城市景观多功能区湿地水质分异及其人类影响

以南京市仙林大学城为案例,在对该区景观功能区划分基础上,对各景观功能区典型湿地进行了1年的水质监测,揭示了不同景观功能区湿地水质季节变化特征,并利用模糊数学综合评价法对不同景观功能区湿地水质进行综合评估,进一步分析了各景观功能区湿地水质与人类影响强度的关系。结果表明:1)南京市仙林大学城湿地水质季节波动性明显,春夏季节水质较差,在Ⅲ类水以下,秋冬季节在Ⅲ类水以上。在各污染因子中,全磷污染负荷最大,平均值为0.11mg.L-1。2)不同景观功能区湿地水质空间差异明显,其优劣排序为:高校景观区农业景观区休闲景观区商业景观区。3)湿地水质和人类影响强度的负相关关系明显(R2=0.938)。     

城市湿地小流域尺度景观空间分异及其对水体质量的影响——以南京市紫金山东郊典型湿地为例

综合利用遥感、GIS技术、景观生态和实验分析方法,选择南京市紫金山东郊17个典型湿地,在2008年3月至2009年3月期间进行野外湿地水体水质监测。以每个湿地所在的小流域为景观单元,通过SPSS系统聚类分析将17个小流域划分3类,揭示城市化影响区域小流域土地利用特征及其对湿地水体质量影响,结果表明:(1)城市土地利用对湿地水质影响显著。以林地斑块为主要景观类型的小流域水质比以草地斑块为主的小流域水质好,林地面积越大,湿地水质越好;(2)通过引入增强斑块指数ZQI、削减斑块指数XJI、及增强-削减斑块对比指数R_ZXI,进一步揭示小流域内景观格局与水质之间的相关关系。研究表明,当R_ZXI小于-1时,随着R_ZXI的增加,一些易流失营养型污染物质TN、CODMn呈下降趋势,而当其大于-1呈上升趋势;一些易沉积营养物质如TP则表现出相反变化趋势;(3)小流域内各景观斑块空间上分布越均匀,湿地水体中的易流失营养型污染物质表现出下降趋势,而易沉积型营养物质则表现出上升的趋势。     

多尺度结合的西安市浐灞河湿地水鸟生境保护规划

城市湿地及其物种多样性的保护是城市生态建设的重要内容.结合西安市浐灞河湿地,对城市湿地水鸟生境的保护规划问题进行了探讨.经调查,西安市浐灞河段共发现水鸟20种,分属8目12科,孕育了丰富的水鸟多样性资源.同时保留有本地湿地植物种类,生境类型多样,具有很高的保护价值.浐灞河湿地水鸟生境的保护规划应以景观生态学、保护生物学、复合种群等相关理论为指导,区域/景观-局地-群落多尺度结合,保护与开发结合进行规划,具体从以下方面着手:生境网络的构建;小生境的设计,滨水地带土地利用格局优化及生境水深的控制;生境植物群落的构建.     

芦苇型湿地生态系统的潜水水质状态研究

以白洋淀芦苇滩地为实验地,研究了湿地生态系统中潜水的水质状况.苇地潜水运动受到芦苇根孔的强烈影响.受芦苇根区生物呼吸作用的影响,潜水pH值(6.94士0.14)显著低于淀水(9.17).潜水中CO2分压约为淀水的85～1039倍.潜水水质类型在离淀2.7至6.7m发生变化,逐渐由ClN3转变为CCa.自苇地边缘至中央,HT(总硬度),Ar(总碱度)与∑C(主要离子总量)逐渐升高.潜水中Mg2+/Ca2+的平均摩尔比值为0.60,明显低于淀水(1.31).淀水和潜水Cl-,SO2-,Na++K+含量无显著差异,平均值分别是176,116和112mg/L.苇地濒水区为一过渡带,对磷氮污染物具备首先的过滤作用.在离淀0.7m处TN,TP和活性磷酸盐的减少量分别为63.3%,84.6%,80.8%.     

城市湿地概念和功能及中国城市湿地保护

随着城市化进程加快,城市湿地保护问题日益突出。城市湿地是存在于城市区域之内的湿地,其生态服务功能与乡野湿地有着明显不同。受人为活动干扰强烈,中国城市湿地存在面积缩小、功能退化、污染严重,特别是富营养化现象突出。而由于长期对城市湿地研究薄弱,对湿地功能与价值认识存在偏差,以及城市湿地保护较高的机会成本,使得中国城市湿地保护面临诸多困难。本文在分析中国城市湿地存在的问题基础上,提出中国城市湿地保护对策,并就当前中国城市湿地研究与保护问题进行探讨。     

