A guide to the pronunciation of the scientific names for harmful algae

A historical review of scientific nomenclature and ofthe pronunciation of classical languages suggests thatthere is no objectively correct way to enunciate thetechnical terms applied to harmful algae. Any guideto pronunciation is always relative to some group ofspeakers; scientific nomenclature is an artificialconstruct without a population of normative speakers,living or dead, to whom the bewildered enunciator canhave reference. Thus a key to the pronunciation ofthe Latin and Greek scientific terms in alldisciplines, and a fortiori to the pronunciation ofthose terms applied to harmful algae, must be based onrules of common sense, mutual forbearance, and generalintelligibility. This article includes a guide topronouncing the names of harmful algae based on theseprinciples.     

Planting the seed of Rome

The paper summarises some of the results of a long term project carried out by the author on charred macroremains from several key sequences in Rome and its broader hinterland dating from between the 9th and the 6th cent. B.C. This is the period that witnesses major changes in the structure of the settlement, in its social complexity and in its economic processes leading to formation of the state and urbanisation. Building upon recent work analysing the relationship between the emergence of social complexity and crop processing (as seen through the macroremains), possible evidence for structural changes in Roman archaic society are investigated, with particular attention to issues such as the centralisation of food storage and processing or the organisation of redistribution. Studies of this kind may well offer a different perspective on the beginnings of Rome, counterbalancing the traditional emphasis on textual evidence and burial analysis. Received September 2, 2001 / Accepted May 13, 2002     

Dealing with malaria in the last 60 years. A personal experience

Dealing with malaria in the last 60 years is seen by the author in the perspective of his own experience. His malaria work, which began in 1941, covered the study of the habits of the mosquitoes dwelling in the savanna country of Eastern Colombia and the effect on malaria transmission of the newly introduced DDT residual spraying. The success of the campaign he later directed in Sarawak and Brunei contributed to the launching by WHO of its global malaria eradication campaign. Further successful work in Uganda showed the possibility of effective control and even eradication in highland country but left unsolved the problem of how to interrupt transmission of holoendemic malaria in Africa. The author's work with WHO in the Middle East showed to what extent social and economic conditions could influence the course of a malaria campaign. This was also the experience in America, both in Colombia in the author's early work and later in Mexico during an evaluation of the national malaria programme. Development of insecticide resistance was also encountered in his career and the refractoriness of the European vectors was also observed in his work as a malariologist.     

Publishing "Equinox": Broadening Notions of Urban Youth Development after School

This ethnographic, instrumental case study (Stake 2003) of an atypical youth apprenticeship draws on sociocultural and critical theoretical lenses. Findings reveal that during an eight-month cycle, a paid apprenticeship provided a fertile context for 20 low-income, ethnically diverse, older youths to explore, reflect upon, compose, photograph, and ultimately publish their communities and worlds. These findings point toward a potential to deepen and broaden the theoretical perspective through which mainstream youth development is conceived. The author argues that adults' guided participation and youths' systematic engagement with multimodal literacies as identity work is a successful recipe for promoting critical youth development'a notion of youth development that not only acknowledges but also encourages youths' reflection on the intersection of race, class, gender, and power.     

Changing Minds? Implications of Conceptual Change for Teaching and Learning about Biological Evolution

Learning about biological evolution presents particular challenges for students. Barriers to learning come in the form of students’ prior conceptions that conflict with the scientific perspective of biological change. Theory and research from developmental and educational psychology provide insight into these barriers. Helping students understand evolution is not simply a matter of adding to their existing knowledge, but rather, it means helping them to see the world in new and different ways. Theoretical perspectives on creating change in students’ conceptions have implications for teaching about biological evolution. The material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation: Grant #0635629 to all three authors, #0133446 to the second author, and #0540152 to the third author.     

Straits used for international navigation

Abstract

This article summarizes our perspective of U.S. and Soviet interactions during a joint physical oceanography experiment. One author (RHH) was involved in early instrumentation and logistic work with the Soviets beginning in 1970, and was U.S. executive manager for the program from 1976–84. One author (CAC) was the National Science Foundation program manager responsible for administering the program. The experiment began with a preliminary meeting of Soviet and American oceanographers in 1973 and activities concluded with the publication of an atlas (see n. 9) in 1986. The intervening years included a variety of joint scientific activities which spanned a broad spectrum from theory and numerical modeling to at‐sea experiments. The total cost of U.S. activities as part of this program was about $25 million.     

