基于景观连接度的森林景观恢复研究——以巩义市为例

景观连接度是研究景观促进或阻碍生物体或某种生态过程在斑块间运动的程度。基于景观连接度原理,借用景观连接度指数,在地理信息系统支持下,探讨了巩义市丘陵和低山地区森林景观在不同景观距离阈值下连接度的变化,确定了分析森林景观连接度的合适距离阈值。在此基础上分析了要恢复为森林景观的农业斑块的重要值的大小,确定了对要恢复为森林景观的每一农业景观斑块对新形成的森林景观的连接度贡献大小,并结合区域地形特征,明确了森林恢复之初的重要斑块的选取及恢复的先后次序。结果显示,在不同的距离阈值下,低山地区森林景观的整体连通性指数值(IIC)都大于丘陵地区森林景观的IIC值;森林景观的适宜距离阈值,在丘陵地区可选择750 m,在低山地区可选择500 m,或者更小尺度;通过农业景观斑块重要值(dIIC)确定的对森林景观连接度作用起"非常高"和"高"的斑块的数量非常少,但对森林景观连接度的贡献作用却比较大。提出的基于景观连接来分析在森林恢复时重要斑块的选取的方法,具有一定的可操作性与实用性,对区域生态恢复和生态建设具有重要意义。     

天津滨海新区湿地景观连接度距离阈值研究

在应用景观连接度研究景观格局变化时,选择适宜的距离阈值是关键。适宜的距离阈值有利于识别景观中的关键斑块并及时发现连接脆弱的区域,对景观格局动态分析、生态恢复研究等均具有重要意义。以天津市滨海新区湿地生态系统为研究对象,将研究区域划分为不同的焦点景观,焦点景观是依据研究区域栖息候鸟的生境面积而划分的面积大小相同的区域,并通过ArcGIS中的泰森多边形分析实现,焦点景观分析可为面积更大、结构更加复杂的景观分析提供新的思路。文章选取斑块间链接数（NL）、组分数（NC）、等效连接面积指数（ECA）、景观巧合概率指数（LCP）来表征景观连接度,设定100、200、400、600、800、1000、1500、2000、3000、5000、8000 m共11个距离阈值,探讨不同距离阈值下各指数的变化规律,对比分析研究区域整体景观斑块和焦点景观内各斑块的连接度指数随距离阈值变化的异同,最终确定研究区域最佳距离阈值。结果表明：（1）各焦点景观内斑块的景观连接度指数随距离阈值的变化趋势与研究区域整体景观斑块相似且对应的最佳距离阈值相同;（2）天津市滨海新区湿地景观连接度距离阈值的适宜范围是400-800 m,该区间内进行景观格局分析研究能够较为真实的反映出研究区域实际景观状况;（3）通过进一步研究,最终确定400 m为天津滨海新区湿地景观连接度最佳距离阈值。研究结果可为天津市滨海新区湿地景观研究提供参考,在实际研究中距离阈值的选择可根据具体研究目标、研究层次需求等进行适当调整。     

道路对林地景观连接度的影响——以巩义市为例

基于景观连接度原理,借用景观连接度指数,在地理信息系统支持下,探讨了巩义市山区林地景观在不同距离阈值下连接度的变化,定量分析了道路对林地景观连接度的影响。结果显示,随着景观距离阈值的增大,无论是否有道路,林地景观整体可能连通性指数值都表现为逐渐增大;对林地景观连接度起"非常高"和"高"作用的林地斑块数量都比较少,但占林地总面积比例较大,面积大的林地斑块在提高景观连接度中起的作用较大;道路的分割使得林地斑块重要值降低,就单一斑块而言,随着景观距离阈值的增大,分割成的小斑块的重要值降低程度在逐渐减小。     

黑河中游生态用地景观连接性动态变化及距离阈值

景观连接度描述了景观组分在景观格局、过程和功能上的有机联系.本文利用1986、2000和2011年土地覆被数据,基于图论方法,研究了黑河中游生态用地(林地、草地、湿地)景观连接性动态变化,并通过分析不同阈值下景观连接度值的变化揭示了研究区景观的适宜阈值.结果表明: 黑河中游1986—2011年对景观连接度产生重要作用的生态斑块面积呈减少趋势.湿地斑块面积2000—2011年减少幅度较大;草地斑块数量先减少后增加,面积变化不大,但是有斑块破碎化的趋势.不同阈值下景观连接度值的变化验证了距离阈值的正向作用.400～800 m是研究黑河中游物种扩散和生态流运行的适宜距离阈值.选择600 m作为距离阈值时,大型斑块对区域总体景观连接水平影响最为显著,是区域生态系统稳定和健康的关键组成;小型生态斑块虽然占生态斑块总面积的比例不大,但对区域的生态安全格局的维持和改善有较大影响,亦需加强保护与管理.研究结果对干旱区生态系统管理具有重要的借鉴意义.     