一种间接估计阿根廷城市湿地海狸鼠多度的方法

我们设计了一种利用洞穴大小和空间散布来估计海狸鼠(Myocastor coypus)绝对数量的间接方法,并使用个体移除法对绝对数量的估计进行了检验。利用参数相关和效能检验对这两种方法的方程式斜率差异进行了检验,两者间存在高度正相关(r=0·963 ,P=0·002)。以洞穴大小和空间散布估计海狸鼠数量的方程斜率与1·0没有显著性差异(P=0·05) ,其差异检出效能为93 %。因此,利用洞穴大小和空间散布估计海狸鼠绝对数量的这种间接数量估计方法既不影响动物又不扰乱生境,其结果精确且易于实施。     

基于水文地貌法模型的城市湿地水环境功能评估——以南京仙林典型湿地为例

我国正处于快速城市化发展过程中,许多湿地被改造利用成为城市湿地。如何科学评估城市湿地功能及其改变程度,是科学认识城市湿地的重要内容。基于水文地貌法,通过选取区域受城市化影响小、生态系统结构与功能接近于自然湿地的湿地作为参考湿地,利用遥感和GIS的手段以及野外实地调查方法,从湿地水环境功能角度,对南京仙林区域内典型城市湿地的水环境特征与功能进行评估。结果表明:(1)城市湿地水环境功能明显降低,其蓄水功能、净水功能、水文调节功能明显低于参考湿地;(2)受城市化景观复杂性影响,城市湿地水环境功能的改变程度呈现个性化特征,纪家边、采月湖和西湖西这3个湿地可以作为城市化过程中湿地改造的典范。这一结论可为城市化区域内湿地的合理开发利用以及湿地的保护、恢复提供科学依据。     

三江平原农田土壤跳虫多尺度空间自相关性

土壤动物多尺度空间自相关性特征是土壤动物空间异质性和空间共存格局研究的重要基础。以土壤跳虫为研究对象,以中国科学院三江平原沼泽湿地生态实验站为研究区,于2011年8月和10月,选取具30 a以上耕作历史的旱地为实验样地,以5 m为步长设置一个50 m×50 m的实验样地,采用地统计中的全局Moran's I指数和局部Moran's I指数相结合的方法,研究土壤跳虫多尺度空间自相关性特征。全局空间自相关结果表明,土壤跳虫群落总密度和多数跳虫种类存在显著的多尺度空间自相关特征,多数为显著的正的空间自相关性,形成明显的空间集群。局部空间自相关结果表明,土壤跳虫群落总密度和所有跳虫种类均存在显著的局部空间自相关性,在局部地区形成"高—高"和/或"低—低"的空间集群,并和"高—低"和/或"低—高"的空间孤立区相伴发生,即形成"斑块"和"孔隙"相间分布的水平镶嵌格局;这种镶嵌格局具一定的时间动态特征,从夏季到秋季斑块大小和空间分布范围略有变化。研究表明,土壤跳虫具有明显的多尺度空间自相关性;空间集群是土壤跳虫的常见空间分布格局,在样地内形成"斑块"和"孔隙"相间分布的水平镶嵌格局,这种格局具年内时间变异性。     

南四湖湿地景观格局脆弱度的时空分异特征

选取南四湖湿地1985、2000年Landsat 5 TM及2015年Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像为数据源,利用敏感度指数和适应度指数构建景观脆弱度指数,结合半变异函数和空间自相关等空间统计学方法,探究南四湖湿地景观格局脆弱度的适宜研究尺度及该尺度下脆弱度的时空分异特征.结果表明:1 km"1 km等间距网格能消除随机因素对各景观指数值的影响,为适宜研究尺度.1985—2015年,南四湖湿地整体景观格局脆弱度呈恶化趋势,较高、高脆弱度范围随时间显著扩张.脆弱度空间异质性上升,受非结构性因素的影响增强,由空间自相关引起的空间变异略有减弱.脆弱度全局空间正相关性较强,呈空间集聚模式,且集聚现象日趋明显;局域自相关以空间局部聚集为主,高-高区的显著性水平最强,低-低区的显著性随时间增强.气温、降水等自然因素影响湖区景观格局脆弱度的空间分布,社会经济活动、政策体制等人为因素是脆弱度恶化的主要原因.     