Neurasthenia and depression: A study of somatization and culture in China

The author reviews conceptual and empirical issues regarding the interaction of neurasthenia, somatization and depression in Chinese culture and in the West. The historical background of neurasthenia and its current status are discussed, along with the epidemiology and phenomenology of somatization and depression. Findings are presented from a combined clinical and anthropological field study of 100 patients with neurasthenia in the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic at the Hunan Medical College. Eighty-seven of these patients made the DSM-III criteria of Major Depressive Disorder; diagnoses of anxiety disorders were also frequent. Forty-four patients were suffering from chronic pain syndromes previously undiagnosed, and cases of culture-bound syndromes also were detected. For three-quarters of patients the social significances and uses of their illness behavior chiefly related to work. Although from the researchers' perspective 70% of patients with Major Depressive Disorder experienced substantial improvement and 87% some improvement in symptoms when treated with antidepressant medication, fewer experienced decreased help seeking, and a much smaller number perceived less social impairment and improvement in illnes problems (the psychosocial accompaniment of disease including maladaptive coping and work, family and school problems). These findings are drawn on to advance medical anthropology and cultural psychiatry theory and research regarding somatization in Chinese culture, the United States and cross culturally. The author concludes that though neurasthenia can be understood in several distinctive ways, it is most clinically useful to regard it as bioculturally patterned illness experience (a special form of somatization) related to either depression and other diseases or to culturally sanctioned idioms of distress and psychosocial coping.     

Structure-activity relationships of aromatic amines in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay

The author tried in a somewhat limited work to quantitatively correlate the electronic and steric intramolecular interactions of substituents on the amino group (influencing the enzymatic reactions of aromatic amines) and the mutagenic event. It was assumed that there is a correlation between these biotransformations and the electronic state of aromatic amines at the ionic dissociation equilibrium. The approach is rather empirical and arbitrary but the overall agreement between experimental mutagenic potencies and the values calculated was encouraging and led the author to further developments. It is hoped that the concepts used in this work may be applied to other aromatic molecules bearing an amino group.     

我国煤矿矿山医疗救护工作的SWOT分析

运用SWOT方法分析了目前我国矿山医疗救护工作的整体优势，认识到当前矿山医疗救护工作创新能力不足是面临的主要劣势，剖析了创新发展的机遇和一些结构性威胁，并提出了相应的发展策略。     

Charles Darwin's views of classification in theory and practice

It has long been argued that Charles Darwin was the founder of the school of "evolutionary taxonomy" of the Modern Synthesis and, accordingly, that he recognized genealogy and similarity as dual, synergistic criteria for classification. This view is based on three questionable interpretations: first, of isolated passages in the 13th chapter of the Origin of Species; second, of one phrase in a letter that Darwin wrote about the work of an author he had partly misunderstood; and third, of his taxonomic practice in the barnacle monographs, which only implicitly embody his philosophy of classification, if at all. These works, seen in fuller context and with the perspective of extensive correspondence, are consistent with the view that Darwin advocated only genealogy as the basis of classification, and that similarity was merely a tool for discovering evolutionary relationships. Darwin was neither a Mayrian taxonomist nor a cladist, and he did not approach systematic issues in the same terms that we do in the late 20th century.     

Plant thioredoxins: role of the French School

A seminal discovery made by Pierre Gadal and his collaborators in Nancy, almost 30 years ago, has served as a nucleus for further development of research on plant thioredoxins. By attracting other investigators, research in the area has flourished and enabled France to assume a leadership position in the field. The chronology of development of this research is traced in the present review, from its origin in Nancy to its current distribution throughout France. A summary of the achievements of participating French scientists documents their influence on the field and the international thioredoxin community. The article closes with a personal perspective of Gadal’s scientific and professional contributions that was developed by the senior author during visits to Orsay over the past three decades.     

The journey from NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase to nitric oxide synthases

This mini-review will reflect the perspective of its author on two fields of research, which have merged as the result of the insights of investigators whose work has influenced both areas immeasurably. It cannot be overlooked, however, that the research activities of many during a period of over five decades have produced the chemical and biological bases for the exciting discoveries now encompassing the cytochromes P450 and their redox partners, and the three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase as they function in their respective biological milieux. Following the remarkable discovery that, indeed, molecular oxygen can be adducted to organic molecules by enzymatic systems and that such processes require a supply of reducing equivalents, it is the purpose of this review to provide a chart, with some of its detours, of the road that followed in the pursuit of interesting biological phenomena involving these two major oxygenation systems. It is not intended to be a balanced review and apologies must be offered in advance to those whose contributions may be overlooked or simply were not directly germane to the development of the author's journey.     

In memoriam: Professor G.N. Ramachandran (1922-2001)

Few scientists contribute an idea of such clarity and power that it appears in all the discipline's textbooks and bears the author's name. For the contribution to be relevant and universally employed almost forty years after it first appeared is even less common. Structural biology lost the author of such an idea with the death of G.N. Ramachandran, whose picture appears on the cover of this issue of Protein Science. His seminal contribution is described in remembrances of Professor Ramachandran's life and career by colleague and co-author of the 1963 paper, C. Ramakrishnan. A perspective by George D. Rose follows, which articulates the enduring impact of that work.     

