北部湾带鱼的摄食习性

2008年8月至2009年9月,对北部湾带鱼逐月渔获物胃含物进行鉴定和统计分析,研究其摄食习性.结果表明：北部湾带鱼捕食种类包括鱼类、头足类、底栖甲壳类以及浮游动物等,属于广食性动物.优势种类有少鳞犀鳕(37.99%)、蓝圆鲹(16.42%)和中国毛虾(10.03%).蓝圆鲹和尖吻小公鱼全年在全湾带鱼的食物中均有出现,是重要的饵料指标种类.摄食强度与饱满指数的季节差异十分显著(P<0.001),食物多样性无显著季节性差异(P>0.05),秋季最高,全年平均为1.97.聚类分析表明,北部湾带鱼在达到50%性成熟肛长值(190 mm)时,饵料由幼鱼的以小型浮游动物、中上层鱼类及甲壳类为主向成鱼的以较大型鱼类和头足类为主转换.     

The food and feeding habits of blackspot snapper, Lutjanus fulviflamma (Pisces: Lutjanidae) in shallow waters of Mafia Island, Tanzania

Natural diet and feeding habits of blackspot snapper, Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskål 1775) were investigated in Mafia Island Marine Park (MIMP) and intensively fished areas (IFA) between May 1999 and April 2001. An index of relative importance (IRI) was used to assess the food preference for L. fulviflamma. Feeding habits were studied with respect to sex and size of the predator, seasons and feeding periodicity. Of 4642 L. fulviflamma specimens sampled, 46% had empty stomachs. Brachyurans were the main prey of L. fulviflamma accounting for 48% IRI. Benthic invertebrates dominated by other crustaceans, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods and polychaetes and demersal teleosts made up the remainder of the diet. Female and male L. fulviflamma were not effectively segregated by trophic dimension in the study areas. Specimens in the 90–120 mm total length (TL) fed exclusively on crustaceans, with shrimps accounting for 40% IRI. Lutjanus fulviflamma in the 270–300 mm TL preferred fish prey accounting for 50% IRI. The diet of fish species showed clear spatial differences, which were dependent on size distributions. Lutjanus fulviflamma fed mostly but not exclusively at night peaking at dusk and dawn. The results clearly demonstrate that L. fulviflamma is an opportunistic forager, which exhibits both diel and ontogenetic feeding habits.     

北部湾带鱼的摄食习性

2008年8月至2009年9月,对北部湾带鱼逐月渔获物胃含物进行鉴定和统计分析,研究其摄食习性.结果表明：北部湾带鱼捕食种类包括鱼类、头足类、底栖甲壳类以及浮游动物等,属于广食性动物.优势种类有少鳞犀鳕(37.99%)、蓝圆鲹(16.42%)和中国毛虾(10.03%).蓝圆鲹和尖吻小公鱼全年在全湾带鱼的食物中均有出现,是重要的饵料指标种类.摄食强度与饱满指数的季节差异十分显著(P<0.001),食物多样性无显著季节性差异(P>0.05),秋季最高,全年平均为1.97.聚类分析表明,北部湾带鱼在达到50%性成熟肛长值(190 mm)时,饵料由幼鱼的以小型浮游动物、中上层鱼类及甲壳类为主向成鱼的以较大型鱼类和头足类为主转换.     

北部湾宝刀鱼的摄食生态

根据2008年10月至2009年9月的北部湾主要渔港逐月采样以及 2010年2月北部湾海域的拖网调查资料,以传统胃含物分析方法为基础,结合碳、氮稳定同位素技术对北部湾宝刀鱼(Chirocentrus dorab)的饵料组成、营养级和摄食习性随叉长和性腺发育的个体变化等进行研究。结果表明:宝刀鱼既摄食小型中上层鱼类,又摄食底栖鱼类、虾蟹类和头足类,属于广食性动物食性鱼类。以相对重要性指数百分比(%IRI)为指标,表明鱼类为其最主要饵料(99.7%),其中优势饵料生物为犀鳕属(Bregmaceros sp.)、小公鱼属(Thryssa sp.)、小沙丁鱼属(Sardinella sp.)和圆鲹属(Decapterus sp.)等。宝刀鱼摄食强度和饱满指数的月份差异十分显著(P<0.001), 而以Brillouin指数表征的各月份营养多样性则无显著差异。雌性性腺成熟度指数(GSI)显示北部湾宝刀鱼1年中呈现1个产卵高峰期(5-8月),与北部湾中上层水温高峰趋势相符,表明宝刀鱼产卵高峰与水温密切相关,且产卵期间摄食强度没有降低。随着叉长的增长,北部湾宝刀鱼饵料生物个数变化较小,但平均单个饵料生物重量却明显增加。聚类分析表明, 北部湾宝刀鱼以相似性系数可划分为380mm以下、381-530mm以及530mm以上3个不同食性叉长组。以δ¹⁵N计算所得宝刀鱼各叉长组的平均营养级为3.4。     

