melanophores on the body extending anteriorly to below the lateral line to form a midlateral band,
whereas no obvious band occurred on similarly-sizedS. japonica juveniles. 相似文献
15.
Ruineris Almada Cajado Lucas Silva de Oliveira Fabíola Katrine Souza da Silva Diego Maia Zacardi 《Zeitschrift fur angewandte Ichthyologie》2021,37(5):759-769
Larvae and juveniles of long sardine, Triportheus auritus, from the lower Amazon river was described, evaluating ontogenetic changes in their external morphology, pigmentation, fin development, morphometry, and meristics. A total of 93 individuals, 83 larvae and 10 juveniles were analyzed, they were captured monthly between 2014 and 2019 in the Amazon river channel and in macrophytes aquatic stands in the alluvial plains located in the lower Amazon River. From each specimen, morphometric and meristic data were measured and then the growth pattern between morphometric variables was analyzed. The larvae have an elongated body in a fusiform shape, superior mouth, simple nostril, pigmented spherical eyes and long intestine, surpassing the median region of the body. Initial pigmentation is scarce, but intensifies through development forming a pattern composed of three longitudinal bands concentrated in the ventral, cephalo-dorsal and lateral line regions. There are also pigments in the mandible, surrounding the mouth, under the swim bladder, intestine and fins. The sequence of complete fin formation is: caudal, anal, dorsal, pectoral and pelvic. The total number of myomeres ranged from 45 to 48 (25–29 preanal and 17–22 postanal). Morphometric relationships indicated differential growth for measurable morphometric parameters, with abrupt growth of snout length, head length and body height in the transition from flexion to postflexion stages. The pre-dorsal distance showed a decrease in the growth rate at the threshold from the larval to the juvenile period. The pre-pectoral and pre-anal distances showed negative allometric growth. In conclusion, the combination of body shape pigmentation pattern and, the formation sequence of fins allow the identification of the genus and coupled with the number of myomeres, morphometric relationships, and ray numbers of the anal fin ensure the differentiation of T. auritus from the other congeneric species. The metamorphosis occurred mainly at the end of the larval period and it is related to changes in the physiological and ecomorphological characteristics of the species. 相似文献
16.
The morphology of the early stage of Eumegistus was described from three specimens [E. brevorti: 23.0 mm in standard length (SL) juvenile; E. illustris: 5.8 mm SL postflexion larva, and 40.0 mm SL juvenile] recently rediscovered in museum collections. Larval and juvenile pigmentation
patterns were reported for the first time for this genus. The 5.8 mm SL postflexion larva of E. illustris had pigmentation on the head and anterior half of the body, through to the middle of the dorsal fin base. In larvae and juveniles
of both species, the outer side of the pelvic fin was pigmented. The two juveniles possessed several spines on the lachrymal
and protruding rays in the middle of the caudal fin. Although it is known previously that the notochord flexion occurs at
5.0–6.0 mm SL in E. brevorti, the reexamined 5.0 mm SL specimen had the notochord completely flexed. Furthermore, we could not confirm whether the previously
studied 4.0 mm SL specimen was E. brevorti because it was badly damaged. 相似文献
17.
Larvae and juveniles of Alectis indica reared in captivity are described based on 47 specimens (3.2–32.0 mm in body length: BL). Development was typical for the tribe Carangini except for the presence of elongated fin filaments. Elongated dorsal-fin filaments were present at preflexion (3.2 mm BL). During flexion, the anal- and pelvic-fin rays elongated and the body deepened. The full complement of fin spines and rays was present by 7.1 mm BL. The larvae of A. indica could be differentiated from those of Alectis ciliaris, which also inhabits in the Indo-Pacific waters, by the presence of a ventral series of melanophores on the tail, elongated pelvic fins, and the timing of anal-fin spine migration. The rounded body and elongated fin rays of A. indica cause it to resemble venomous Cubomedusae. 相似文献
18.