Narrating Professional Development: Teachers' Stories as Texts for Improving Practice

This article traces a systematic, respectful process for using narrative materials as vehicles for teachers' professional development. Ann, a high school history teacher, wrote a series of stories about school experiences, using them as departure points for discussing, thinking, and writing about her ongoing practice in collaboration with the author. The article outlines in detail the methods of narrative inquiry the author employed to safeguard Ann's voice and perspective while supporting her in critical reflection and changed practices     

Oscillations in a model of repression with external control

A mathematical model for control by repression by an extracellular substance is developed, including diffusion and time delays. The model examines how active transport of a nutrient can produce either oscillatory or stable responses depending on a variety of parameters, such as diffusivity, cell size, or nutrient concentration. The system of equations for the mathematical model is reduced to a system of delay differential equations and linear Volterra equations. After linearizing these equations and forming the limiting Volterra equations, the resulting linear system no longer has any spatial dependence. Local stability analysis of the radially symmetric model shows that the system of equations can undergo Hopf bifurcations for certain parameter values, while other ranges of the parameters guarantee asymptotic stability. One numerical study shows that the model can exhibit intracellular biochemical oscillations with increasing extracellular concentrations of the nutrient, which suggests a possible trigger mechanism for morphogenesis.The work of this author was supported in part by NSF grants DMS-8603787 and DMS-8807360The work of this author was supported under the REU program of NSF by grant DMS-8807360The work of this author was supported under the REU program of NSF by grant DMS-8807360     

View from the boundary

Re-implementing biological mechanisms on robots not only has technological application but can provide a unique perspective on the nature of sensory processing in animals. To make a robot work, we need to understand the function as part of an embodied, behaving system. I argue that this perspective suggests that the terms "representation" and "information processing" can be misleading when we seek to understand how neurobiological mechanisms carry out perceptual processes. This argument is presented here with reference to a robot model of cricket behavior, which has demonstrated competence comparable to that of the insect, but utilizes surprisingly simple central processing. Instead it depends on sensory interfaces that are well matched to the task, and on the link between environment, action, and perception.     

橡胶树死皮病的发生机理和假说

在阐述橡胶树死皮病的概念和已有关于死皮病因及其机理假说基础上,根据分子生物学新进展提出了死皮病发生的新现点.死皮病是可由生物、生理多种因子胁迫引发的、通过氧化跃变产生的信号分子转导,激发细胞程序性死亡机制而表现出的防卫反应.并论述了使该观点成立的依据和进一步研究的策略.该观点的提出,使关于死皮病的各种假说的合理现点达到统一.并对深入研究死皮病的分子机理具有深远的指导意义.     

The topology of the possible: formal spaces underlying patterns of evolutionary change

The current implementation of the Neo-Darwinian model of evolution typically assumes that the set of possible phenotypes is organized into a highly symmetric and regular space equipped with a notion of distance, for example, a Euclidean vector space. Recent computational work on a biophysical genotype-phenotype model based on the folding of RNA sequences into secondary structures suggests a rather different picture. If phenotypes are organized according to genetic accessibility, the resulting space lacks a metric and is formalized by an unfamiliar structure, known as a pre-topology. Patterns of phenotypic evolution-such as punctuation, irreversibility, modularity--result naturally from the properties of this space. The classical framework, however, addresses these patterns by exclusively invoking natural selection on suitably imposed fitness landscapes. We propose to extend the explanatory level for phenotypic evolution from fitness considerations alone to include the topological structure of phenotype space as induced by the genotype-phenotype map. We introduce the mathematical concepts and tools necessary to formalize the notion of accessibility pre-topology relative to which we can speak of continuity in the genotype-phenotype map and in evolutionary trajectories. We connect the factorization of a pre-topology into a product space with the notion of phenotypic character and derive a condition for factorization. Based on anecdotal evidence from the RNA model, we conjecture that this condition is not globally fulfilled, but rather confined to regions where the genotype-phenotype map is continuous. Equivalently, local regions of genotype space on which the map is discontinuous are associated with the loss of character autonomy. This is consistent with the importance of these regions for phenotypic innovation. The intention of the present paper is to offer a perspective, a framework to implement this perspective, and a few results illustrating how this framework can be put to work. The RNA case is used as an example throughout the text.     

The ethics of marriage in American evangelicalism

The idea that marriage should be treated as a site of pious ethical work is widespread in conservative Christian discourse. This article considers how and why conservative American evangelicals have come to regard the everyday routines of heterosexual marriage as potential forms of religious labour that can cultivate robust Christian subjectivities along with successful conjugal relationships. It argues that the notion of pious marital work was strongly shaped by the secular culture of therapeutic counselling and self-help that developed during the twentieth century. While pious ethics and secular, everyday ethics are often seen as distinct, this historical perspective illuminates the modern coevolution of secular and conservative religious conceptions of marriage, revealing how each has linked marital work to personal as well as societal redemption.