Do abiotic and ontogenetic factors influence the diet of a generalist predator? Feeding ecology of the Pacific spiny dogfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Squalus suckleyi</Emphasis>) in the northeast Pacific Ocean

Stomach contents from 1221 Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) were collected from the Gulf of Alaska over 2004–2006 and analyzed to determine predominant prey species. Pacific spiny dogfish in the Gulf of Alaska have a variable diet suggesting that they are generalist feeders. Of the 68.30% of stomachs with prey contents, the most important prey groups based on the percent prey-specific index of relative importance (%PSIRI) were shrimp (27.06%), cephalopods (17.16%), and forage fish (17.11%). Remaining components of the diet were inconsistent. Commercially valuable species, such as salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and rockfish, Sebastes spp. constituted only 2.37% and 1.51% of the diet of Pacific spiny dogfish, respectively. Diet diversity was not significantly influenced by spatial, temporal or ontogenetic factors; however, trophic level of prey and average prey item weight varied both interannually and with ontogeny. With increasing size, Pacific spiny dogfish incorporate larger prey items into their diet, and diet composition may be driven more by seasonal availability and prey size than any other factors.     

Selective predation by crevalle jack <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caranx caninus</Emphasis> on engraulid fishes in the SE Gulf of California,Mexico

Feeding habits determine many aspects of living organisms, where it lives, the time of day that it is active, energy flow, biomass consumed and intra- and interspecific interactions, it which provides information to make predictions about the effects of fisheries on predator-prey relationships. Accurate predictions require a thorough understanding of predator diets and prey selection. In this study, specimens of the crevalle jack Caranx caninus were obtained between October 2012 and October 2014 in the SE Gulf of California, Mexico, in order to determine its feeding habits and prey selection. A total of 238 specimens were obtained, of which 94 (39.5%) had stomachs containing food and 144 (60.5%) had empty stomachs. A total of 10 prey items were identified, corresponding to seven families that included fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods. According to the Index of Relative Importance (IRI) the most important prey were Anchoa spp. (IRI = 91.2%), Engraulis mordax (IRI = 1.8%), and fish from the Clupeidae family (IRI = 1.0%). The crevalle jack’s diet did not change with the season (warm or cold). The crevalle jack was considered a tertiary predator (trophic level = 4.3) that tends to feed on a reduced number of prey, characterizing it as a specialist and selective predator of engraulid fishes (Levin’s index, Bi = 0.08; E = 0.6).     

