杆状病毒AcMNPV vp39基因的克隆、表达与抗体制备

目的:构建苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Autographa californica nucleopolyhedro virus,AcMNPV)VP39的原核表达载体,表达、纯化蛋白并制备多克隆抗体。方法:用PCR方法扩增vp39基因,并将其克隆至pET-21a( )上,转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达,采用割胶回收的方法纯化融合蛋白,纯化的融合蛋白作为抗原,免疫新西兰大白兔,Western blot检测抗体活性。结果:构建了pET-VP39原核表达质粒,含有该质粒的大肠杆菌经IPTG诱导超量表达了一个与预期理论值相符的约为40kDa的融合蛋白。对制备的抗体进行免疫印迹分析表明该抗血清能与感染苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的细胞蛋白样品发生特异性反应。结论:获得了兔抗AcMNPV-VP39多克隆抗体,为进一步深入研究VP39在病毒侵染过程中与宿主因子的相互作用提供了检测工具。     

杆状病毒ac68基因的克隆、表达与抗体制备

目的：对苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（Autographa califorica multicapsid nucleopoly hedrovirus,AcMNPV）开放阅读框68（open reading frame,ORF68,ac68）进行原核表达,制备该蛋白的多克隆抗体,为深入研究其功能提供基础。方法：将ac68基因克隆至原核表达载体pET28a上,在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达Ac68蛋白,通过His抗体检测进一步验证所表达的蛋白为带有组氨酸的融合蛋白。以纯化的Ac68蛋白作为抗原,免疫昆明小鼠制备多克隆抗体。结果：实现了ac68基因的原核表达,获得了该蛋白的多克隆抗体并在AcMNPV感染的Sf-9细胞中检测到一条大小为25kD左右的特异杂交带。结论：获得的抗体可用于Ac68蛋白功能的进一步研究。     

杆状病毒基因Ac108的克隆和原核表达

目的:克隆和表达苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Autographa califorica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV)开放阅读框108(open reading frame,ORF108,Ac108)基因,为进一步研究其功能打下基础.方法:将Ac108基因克隆至原核表达载体pQE30,在大肠杆菌M15中表达AC108蛋白.以纯化的AC108蛋白作为抗原,免疫新西兰大白兔制备蛋白的多克隆抗体.用该抗体检测了该蛋白在病毒感染细胞中的表达.结果:实现了AC108蛋白的表达,获得了AC108蛋白的多克隆抗体,Western blot检测发现在AcMNPV感染的Sf-9细胞中有一条大小约为27kDa的杂交带,远大于预期的11kDa.结论:AC108蛋白可能以同源或异源聚合物形式在电场中迁移.     

杆状病毒P6.9蛋白的表达及自身互作研究

目的:在大肠杆菌中表达苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒P6.9蛋白并制备抗体,研究P6.9的自身互作。方法:用PCR方法扩增p6.9基因,将其分别克隆到原核表达载体pMAL-c2x、pGEX-4T-1、pET28a中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达。选取可溶性较好的融合蛋白纯化后免疫家兔制备抗体。然后利用该抗体进行Western blot检测、分析P6.9的自身互作。结果:构建了pMAL-P6.9、pGEX-P6.9、pET-P6.9三种原核表达质粒,分别在大肠杆菌中经IPTG诱导表达产生了与预期分子量相符的MBP-P6.9(49.4kDa)、GST-P6.9(32.9kDa)、HIS-P6.9(12.5kDa)融合蛋白。制备了P6.9的多克隆抗体,能与P6.9蛋白发生特异反应。Pull-down结果表明P6.9自身互作。结论:获得了兔抗P6.9的多克隆抗体,为深入研究P6.9的功能提供了检测工具。证明了P6.9之间的互作,说明该蛋白功能的发挥可能是通过多聚体起作用的。     