青藏高原天然湿地水环境特征和水质净化能力分析

研究以拉萨市拉鲁湿地及其相连干渠和茶巴朗湿地水体为研究对象, 分别于2020年8月(夏季)和2021年4月(春季)各采集22个水样, 测定水体氮磷营养盐和高锰酸盐指数, 分析了夏季和春季湿地的水环境特征和水质净化能力。结果表明, 拉鲁湿地和茶巴朗湿地由于流域人为污染水平不同进水水质存在差异, 拉鲁湿地进水水质主要受氮磷营养盐影响, 茶巴朗湿地水质主要受耗氧有机物影响。两湿地对水质都具有净化作用, 不同季节湿地对不同污染物的去除效果也有所差异。夏季, 拉鲁湿地对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP和SRP的最大去除率分别为75.0%、65.2%、89.5%、82.2%和35.3%。茶巴朗湿地对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP和SRP的去除率分别为60.7%、73.5%、12.7%、35.9%和5.0%。夏季两湿地对COD_Mn均未表现出去除作用。春季, 拉鲁湿地对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP、SRP和COD_Mn的最大去除率分别为35.2%、65.9%、56.8%、59.5%、62.3%和17.9%。茶巴朗湿地的水质净化效果较差, 对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP、SRP和COD_Mn的去除率分别为2.2%、10.2%、11.3%、11.3%、9.0%和26.0%。湿地水生植物、湿地结构、特殊的水动力特征及水污染负荷都可能影响高原湿地的水质净化能力, 春季高原湿地较低的水温、植物丰度和水文条件可能会降低湿地对污染物的去除效果。     

快速城市化对南京东郊景观结构与格局的影响

城市化对区域景观的影响日益显著,如何协调城市区域土地开发与生态保护的关系,成为重要的基础性问题之一。本文以南京仙林新市区为案例,利用遥感和GIS方法,对研究区景观结构和格局变化进行分析。结果表明:2003—2009年,研究区景观结构发生了巨大的变化,区域主导景观类型已经由半自然半人工景观逐渐转变为人工景观。其中耕地受人为影响变化较大,55.6%的面积消失;水塘以数量丧失为基本特征,丧失率为56.4%;建筑用地面积增加明显,年均增加7.1%。伴随景观结构变化,区域景观格局变化十分明显,其中景观多样性指数从1.38升高为1.68;均匀度指数从0.60变成0.73;连接度指数由0.15变为0.32。     

南京市城市土壤水分入渗特征

采用双环法测定了南京市代表性的土地利用类型下土壤的水分入渗率,研究了不同压实程度下土壤的入渗特征.结果表明：南京市不同压实程度土壤的入渗能力差异较大;土壤压实越严重,其容重越大、孔隙度越小,土壤入渗率越小;严重压实的土壤中存在水分入渗的限制层,致使稳定入渗率明显降低;土壤初始入渗率与稳定入渗率的差异较大,两者之间存在显著的线性相关关系.研究区土壤稳定入渗率的分布范围非常广（1～679 mm·h^-1）,这与城市土壤的压实、结构状况以及粗骨性砾石的存在密切相关.城市土壤入渗率的减小导致地表径流系数以及发生洪涝的几率和强度增大.     

发生分类半淋溶土在中国土壤系统分类中的归属特征

利用最新建立的1∶100万中国土壤数据库,研究了我国发生分类半淋溶土在中国土壤系统分类的归属及其在中国土壤系统分类下的空间和数量特征.结果表明,我国发生分类半淋溶土总面积为427 843.1 km²,可参比归属于中国土壤系统分类中的4个土纲,即淋溶土、雏形土、均腐土、人为土,分别占发生分类半淋溶土总面积的51.3%、35.2%、10.7%和2.8%,其中包含了系统分类的22个土类和38个亚类.对发生分类某一类型土壤分属于系统分类不同类型的面积比例及其标准偏差的分析表明,土壤参比归属的单元级别越低,越易于参比和把握.研究结果对于土壤类型的正确参比、中国土壤系统分类的应用具有很好的参考价值.     

Multi-scale variation in spatial heterogeneity for microbial community structure in an eastern Virginia agricultural field

To better understand the distribution of soil microbial communities at multiple spatial scales, a survey was conducted to examine the spatial organization of community structure in a wheat field in eastern Virginia (USA). Nearly 200 soil samples were collected at a variety of separation distances ranging from 2.5 cm to 11 m. Whole-community DNA was extracted from each sample, and community structure was compared using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) DNA fingerprinting. Relative similarity was calculated between each pair of samples and compared using geostatistical variogram analysis to study autocorrelation as a function of separation distance. Spatial autocorrelation was found at scales ranging from 30 cm to more than 6 m, depending on the sampling extent considered. In some locations, up to four different correlation length scales were detected. The presence of nested scales of variability suggests that the environmental factors regulating the development of the communities in this soil may operate at different scales. Kriging was used to generate maps of the spatial organization of communities across the plot, and the results demonstrated that bacterial distributions can be highly structured, even within a habitat that appears relatively homogeneous at the plot and field scale. Different subsets of the microbial community were distributed differently across the plot, and this is thought to be due to the variable response of individual populations to spatial heterogeneity associated with soil properties.     