Two larvae [17.4 mm standard length: SL (postflexion stage)] and 26.1 mm SL (transformation stage)] and a juvenile (31.7 mm
SL) of a phosichthyid, Polymetme elongata, from Suruga Bay and offshore waters, central Japan, are described. These specimens had an elongate body with relatively
short preanal length (53–63% SL), long anal fin base (2.6–3.4 times dorsal fin base length), and anal fin origin below dorsal
fin base, and were further characterized by a blackish flap on each eye and internal clusters of melanophores (e.g., along
caudal myosepta around midlateral line and on ventral margin of caudal peduncle). The short preanal length and larval melanophore
pattern were very similar to those of another phosichthyid, Yarrella blackfordi, from the Atlantic Ocean. 相似文献
19.
Takamitsu Kawaguchi Hiroshi Kohno Kiyoshi Fujita Yasuhiko Taki 《Ichthyological Research》1999,46(2):163-170
Larval and juvenile development of two blenniids,Omobranchus fasciolatocepts andO. punctatus, is described using eggs collected from natural waters in Tokyo Bay and incubated in an aquarium. These larvae and juveniles
are compared with those of two otherOmobranchus species,O. elegans andO. loxozonus, distributed widely in Japan.Onobranchus punctatus is characterized by a unique, pointed snout in preflexion larvae, no melanophores proximally on the lower part of the pectoral
fins in flexion and postflexion larvae, and pterygiophores projecting externally as blades between the dorsal and anal fin-rays
in postflexion larvae and juveniles.Omobranchus fasciolatoceps has the following characteristics: a few melanophores on the fore-and mid-brain, but none on the hind-brain in preflexion
larvae; no melanophores on the cleithral symphysis in flexion and postflexion larvae; no external pterygiophore blades in
postflexion larvae and juveniles; and a unique dorsal skin flap on the head in juveniles. Ontogenetic developement of dorsal
and anal pterygiophores is described forO. fasciolatoceps andO. punctatus. InO. punctatus, the postero-distal part of each proximal radial projects remarkably to form the external blades between the soft fin-rays,
whereas the external blades between the fin spines are formed by fusion of a dermal bone developed from the antero-distal
part of each proximal radial with the adjacent distal radial. 相似文献
20.
Embryonic, larval and juvenile development of the roughskin sculpin,Trachidermus fasciatus (Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Naohiko Takeshita Norio Onikura Seiichi Matsui Seirô Kimura 《Ichthyological Research》1997,44(2-3):257-266
Embryonic, larval and juvenile development of the catadromous roughskin sculpin,Trachidermus fasciatus, were described using eggs spawned in an aquarium. The eggs, measuring 1.98–2.21 mm in diameter, were light reddish-yellow
and had many oil globules, 0.05–0.18 mm in diameter. Hatching occurred 30 days after spawning at 2.3–11.3°C. The newly-hatched
larvae, measuring 6.9–7.3 mm BL, had a single oil globule, 9–10+25–26=34–36 myomeres and 6 or 7 large stellate melanophores
dorsally along the gut. The yolk was almost resorbed, number of pectoral-fin rays attained 16–17, and two parietal, one nuchal
and four preopercular spines were formed, 5 days after hatching, at 8.2–8.4 mm BL. The oil globule disappeared, and one supracleithral
spine was formed, 11 days after hatching, at 8.9–9.5 mm BL. Notochord flexion began 15 days after hatching, at 9.7–10.3 mm
BL. A posttemporal spine was formed 20 days after hatching, at 10.7–10.9 mm BL. The first dorsal fin spines (VII–VIII), second
dorsal fin and anal fin rays (18–19, 16–18, respectively) appeared 23 days after hatching, at 12.0–13.7 mm BL. The pelvic
fin spine and rays (I, 4) were formed and black bands on the head and sides of the body began to develop 27 days after hatching,
at 13.8–15.8 mm BL.
Newly-hatched larvae swam just below the surface in the aquaria. Preflexion larvae (8.9–9.5 mm BL), in which the oil globule
had disappeared, swam in the middle layer, while juveniles (13.8–15.8 mm BL) began swimming on the bottom of the aquaria.
Swimming behavior observed in the aquaria suggested that the fish started to change to a demersal existence at the juvenile
stage. 相似文献