用TnV分离粘细菌发育回复突变株

fruA∷TcΩ5 is a development deficient strain of M.Xamthus.Transposon TnV was used to randomly mutagenize various sites of fruA ∷TcΩ5 chromosome.Fruiting body formation was restored in one TnV insertion mutant,designated XM1206.The TnV\|inserted DNA fragment from XM1206 chromosome was cloned,which may be served as a probe to isolate the corresponding allele from wild\|type strain.     

粘细菌转录因子FruA与结合蛋白FruB协同参与发育基因的调控

粘细菌中一系列发育相关基因受到转录因子ＦｒｕＡ的调节。用亲和层析法从粘细菌分离出另一种与ＦｒｕＡ结合的蛋白因子ＦｒｕＢ。实验表明,ＦｒｕＢ可以被粘细菌细胞膜上的蛋白激酶磷酸化,磷酸化后的ＦｒｕＢ与ＦｒｕＡ形成复合物,此复合物通过与靶基因顺式元件的结合来调节基因的表达。有助于深入理解ＦｒｕＡ对发育相关基因的调节作用机制。     

粘细菌转录因子FruA的表达、纯化及调控作用

ＦｒｕＡ是粘细菌（Ｍｙｘｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ ｘａｎｔｈｕｓ）发育所必需的转录因子,影响着一系列发育特异性基因的表达,在大肠杆菌中表达了带组氨酸标记的ＦｒｕＡ,并用镍离子层析进行快速分离纯化。凝胶阻滞试验提示ＦｒｕＡ对靶基因的调控可能需要其它因子的参与。     

植物未知产物发育基因的分离方法

近年来,由于分子生物学和遗传学向发育生物学和生理学渗透,生长发育的遗传控制成为研究的热点,到目前为止,人们主要借助蛋白质的分离纯化分离了一些发育基因,但绝大部分发育基因的产物是未知的,其分离工作相当困难,近年来发展起来的基因克隆技术使未知产物的发育基因克隆取得了突破性的进展,本文对这些技术进行了简单的介绍和评述。     

植物未知产物发育基因的分离方法

近年来,由于分子生物学和遗传学向发育生物学和生理学渗透,生长发育的遗传控制成为研究的热点。到目前为止,人们主要借助蛋白质的分离纯化分离了一些发育基因,但绝大部分发育基因的产物是未知的,其分离工作相当困难。近年来发展起来的基因克隆技术使未知产物的发育基因克隆取得了突破性的进展,本文对这些技术进行了简单的介绍和评述。     

多粘类芽胞杆菌SC2基因敲除体系的建立

摘要:【目的】建立多粘类芽胞杆菌SC2 的基因敲除体系。【方法】利用电转化把温敏型自杀质粒pRN5101导入到多粘类芽胞杆菌SC2中。采用基因重组技术敲除SC2 中的多粘菌素基因E(pmxE),得到突变株SC2-E。利用抗细菌性能检测和高效液相色谱分析合成多粘菌素的能力,来证实pmxE基因是否被敲除。【结果】成功构建了多粘类芽胞杆菌SC2 的基因敲除体系。pRN5101转入SC2后能够在28℃复制,39℃自杀。突变株失去了合成多粘菌素的能力,成功敲除pmxE基因,验证了此体系的可用性。【结论】首次构建了多粘类芽胞杆菌的基因敲除体系,拓展了pRN5101的使用范围,为研究多粘类芽胞杆菌的基因功能提供了高效的遗传操作工具。     

基于细菌共现网络的土壤粘细菌分离

粘细菌是一类分布广泛的捕食性细菌,能够产生种类多样、结构新颖、作用机制独特的天然活性物质。但是粘细菌分离纯化困难且耗时,导致其资源匮乏,这已成为粘细菌开发利用的重要瓶颈之一。基于辅助菌的分离方法是当前获得粘细菌资源的重要方法,然而辅助菌多为大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）等革兰氏阴性菌。为了获得新的辅助菌和粘细菌资源,本研究基于土壤细菌16S rRNA基因高通量测序数据构建细菌共现网络（bacterial co-occurrence network）,发现粘细菌-细菌子网络中有27%的连接节点为放线菌。因此,本研究选择革兰氏阳性菌球形节杆菌（Arthrobacter globiformis） GDMCC 1.1730作为辅助菌,并在捕食培养基上验证其捕食活性。结果表明该辅助菌能够被所有参与测试的粘细菌（12个物种）所捕食。以GDMCC 1.1730作为辅助菌进行粘细菌的分离,共诱导出11种粘细菌子实体,且包括一种仅由GDMCC 1.1730诱导而大肠杆菌未能诱导出的子实体。本研究基于细菌共现网络和捕食活性验证,提供了一株革兰氏阳性菌作为新的粘细菌辅助菌,该辅助菌能够诱导出土壤中的多种粘细菌子实体,为根据细菌共现网络获取未/难培养微生物资源提供了新的证据。     

高等植物发育基因的分离方法

介绍了mRNA差别显示等7种可用于分离高等植物发育基因的方法，着重分析了每项技术的工作原理、应用范围及其进展。     

黄色粘球菌发育阶段外膜蛋白表达的变化

【目的】黄色粘球菌是研究原核发育的一种模式生物,对其膜蛋白的研究仍然十分缺乏。【方法】利用6种预测软件,在黄色粘球菌的基因组中筛选编码外膜蛋白(OMP)的基因。根据报告基因lacZ,检测这些基因在营养性生长和发育阶段的表达。【结果】基于生物信息学分析,筛选出11个编码外膜蛋白的基因。其中2个基因(MXAN3106和MXAN3883)在发育阶段表达量上升,它们分别编码Secretin家族和Fimbrial usher protein (FUP)家族转运蛋白。其余9个基因在发育起始阶段表达量降低或保持较低水平,它们均编码TonB依赖型受体或外排蛋白。【结论】这些数据提示,黄色粘球菌由生长到发育的转换过程,伴随着膜蛋白表达的显著变化。     