伪狂犬病病毒鄂A株包膜糖蛋白gD基因的克隆与表达

克隆了伪狂犬病病毒鄂A株编码包膜糖蛋白gD的基因并进行了序列测定 ,与国外报道的Rice株相比 ,其核苷酸序列具有 98%的同源性 ,推导氨基酸序列同源性为 97%。将此基因克隆于具有全期启动子盒的杆状病毒转移载体pSX35A中 ,构建成重组转移质粒pSX35A gD ,与致死缺失型线性化苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒 (AcMNPV OCC- )基因组DNA一起共转染粉纹夜蛾Hi5细胞 ,经同源重组 ,获得含gD基因的重组病毒AcMNPV OCC+ gD。重组病毒经空斑纯化后感染Hi5细胞进行表达分析 ,细胞裂解物的SDS PAGE及Western Blot ting均显示分子量约 47kD的gD蛋白得到了特异性表达 ,其表达量占细胞总蛋白的 6 2 % ,表达的gD蛋白具有免疫原性。     

昆虫杆状病毒泛素基因研究进展

昆虫杆状病毒是目前已知唯一编码泛素(ubiquitin)的病毒。迄今,已克隆了8种该类病毒的泛素基因。与真核生物Uba52(80)相似,这些基因在一个泛素分子的C末端都有不同长度的融合,其中斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Spodopteralituramulticapsidnucleopolyhedrovirus,SpltMNPV)的ubiquitingp37基因是一个典型的融合基因。近年来,对苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Autographacaliforniamulticapsidnucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV)泛素的定位与功能研究取得了重要进展 。     

蓖麻蚕核型多角体病毒与苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒多角体蛋白基因同源性的研究

本文报道以苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒多角体蛋白基因mRNA的cDNA的重组质粒PMA-Ⅵ DNA转化E.coli RR_1。采用了多种筛选方法,包括抗菌素抗性筛选,菌落杂交及电泳等方法。快速地筛选出含有PMA-Ⅵ质粒的菌株。并以蓖麻蚕NPV-DNA作探针,通过Southern杂交,表明蓖麻蚕NPV基因组中具有与苜蓿银纹夜蛾NPV多角体蛋白基因同源性的核苷酸序列。     

以柞蚕NPV为载体在柞蚕蛹体内表达外源基因获得成功

辽宁省农科院大连生物技术研究所张春发等人利用柞蚕核型多角体病毒(ApNpV)组建成转移载体,并以此载体携带外源基因(人白细胞介素-4、DE糖蛋白)在草地贪夜蛾Sf9昆虫细胞、柞蚕卵巢细胞以及柞蚕蛹活体中表达成功。实验表明,表达产物的确以非融合蛋白形式出现,从而建立了柞蚕NpV载体—柞蚕蛹活体宿主表达系统。这是继菌苜蓿纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(AcNpV)—Sf9细胞载体表达系统和家蚕核多角体病毒(BmNpV)——家蚕幼虫载体表达系统以后又一个昆虫杆状病毒载体达表系统。由于该系统是利用柞蚕蛹活体为宿主     

杆状病毒PK-1亚细胞定位分析

目的:制备苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒PK-1抗体,利用抗体分析PK-1在病毒感染过程中的亚细胞定位。方法:根据pk-1基因序列设计引物,扩增全长序列,将其克隆到原核表达载体pMal-c2x。利用原核表达目的蛋白质,将产物进行亲和层析,获得纯化蛋白。将纯化的融合蛋白免疫兔子制备抗血清,利用PK-1抗血清进行免疫荧光分析PK-1在病毒感染过程中的亚细胞定位。结果:成功原核表达并纯化PK-1融合蛋白,获得PK-1兔多克隆抗血清,并确定了PK-1在病毒的感染过程的亚细胞定位。结论:在杆状病毒感染后的16h,PK-1主要定位在细胞质中,随后扩散到细胞核中,在感染后24h分布在整个细胞中,到感染后48~72h,PK-1又重新定位在细胞质中,这些结果为进一步分析PK-1的功能奠定了基础。     

苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒复制与宿主细胞核骨架关系初探

用选择性抽提方法和整装细胞电镜技术观察苜蓿丫纹夜蛾多粒包埋核型多角体病毒(AcMNPV)感染的Tn5B1细胞的核骨架结构体系,发现感染早期病毒的复制过程未对宿主细胞核骨架的形态结构产生明显影响,而感染晚期多角体的装配在核骨架网络中进行.以ie-1基因和多角体蛋白基因为探针,点杂交分析基因转录活性与宿主细胞核骨架的关系,结果表明在病毒感染早期,无论是正具转录活性的ie-1基因还是不具转录活性的多角体蛋白基因都可紧密结合在宿主细胞的核骨架上.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.