基于图论的景观连接度量化方法应用研究——以福建省闽清县自然森林为例

气候变化和人类活动导致的自然生境丧失和生境片断化使全球生物多样性面临威胁,而有效缓解这类问题的手段之一是维持自然生境的景观连接度。图论分析法作为景观连接度研究的新途径成为研究领域热点,但仍然存在提高距离阈值取值的科学性、充分解读图论连接度指数等有待探究的问题。以闽清县自然森林为对象使用图论分析方法进行了景观连接度的量化研究,提出并使用了距离阈值综合取值方法,联合使用了多种景观连接度指数。研究结果表明,距离阈值综合取值方法能够提高取值的准确性并具有广泛适用性,二进制连接度指数与概率连接度指数能够从不同角度指示景观结构和斑块重要性格局。研究区域90%以上的景观连接度由主要景观组分维持,数量很少的极高重要值斑块数能够对整体连接度水平产生显著影响。面积越大的斑块重要性指数越高,但是极高重要值斑块的重要性指数并不完全取决于斑块面积,而更多的与斑块位置等因素相关。本研究进一步完善图论分析法在景观连接度研究方面的应用,对生物多样性保护工作具有参考价值。     

重庆市都市区绿地景观的连通性

城市绿地具有重要的生态功能和社会经济价值,是衡量城市生态可持续发展的重要标准.其中,连通性是维持景观功能的关键因素之一.以重庆市都市区为研究对象,结合TM遥感影像图,通过整体连通性指数(IIC)、可能连通性指数(PC)和景观中斑块对连通性的重要值对该区绿地景观的连通性进行了分析.研究结果表明,都市区绿地景观主要由少数巨型斑块和大量小型斑块组成.绿地景观整体连通性较差,这与绿地景观组成密切相关.对于绿地景观的连通性而言,巨型斑块的重要值最大,但小型斑块的重要性也不容忽视.对绿地景观连通性重要值最大的一些斑块主要分布于都市区的几大山脉上,这些斑块是城市绿地规划和保护的首要考虑的对象.基于研究结果,建议在重庆市都市区进行绿地规划时,优先考虑对重要斑块的保护,同时要考虑在巨型斑块之间构建小斑块,使其形成连通性廊道,提高绿地景观的连通性.     

闽三角林地景观结构与功能连接度的空间耦合关系

以闽三角地区为例,为探讨景观连接度不同评价方法的科学性,提出一种基于最小耗费距离模型的成本距离指数表征景观功能连接度,并与传统的基于景观格局指数的景观结构连接度度量指标进行比较,揭示两者的空间耦合关系,为景观连接度的有效评价提供支持。结果表明：(1)2000—2020年,林地与其他土地利用类型之间发生不同程度的转化,林地转为建设用地370.72km²,占总转出面积的77.28%;草地和耕地转为林地80.45km²,占总转入面积的90.53%。(2)20年间,林地景观结构与功能连接度总体呈减小趋势,其中,湖里区林地景观结构与功能连接度降幅均最大,斑块密度、最大斑块指数、聚合度指数和斑块结合度指数分别下降了76.47%、51.33%、68.13%和68.40%,成本距离指数增加了178.56%。(3)成本距离指数与斑块密度、最大斑块指数、聚合度指数、斑块结合度指数和景观结构连接度综合指数均为负相关。(4)在研究期间,双变量局部空间自相关聚集类型由低-高转化为高-高,结构连接度无变化时,景观功能连接度降低;由高-高转化为低-高,结构连接度无变化时,...     

佛山市顺德中心城区城市绿地生态网络规划

以佛山市顺德区中心城区为研究样区,基于景观连通性定量评价方法确定绿地系统核心斑块,并采用最小费用路径法构建了绿地系统潜在的生态廊道,同时还对绿地生态网络各组分的景观格局特征进行了分析。结果表明:斑块连通性指数距离阈值设定为500m时能够合理反映各绿地斑块重要性程度,并以连通性指数重要值排序结果确定了20个绿地斑块作为绿地生态网络的核心斑块;通过最小费用路径法构建的研究区31条潜在生态廊道,符合绿地系统分布特征并能够较好地连通各绿地核心斑块;生态网络景观格局分析表明,生态廊道缓冲区内斑块类型较复杂,景观格局破碎化程度较高。     