北部湾秋季底层鱼类多样性和优势种数量的变动趋势

根据1992年、2001年和2006年秋季在北部湾进行的底拖网调查数据,对该海域鱼类的种类组成、物种多样性、优势种及其数量的变动趋势进行分析。1992年共记录鱼类171种,隶属17目77科;2001年记录鱼类156种,隶属18目71科;2006年记录157种,隶属17目67科。3个年代记录的鱼类均以鲈形目的种类数最多,其中1992年为96种(占56.14%)、2001年90种(占57.69%)和2006年89种(占56.69%)。鱼类的Pielou均匀度指数(J')和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')的变化趋势一致:以2001年最高,为0.72和3.64;其次为1992年,为0.64和3.27;2006年最低,分别为0.52和2.64。丰富度指数(D)呈逐年下降的趋势:为1992年的21.03,2001年的20.74和2006年的19.61。建立非线性回归模型对北部湾3个年代出现的6种共有优势种(发光鲷Acropoma japonicum、带鱼Trichiurus haumela、二长棘鲷Parargyrops edita、黄斑鲾Leiognathus bindus、竹荚鱼Trachurus japonicus和黄带绯鲤Upeneus sulphureus)的数量变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:北部湾鱼类中的经济价值较高的优势种逐渐被低值和小型的鱼类所替代,但繁殖力较强和寿命较短的鱼类变动较小。在6种共同优势种中,黄斑鲾和发光鲷的渔获率呈上升趋势;带鱼和黄带绯鲤的渔获率呈下降趋势;而二长棘鲷和竹荚鱼的渔获率基本保持不变。研究结果表明,北部湾鱼类的优势种更替明显,总体变化趋势是k选择种类(以红笛鲷和黑印真鲨等为代表)逐渐被r选择种类(发光鲷、鲾科和天竺鱼科等为代表)所替代,即寿命长、个体大和营养级高的鱼类数量减少,寿命短、个体小和营养级较低的种类增多。     

Feeding habits of horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus (Linneaus, 1758), from the central Adriatic Sea

The feeding habits of the horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus, from the central Adriatic Sea were investigated with respect to fish size and season. Stomach contents of 1200 specimens 12.9–37.6 cm total length (TL) taken at monthly intervals (January–December 1995) were analyzed. Of the total number of stomachs examined, 597 were empty (49.7%). This percentage varied significantly with season; the maximum number of empty stomachs was observed during January (80%) and February (82%) and a minimum number observed during July (15%) and August (19%). A total of 30 different prey species belonging to five major groups: Crustacea (Euphausiacea, Mysidacea, Decapoda), Cephalopoda, and Teleostei was identified in the stomach contents. Euphausiids were the most important ingested prey in all seasons as well as in small‐ and medium‐size classes (<28 cm TL). Two species of euphausiids, Nyctiphanes couchii (%IRI = 36.0) and Euphausia krohni (%IRI = 12.9), were the most frequent prey. The proportion of teleosts in stomach contents increased with the increasing size class of horse mackerel and was 15.5% IRI in >30 cm TL individuals. The mean weight of stomach contents increased significantly for fish larger than 24.1 cm TL, while the mean number of prey items significantly declined in the large‐size classes.     

Food habits of the longnose skate, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Raja rhina</Emphasis> (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880), in central California waters

Feeding studies can provide researchers with important insights towards understanding potential fishery impacts on marine systems. Raja rhina is one of the most common elasmobranch species landed in central and northern California demersal fisheries, yet life history information is extremely limited for this species and aspects of its diet are unknown. Specimens of R. rhina were collected between September, 2002 and August, 2003 from fisheries-independent trawl surveys. Percent Index of Relative Importance values indicated that the five most important prey items in 618 stomachs of R. rhina were unidentified teleosts (31.6% IRI), unidentified shrimps (19.6% IRI), unidentified euphausiids (10.9% IRI), Crangonidae (7.4% IRI), and Neocrangon resima (6.0% IRI). There were significant dietary shifts with increasing skate total length and with increasing depths. Smaller skates ate small crustaceans and larger skates ate larger fishes and cephalopods. With increasing depths, diet included bentho-pelagic teleosts and more cephalopods and euphausiids. The findings of this study are consistent with previous researchers that report similar diet shifts in skate species with size and depth.     

年龄和性别因素对奇台沙蜥食性的影响

采用胃容物分析法研究年龄和性别因素对奇台沙蜥(Phrynocephalus grumgrzimailoi)食性的影响.共解剖220号浸制标本,取出整胃分离胃容物,鉴别胃容物中的食物种类,统计各种食物组分的数量频率、重量比例、出现频率和相对重要性指数(index of relative importance,IRI).结...     