The extracellular proteases of Myxococcus xanthus

Abstract A zymogram technique was used to resolve the proteases from the culture supernatants of three strains derived from Myxococcus xanthus FB. Of the 8 bands obtained, 3 were possibly proteolytic artefacts, and another may be derived from membrane vesicles or fragments. 3 of the bands were tentatively identified as serine proteases by affinity labelling. A non-motile, non-fruiting strain, M. xanthus DZ1, differed from 2 wild-type strains, NCIB9412 and DK101, in the relative intensity of certain bands, and all 3 strains differed qualitatively from M. xanthus XK, which is not FB-derived.     

Increases in the intracellular concentration of glycerol during development in Myxococcus xanthus S. Courtney Frasch

Abstract The role of glycerol as a natural morphogen of myxospore formation in Myxococcus xanthus was examined. Glycerol was extracted from cells undergoing development and analyzed by gas chromatography. Glycerol is present in cells, and the intracellular level undergoes a series of transient increases during development. The data suggest a role for glycerol in myxosporulation and fruiting body morphogenesis supporting the notion that this chemical induction of sporulation may represent a physiological pathway in development.     

Effects of pH and phosphate on the production of struvite by Myxococcus xanthus

We studied the influence of pH and the phosphate content of the culture medium on the precipitation of struvite by Myxococcus xanthus, a bacterium that undergoes autolysis at the end of its exponential growth phase in liquid cultures. The best results were obtained with pH values between 7.2 and 8.0 and with a phosphate concentration of 10 mM. Our studies reveal for the first time that the precipitation of struvite always begins at the onset of autolysis and that culture conditions favoring the early occurrence of autolysis also enhance struvite production.     

Intra- and interprotein phosphorylation between two-hybrid histidine kinases controls Myxococcus xanthus developmental progression

Histidine-aspartate phosphorelay signaling systems are used to couple stimuli to cellular responses. A hallmark feature is the highly modular signal transmission modules that can form both simple "two-component" systems and sophisticated multicomponent systems that integrate stimuli over time and space to generate coordinated and fine-tuned responses. The deltaproteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus contains a large repertoire of signaling proteins, many of which regulate its multicellular developmental program. Here, we assign an orphan hybrid histidine protein kinase, EspC, to the Esp signaling system that negatively regulates progression through the M. xanthus developmental program. The Esp signal system consists of the hybrid histidine protein kinase, EspA, two serine/threonine protein kinases, and a putative transport protein. We demonstrate that EspC is an essential component of this system because ΔespA, ΔespC, and ΔespA ΔespC double mutants share an identical developmental phenotype. Neither substitution of the phosphoaccepting histidine residue nor deletion of the entire catalytic ATPase domain in EspC produces an in vivo mutant developmental phenotype. In contrast, substitution of the receiver phosphoaccepting residue yields the null phenotype. Although the EspC histidine kinase can efficiently autophosphorylate in vitro, it does not act as a phosphodonor to its own receiver domain. Our in vitro and in vivo analyses suggest the phosphodonor is instead the EspA histidine kinase. We propose EspA and EspC participate in a novel hybrid histidine protein kinase signaling mechanism involving both inter- and intraprotein phosphotransfer. The output of this signaling system appears to be the combined phosphorylated state of the EspA and EspC receiver modules. This system regulates the proteolytic turnover of MrpC, an important regulator of the developmental program.     

Natural variation of gliding motility in a centimetre-scale population of Myxococcus xanthus

A major challenge in microbial evolutionary ecology is to understand how fitness-related traits vary in natural populations of microorganisms at defined spatial scales and subsequently to identify the forces that maintain such variation. The Gram-negative soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus is a model system for the study of gliding motility, which is driven by two complementary motility systems in this species and is central to its social lifestyle. We tested whether the ecological context of a centimetre-scale M. xanthus population allows the coexistence of diverse motility-related phenotypes. Swarming rates among 26 clones isolated at the centimetre scale were found to vary greatly in multiple laboratory environments. This variation appears to be motility-specific, as it is not explained by a correlated variation in intrinsic growth rate. In contrast to the common reference strain DK1622, most isolates swarmed faster on hard agar than on soft agar, highlighting the difficulty of inferring species characteristics from laboratory reference strains. These isolates also varied greatly in swarm morphology and in the effect of nutrient limitation on swarming rate. Our results show that diverse swarming phenotypes can coexist in a small-scale bacterial population.     

Transcriptional regulation of genes required for antibiotic TA synthesis in Myxococcus xanthus

Abstract Regulatory mutants were isolated for six genes required for the production of antibiotic TA in Myxococcus xanthus , using Tn5lac as a promoter probe. Two of the regulatory mutants were closely linked to their corresponding Tn5lac insertions and three were separated by at least 40 kb from their original insertions. All of the β-galactosidase-overproducing mutants showed higher specific activities than their parent strains in three different media. The specific activity was higher throughout the growth cycle, starting earlier and finishing higher. In addition to helping to understand the mechanism of repression of TA genes, the mutants are potentially useful in the construction of antibiotic-overproducing strains.