东莞市人工景观结构与连接度的协整性及因果关系

城市人工景观特征逐步向城市外围自然及半自然景观渗透。近年来对快速城市化地区的景观格局特征定量化研究很多,但侧重于景观格局特征的简单分析和描述,忽略了城市空间扩展过程中,城市人工景观结构与景观连接度动态变化过程中之间的内部联系。以东莞市1988—2009年城市人工景观为研究对象,通过计算并分析景观结构与景观连接度指数,利用计量经济学中的协整概念与格兰杰因果检验方法并详细分析了这两类指数之间的具体关系。研究结果表明:(1)所选取的景观结构指数与景观连接度指数能较好地描述东莞市城市人工景观时空格局变化过程;(2)人工景观斑块类型面积(CA)与可能连通性指数(PC)存在协整关系。景观聚集度指数(AI)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)与景观连通性指数(IIC与PC)也存在协整关系,即这些变量之间确实存在长期均衡关系;(3)格兰杰因果关系检验中,在不同滞后期的情况下,大部分的结果表明景观连接度指数(IIC与PC)是景观结构指数(CA、AI、CONTAG)的格兰杰成因,说明景观连接度指数信息有助于预测景观结构指数的变化。     

基于景观连接度的土地整理生态效应评价

近年来,土地整理区的生物多样性保护和景观功能的维持受到广泛关注。本文选取贵州省道真县洛龙镇国家重点土地整理项目区,运用基于结构与功能相结合景观连接度模型(综合连接度(IIC)和连接度概率(PC)),计算了500、1000、2000、3000和4000m种群迁移扩散距离阈值情景下,土地整理前后各生境斑块对景观连接度的重要程度,识别重要斑块变化范围,从功能角度评价整理后的生态效应。结果表明:连接度指数能较好地识别土地整理前后各生境斑块的重要类别及其改变;其中,巨型斑块所占面积最大,分别占总面积的57.0%和57.2%;小型斑块数目整理前后分别占斑块总数的48.0%和48.9%;空间上,斑块的重要性分布也产生一定的变化。整理后生境斑块的连通性较整理前也有所下降,IIC和PC平均值分别为0.434和0.680,且随着距离阈值的增大,连接度逐渐增大。巨型斑块对生境斑块景观连通性的相对重要值最大,中型斑块和大型斑块次之,小型斑块最低。研究表明,土地整理过程中,大面积生境斑块和"踏脚石"斑块对维持土地整理生态效益具有重要作用。     

Effects of landscape complexity and stand factors on arthropod communities in poplar forests

The arthropod communities are influenced by both local conditions and features of the surrounding landscape. Landscape complexity and stand factors may both influence arthropod communities in poplar forests, but the multiscale effects of these factors on poplar defoliators and natural enemies are still poorly understood. We collected poplar arthropods at 30 sampling sites within five forest landscapes in Xinjiang, China, and assessed whether landscape complexity and stand factors influence species abundance and diversity of poplar arthropods. Landscape complexity was quantified by several independent metrics of landscape composition, configuration, and connectivity at three spatial scales. We also determined the most powerful explanatory variables and the scale effect of each arthropod. Results found that landscape complexity and stand factors had different effects on different poplar arthropod communities. Landscape complexity promoted natural enemies at different spatial scales, but it inhibited the population of poplar defoliators at the scale of 200 m. Specifically, the abundance and diversity of all defoliators decreased with increasing proportion of nonhost plants. Landscape diversity only had a negative effect on defoliator abundance. The shape complexity of habitat patches increased the abundance of carabid beetles but reduced the abundance of green leafhoppers and migratory locusts. The abundance and diversity of predators increased with increasing structural connectivity of forest landscape. Additionally, both the abundance and diversity of all defoliators were positively correlated with the average height of herbaceous plants. Diversity of all defoliators increased with increasing size of host trees. The distance from sampling site to the nearest village positively influenced the abundance and diversity of all predators. Arthropod abundance and diversity in poplar forests were driven by stand factors and landscape complexity. Therefore, maintaining complex shape and structural connectivity of habitat patches and keeping poplar stands away from the village are crucial for management of forest landscape to enhance natural enemies. And in order to reduce the abundance of defoliators in poplar forest, the diversity of surrounding habitat types should be promoted within 200 m radii.     

沈阳城市森林绿量测算

借助ARC/GIS地理信息系统,以“平面量推算平面量”的方法,测算了沈阳市城市森林的绿量.结果表明:沈阳市城市森林不同类型单位面积绿量以风景游憩林最高,为3·86m2·m-2;生态公益林最低,为2·27m2·m-2;城市森林分布区单位面积绿量为2·99m2·m-2;城区单位面积绿量为0·25m2·m-2.沈阳城市森林总体绿量约为1·13×108m2·其中,附属林为4·15×107m2,占36·64%;生态公益林2·72×107m2,占23·99%;风景游憩林2·20×107m2,占19·38%;道路林1·84×107m2,占16·20%;生产经营林0·43×107m2,占3·79%.经检验,平面量推算平面量方法测算精度达到91·81%(α=0·05).     