Feeding habits of the tiger shark, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Galeocerdo cuvier,</Emphasis> in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico

Tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, are apex predators that may structure marine communities through predation. Despite a large number of studies in other areas such as the Pacific Ocean, there are no quantitative data on the diet of tiger sharks in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Diet was assessed from 169 tiger sharks by life stage, area, and environmental factors. Fifteen prey groups were identified, with teleosts, molluscs, birds, cephalopods, and reptiles being the predominant prey categories. There was an ontogenetic shift in diet, prey size and diversity. Molluscs were the most common prey in smaller sharks, while teleosts and reptiles became more important in the diet of larger sharks. Dietary overlap was significant by area (Gulf of Mexico vs Atlantic Ocean) and among all life stages except for young-of-the-year and adult tiger sharks. Juvenile tiger sharks also demonstrated selective feeding by targeting gastropod feet over ingesting the entire animal. While results were similar to feeding studies conducted on tiger sharks in other ocean basins, an understanding of area-specific trophic interactions is necessary to inform decision support tools for ecosystem-based approaches to management.     

Feeding of the Brazilian sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon lalandii (Müller & Henle, 1839) from southern Brazil

Stomach contents of 175 Brazilian sharpnose sharks, Rhizoprionodon lalandii, were examined to assess their feeding habits. Caught by artisanal fishers between June 2006 and July of 2007 at Ipanema Beach, on the central coast of the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, R. lalandii appears to be piscivorous (89.7% IRI), feeding mainly on families of Clupeidae (5.1% IRI) and Sciaenidae (3.7% IRI) and secondarily on squid Lolliguncula brevis (8.6% IRI). Diets were similar between sexes and seasons. However, there were ontogenetic changes in their diets. The major items for neonates were Penaeidae crustaceans (%IRI = 56.4) and Engraulidae fishes (%IRI = 29.3); for the juveniles, Sciaenidae (%IRI = 62.5) and Clupeidae (%IRI = 19.7), and for adults Clupeidae (%IRI = 45.8) and Sciaenidae (%IRI = 15.9). Only neonate sharks consumed crustaceans, whereas all size classes consumed cephalopods and teleosts. Neonates had the lowest trophic level (TR = 3.8), with the diet of juveniles and adults the highest (TR = 4.2). Given its abundance and diet, R. lalandii may be an important predator of demersal and pelagic prey in coastal waters of Brazil.     

Feeding habits of ocellate spot skate,Okamejei kenojei (Müller & Henle, 1841), in coastal waters of Taean,Korea

The feeding habits of Okamejei kenojei were studied using 592 specimens collected in the coastal waters of Taean, Korea from April 2008 to March 2009. O. kenojei is a bottom‐feeding carnivore that consumes mainly shrimp, fishes, and crabs. Its diet also includes small quantities of amphipods, mysids, cephalopods, euphausiids, copepods, isopods, and polychaetes. The total length (TL) of individuals in this study ranged from 8.2 to 49.0 cm. Cluster analysis based on %IRI (index of relative importance) identified three size classes. Group A (< 20 cm TL) ate primarily caridean shrimp and amphipods; group B (20–30 cm TL) ate exclusively shrimp; and group C (> 30 cm TL) ate penaeoidean shrimp, fishes, and crabs. O. kenojei showed ontogenetic changes in feeding habits. Although shrimps were the primary food consumed by all size groups, the proportion of shrimp in the total diet decreased and the consumption of fishes and crabs gradually increased with the body size of O. kenojei. Size of the prey organisms also increased. Smaller individuals fed mainly on small prey, such as amphipods, mysids, and small shrimp, whereas larger individuals preferred larger prey, such as larger shrimp, fishes, and crabs. The size‐related diet breadth and the percentage of empty stomachs were significant; the diet breadth gradually increased with body size, whereas the percentage of empty stomachs decreased. Seasonal changes in the O. kenojei diet were not significant, but shrimp constituted 97.3% of the summer diet by %IRI. Seasonal changes in diet breadth and the percentage of empty stomachs were not significant.     