Metal localization in water hyacinth roots from an urban wetland

PCA, principal components analysis
MDS, multidimensional scaling
STEM, scanning transmission electron microscopy

Metal localization within and around roots of water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) growing in a wetland receiving urban run-off was studied by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of sections from freeze-substituted roots. Sampling randomly from an order of magnitude gradient in metal concentrations (Cu and Pb) allowed us the opportunity to identify general patterns of metal localization. Iron was present at high levels at the root surface, and this may have been a root plaque as described for wetland plants with roots anchored in flooded soils. Iron levels decreased centripetally across the root and were higher in cell walls than within cells. Trace metals (Cu, Zn and Pb) were not localized at the root surface. In contrast with iron, trace metal levels increased centripetally across the root, tended to be higher inside cells and were highest within cells in the stele. Variability of localization was high for all metals analysed. Multivariate statistical analyses (principal components analysis and multidimensional scaling) were useful for identifying overall patterns in elemental distribution.     

基于供需分析的城市绿地空间布局优化——以南京市为例

城市绿地具有生态服务和社会服务两种主要功能,这两种服务水平的高低取决于供需关系.而绿地的供给和需求不仅指数量上,还包括空间分布,因此单纯的绿化指标或可达性水平都不能完全体现城市绿地的真实服务水平.本文从供需分析的角度,在ArcGIS平台下,利用均匀度指数和可达范围内人均享有公共绿地达标率考察了南京城市绿地的生态服务和社会服务在空间上的需求和供给,最终得出了南京市各区绿地系统的生态和社会服务水平.结果表明:东部地区绿地数量上富余,但缺乏高可达性公共绿地,社会服务水平中等;老城地区绿地缺乏,特征绿地分布不均匀,绿地生态和社会服务水平低;河西地区绿地社会服务水平高,但生态绿地较少且分布不均,生态服务水平低;南部、北部均存在绿地不足、分布不均、高可达性公共绿地少的问题.     

Grassland canopy composition and spatial heterogeneity in the light quality

Both vertical and horizontal heterogeneity in red light levels and in the red/far red ratio were measured in a mountain grassland and correlated with the vegetation structure. Vertical change in the red/far red ratio was measured in three communities; canopy structure and density was investigated by the point-quadrat method and biomass harvesting. Quantities of both grasses and dicots were significantly correlated with R/FR ratio and red light intensity at ground level. In dicots, percentage cover determines their effect on light levels; in contrast, no single parameter suffices to capture the effect of grasses: grass biomass, number of hits (cover) and the mean height (distance from the soil surface) of grass hits are of importance. This indicates strikingly different geometry and optical properties of both plant groups.The fine-scale horizontal heterogeneity was assessed by means of a grid of 3.3×3.3 cm cells (plots of 8× cells) in the species-poor community. Both red light and R/FR ratio were determined at soil level in all the grid cells; fine-scale vegetation recording was done by counting all rooted stems (leaves for large rosette plants) in these cells. Spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) of fine-scale heterogeneity in light levels, biomass per cell and individual species occurrences revealed many significant autocorrelations. Light levels (particularly red light) show autocorrelations at the distance of 1–2 cells (3.3–6.7 cm); biomass shows little autocorrelation. A multivariate analysis (redundancy analysis) showed that cellwise densities of two species had significant and systematic correlations with the light levels (both red light and R/FR ratio): a grass species with wide, mainly horizontal leaves, Anthoxanthum alpinum, was negatively correlated with light levels; Nardus stricta, with upright and narrow leaves and stems was positively correlated with light levels.     

Multi-scale heterogeneity in a macrobenthic epifauna community

A quantitative study, based on monthly samples taken by divers with 0.1m² quadrats, was conducted on a benthic community settling coarse sediments in an area exposed to strong water currents.The richness of the community was high both in terms of biomass (270±107 g m^–2 in ash-free dry weight) and diversity (ten zoologicals groups for a total of 98 species). Three suspension feeding species were dominant: Ophiothrix fragilis, Urticina felina and Alcyonium digitatum accounted for more than 95% of the total biomass at all sampling periods.Spatial heterogeneity analysis confirmed the role of these three dominant species. Heterogeneity revealed at a scale of 0.1 m² by dendrograms (qualitative similarity index) or by Factor Correspondence Analysis (FCA) (on biomasses) was due to the strong dispersion of rare species.The influence of the observation scale was visualised by building Rank-Frequency Diagrams using progressively aggregated replicates. The distribution of relative biomasses and the rank of the dominant species always stabilized at scale of 0.4 or 0.5 m².The three dominant species were overdispersed at a scale of 0.1 m² compared with a Poisson distribution. Spatial competition among the three species was suggested by their dispersion in the plane of the FCA. Calculation of a multiple linear regression (at the scale of 0.8 m²) showed negative relationships among these dominant species.Temporal homogeneity was indicated (at a scale of 0.8 m²) by dendrograms of species similarities among samples and by FCA performed on total biomasses.