Landscape connectivity dynamics based on network analysis in the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve,China

Lack of landscape connectivity and habitat loss is major threats to biodiversity and ecosystem integrity in nature reserves aimed at conservation. In this study, we used structural pattern and functional connectivity metrics to analyze the spatial patterns and landscape connectivity of habitat patches for the Shangyong sub-reserve of the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve from 1970, 1990, and 2000. On the basis of vegetation and land cover data, we applied the equivalent connected area ECA(PC) indicator to analyze the changes in forest connectivity. Four distance thresholds (2, 4, 8, 12 km) were considered to compare the patch importance of connectivity by dECA values. The results showed the declining trends of landscape connectivity measured by ECA(PC) index from 1970 to 2000. The importance of connectivity in each forest patch varied with the increment of dispersal distances at the patch level, and some important habitat patches, which exhibit a potential to enhance landscape connectivity, should be given more attention. The least-cost pathways based on network structure were displayed under four dispersal distances in three periods. The results showed that the number of paths among the fragments of forest patches exhibited radical increases for larger dispersal distances. Further correlation analyses of AWF, ECA (IIC), and ECA (PC) showed the weakest and least-frequent correlations with the structural pattern indices, while H presented more significant correlations with the PD fragmentation metric. Furthermore, Kendall's rank correlations between the forest patch area and functional connectivity indicators showed that dECA (PC) and dAWF indicators should provided the area-based prioritization of habitat patches. Moreover, the low-rank correlations showed that dF and dLCP can be considered as effective and appropriate indicators for the evaluation of habitat features and network patterns.     

Using gap‐crossing capacity to evaluate functional connectivity of two Atlantic rainforest birds and their response to fragmentation

Abstract One of the main consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation is the increase in patch isolation and the consequent decrease in landscape connectivity. In this context, species persistence depends on their responses to this new landscape configuration, particularly on their capacity to move through the interhabitat matrix. Here, we aimed first to determine gap‐crossing probabilities related to different gap widths for two forest birds (Thamnophilus caerulescens, Thamnophilidae; and Basileuterus culicivorus, Parulidae) from the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. These values were defined with a playback technique and then used in analyses based on graph theory to determine functional connections among forest patches. Both species were capable of crossing forest gaps between patches, and these movements were related to gap width. The probability of crossing 40 m gaps was 50% for both species. This probability falls to 10% when the gaps are 60 m (for B. culicivorus) or 80 m (for T. caerulescens). Actually, birds responded to stimulation about two times more distant inside forest trials (control) than in gap‐crossing trials. Models that included gap‐crossing capacity improved the explanatory power of species abundance variation in comparison to strictly structural models based merely on patch area and distance measurements. These results highlighted that even very simple functional connectivity measurements related to gap‐crossing capacity can improve the understanding of the effect of habitat fragmentation on bird occurrence and abundance.     

Understorey plant species richness and composition in metropolitan forest archipelagos: effects of forest size, adjacent land use and distance to the edge

Aim To address the relative role of adjacent land use, distance to forest edge, forest size and their interactions on understorey plant species richness and composition in perimetropolitan forests. Location The metropolitan area of Barcelona, north‐eastern Spain. Methods Twenty sampling sites were distributed in two forest size‐categories: small forest patches (8–90 ha) and large forest areas (> 18,000 ha). For each forest‐size category, five sites were placed adjacent to crops and five sites adjacent to urban areas. Vascular plant species were recorded and human frequentation was scored visually in 210 10 × 10 m plots placed at 10, 50 and 100 m from the forest edge, and additionally at 500 m in large forest areas. Plant species were grouped according to their ecology and rarity categories. A nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination was carried out to detect patterns of variation in species assemblage, and to explore the relationships between these patterns and the richness of the species groups and the studied factors. Factorial anovas were used to test the significance of the studied factors on the richness of species groups. Relationships between human frequentation and the studied variables were assessed through contingency tables. Results Forest‐size category was the main factor affecting synanthropic species (i.e. those thriving in man‐made or man‐disturbed habitats). Synanthropic species richness decreased with increasing distance from the forest edge and, when forests were adjacent to crops, it was higher in small forest patches than in large forest areas. Richness of rare forest species was lower in small forest patches than in large forest areas when forests were adjacent to urban areas. Richness of common forest species and of all forest species together were higher close to the forest edge than far from it when forests were adjacent to urban areas. Forests adjacent to urban areas were more likely to experience high human frequentation, particularly in those plots nearest to the forest edge. Main conclusions Forest‐size category and adjacent land use were the most important factors determining species richness and composition. The preservation of large forests adjacent to crops in peri‐urban areas is recommended, because they are less frequented by humans, are better buffered against the percolation of nonforest species and could favour the persistence of rare forest species.