Ontogenetic diet shifts and prey selection in nursery bound lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, indicate a flexible foraging tactic

Ontogenetic variations in shark diet are often qualitatively inferred from dietary analysis and hindered by high levels of unidentified prey or small sample sizes. This study focused on nursery bound lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris, n?=?396), enabling some control over the confounding variables of prey choice associated with ontogeny. Nursery bound lemon sharks exhibited weak ontogenetic variation in dietary composition with high levels of dietary overlap. Variation in prey preference of lemon sharks with ontogeny was complex, but revealed a continuous shift from predominantly opportunistic benthic foraging as neonates to more selective piscivory with increasing shark size while in the nursery. Lemon sharks demonstrated a discrete ontogenetic shift in the number of prey consumed and stomach content weight (Kruskal-Wallis tests p?<?0.01), as well as prey size (ANOVA, p?<?0.001). All sizes of sharks exhibited positive size selection of prey (Mann?CWhitney U tests, p?<?0.01). However, the lack of size preference by all but the largest lemon sharks for their major prey (yellowfin mojarra, Gerres cinereus), suggests neonate sharks, while capable of occasionally foraging on large prey, are relatively inept opportunistic foragers. This was evident in high diet breadth, low diversity of consumed prey and lower trophic level than larger sharks. This study represents the first quantitative analysis of ontogenetic variation in prey preference and size selection in sharks, indicating a flexible foraging tactic in lemon sharks and the importance of hunting ability and predator size in prey choice.     

Dietary habits of the fanray Platyrhina tangi (Batoidea: Platyrhinidae) in Ariake Bay, Japan

The dietary habits of the fanray Platyrhina tangi were investigated by analyzing the stomach contents of specimens collected in Ariake Bay, Japan. Of 334 stomach specimens, 324 contained food and 10 (3.0%) were empty. The mean percentage weight of stomach contents per unit of body weight was 0.59%. Thirty-seven taxonomic levels of prey were identified. The most common prey was shrimp, followed by fish and mysids. There were no differences in the composition of the diet between sexes, but an ontogenetic dietary shift was observed. Shrimps were the most common prey in all size classes. In addition, smaller individuals frequently ate mysids, and larger individuals often consumed fish. Dietary breadth values increased with size. Trophic level analysis revealed that trophic level increased with size; however, this species is consistently a secondary consumer. Dental sexual dimorphism was also observed. Specifically, mature males had much longer and sharper cusps than females and immature males. Since males and females had similar diets, dental sexual dimorphism may be related to their reproductive behaviour.     

Size, Sex And Geographic Variation in the Diet of the Tiger Shark, Galeocerdo Cuvier, From Western Australian Waters

Stomach contents from tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, caught on lines off the central coast of Western Australia were analysed to investigate variations in the diet due to sex, size and geographic location. Stomachs from 84 specimens contained food, while 26 had empty stomachs and 66 had regurgitated. Twelve prey groups were identified, the most common being turtles, sea snakes, teleost fishes, dugongs and sea birds. Dietary overlap was high between males and females. An ontogenetic shift was observed in the diet. Smaller prey (e.g. cephalopods, teleosts and sea snakes) were more common in small individuals, while the occurrence of larger prey (e.g. turtles, dugongs and elasmobranchs) increased with increasing shark size. Differences in the diet were observed between four regions along the central Western Australian coast. The ability to catch and consume large prey, prey availability, prey density, and prey profitability were identified as factors influencing the diet. The high level of occurrence of dugongs and turtles in the diet of G. cuvier, relative to their abundance, suggests that shark predation may play an important role in regulating populations of these species.     

Food habits of the Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) in Kutch, Gujarat, India

We characterized the diet of the Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) during the breeding season in a semi-desert region of Western India. Diet was estimated using scat analysis. We used Index of Relative Importance (IRI) to determine the contribution of prey items in the diet of the Indian fox.Indian foxes were observed to feed on a wide variety of prey items. Arthropods were the most frequently occurring prey in their diet. IRI scores were highest for the group Coleoptera and Orthoptera followed by rodents, termites, Ziziphus fruits and spiny tailed lizards (Uromastyx hardwickii). IRI scores for rodents were higher for pups, differing significantly from proportions present in adult diet, thus indicating that they are crucial food items for the young ones. Prey proportions in the fox diet differed between the two habitats in the study area (grassland and scrubland).Our data suggest that the Indian fox is essentially an omnivore showing similar diet (in terms of high incidence of arthropods) to foxes inhabiting arid and semi-arid regions. The opportunistic and generalist strategy has probably helped the species to survive in varied habitats across the Indian subcontinent.     

Prey use of wetland benthivorous sunfishes: ontogenetic, interspecific and seasonal variation

The intensity of competitive interactions between fishes is partly determined by prey use and ontogenetic niche shifts. In a wetland where distinct habitat shifts are missing we compared prey use of three generalist benthivorous sunfishes to look for evidence of ontogenetic, interspecific, and “seasonal” variation in prey composition. Diet analysis revealed evidence of diet ontogeny in warmouth (Lepomis gulosus, 30–152 mm standard length, SL), but not in bluespotted sunfish (Enneacanthus gloriosus, 30–47 mm SL) or dollar sunfish (Lepomis marginatus, 30–60 mm SL). Bluespotted and dollar sunfishes consumed small dipteran and amphipod prey and had similar diets in both seasons suggesting a potential for strong interspecific competition. In the dry season, warmouth shifted from using smaller insect prey to larger decapod and fish prey with increasing size. This shift to prey types that were little used by the other species reduced dietary niche overlap with the other sunfishes. After drought and re-flooding (in the wet season), decapods and small fish were less abundant in the wetland and the warmouth ontogenetic shift was less distinct. When matched for gape width, prey composition differed between warmouth and both dollar and bluespotted sunfishes in the wet season, suggesting differences in sunfish foraging modes, but prey use differences were less clear in the dry season when prey were abundant. Both warmouth ontogenetic diet shifts and seasonal variation in prey use (probably mediated by prey abundance) had strong influences on diet overlap and therefore the potential for intra- and interspecific competition between sunfishes in this wetland ecosystem.     

Feeding habits of Schizothorax oconnori Lloyd, 1908 in the Yarlung Zangbo River,Tibet

Seasonal, ontogenetic and sexual feeding habits of Schizothorax oconnori in the Yarlung Zangbo River were studied using percentages by number, weight and index of relative importance (IRI). The Schoener overlap index was applied to compare diets related to season, fish size and sex. The feeding intensity exhibited seasonal trends, with a minimum food intake in summer. Overall, 103 prey taxa belonging to seven prey categories (diatoms, green algae, cyanophytes, other algae, small invertebrates, macroinvertebrates and remains) were identified in 136 guts. Highest feeding diversity and evenness were recorded in summer, while lowest values of both indices occurred in autumn. S. oconnori fed almost exclusively on periphyton. Diatoms were the most important prey in terms of number, weight and IRI, followed by macroinvertebrates; other prey were also occasionally ingested. S. oconnori is a generalized and opportunistic feeder relying upon a wide trophic spectrum, but mainly feeds on diatoms as they are the most prevalent periphyton. There were high diet overlaps among seasons, fish sizes and between sexes. S. oconnori showed no dietary preference for any of the other prey available in the periphyton community.     

Feeding ecology of Urophycis brasiliensis on the Uruguayan coast of the Río de la Plata estuary

The Brazilian codling (Urophycis brasiliensis) is the target of an important artisanal fishery in Uruguay. In the present study we analysed the feeding habits of this species over a 2‐year cycle. The samples were obtained from landings of the artisanal fishery at two sites on the Uruguayan coast: one representing a transitional habitat between estuarine and marine conditions (Piriápolis), the other representing a typical marine ecosystem (La Paloma). Different approaches were considered (Index of Relative Importance, IRI; graphical methods and multivariate techniques of cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis). The ontogenetic changes in the diet were also assessed. Stomach contents of 870 individuals were analysed and a total of 24 prey species identified. The shirmp Artemesia longinaris has the highest IRI (89.9%) score followed by Cynoscion guatucupa (IRI = 4.3%). Molluscs were only marginally represented (IRI < 0.01%). Both the graphical method of Cortés and the method of Amundsen indicate the specialization of Brazilian codling to A. longinaris. However, a trend to a generalist diet evolves in bigger fishes, which also consume fishes in important quantities, mainly C. guatucupa. Moreover, opportunism is occasionally present both seasonally and spatially, and responds to variations of the availability of prey items throughout its distribution. U. brasiliensis predation plays an important role in the trophic dynamics of the SW Atlantic ecosystem. It is dependent on shrimp for feeding, a reason for an integrated management of coastal habitat and fisheries of both resources. The dependence of Brazilian codling, mainly when it is small, on shrimp calls for an integrated management of both the coastal habitat and fisheries.