菖蒲幼苗对Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力分析

研究了菖蒲（Acorus calamus L．）幼苗对不同浓度Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力。结果表明,随Cd浓度的提高（0～25mg·L^-1）,菖蒲幼苗的株高、根长、干质量、叶绿素含量和对Cd的耐性指数均逐渐下降,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高;各处理组的SOD和POD活性均高于对照,且以15mg·L^-1Cd处理组最高。随胁迫时间延长（1—10d）,叶绿素含量持续下降,而SOD和POD活性及脯氨酸含量则先升高后下降。菖蒲幼苗体内Cd含量随Cd浓度的提高而增加,根系对Cd的富集能力高于地上部分。在Cd胁迫条件下,菖蒲幼苗对Cd的转移系数小于1,根系对Cd的滞留率为89．5％-93．9％,表明菖蒲幼苗根系对Cd有较强的滞留作用和富集能力。     

镉胁迫对紫花苜蓿幼苗生理特性和镉富集的影响

以"甘农三号"紫花苜蓿幼苗为材料,在水培条件下,探究了在10 d内不同浓度(0～2.0 mmol·L^-1)镉(Cd)胁迫对其根长、茎长、生物量、叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、Cd富集及其亚细胞分布的影响。结果表明:低浓度(0.125 mmol·L^-1) Cd能促进幼苗根和茎的生长,增加叶片叶绿素含量,较高浓度(0.5～2.0 mmol·L^-1) Cd显著抑制幼苗根和茎的生长,叶绿素及生物量显著降低; Cd胁迫使MDA含量显著增加,而SOD和POD活性显著增强,其中Cd胁迫浓度为0.5mmol·L^-1时,SOD和POD活性达到最大值,这可能是植物对环境胁迫的一种应激保护反应; Cd在各亚细胞组分中的含量依次为细胞壁>细胞质>线粒体>叶绿体,且均随Cd胁迫浓度的升高而增加。当Cd胁迫浓度为0.125 mmol·L^-1时,水培10 d的紫花苜蓿幼苗单株地上部对Cd的净化率最高可达0.214%,而整盆植株在单位体积内对Cd的净化率最高可达15.5%;当Cd胁迫浓度为2.0 mmol·L^-1时,紫花苜蓿幼苗地上部Cd含量达89.36μg·g-1。这些结果表明紫花苜蓿对Cd具有很强的富集能力,虽未达到Cd超富集植物的临界标准,但从植株生物量、耐Cd能力、富集Cd量及对Cd的净化率等方面综合考虑,紫花苜蓿在Cd污染土壤的植物修复中具备良好的应用价值。     

叶面喷施褪黑素对小白菜幼苗镉耐性的影响

以小白菜‘矮脚黄’为试验材料,探究叶面喷施褪黑素(100μmol·L~(-1))对小白菜幼苗Cd胁迫(20μmol·L~(-1))耐性的影响。试验测定小白菜幼苗生物量和生理指标变化,以及Cd吸收和转运相关基因转录水平。结果表明,叶面喷施褪黑素能有效缓解Cd胁迫对小白菜幼苗生长造成的抑制,并伴随着叶绿素含量以及光合参数的提高,显著降低活性氧(O_2ˉ·、H_2O_2)和MDA的含量,提高抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD、APX)的活性和抗氧化物质(AsA、GSH)的含量,并且显著降低小白菜幼苗中Cd的含量。进一步研究发现,叶面喷施褪黑素能够显著降低IRT1、IRT2、Nramp1、Nramp3、HMA2、HMA4的转录水平。综上所述,叶面喷施褪黑素能够清除Cd胁迫下小白菜幼苗中过量积累的活性氧,缓解氧化胁迫,并通过影响小白菜Cd吸收和转运相关基因的转录来降低小白菜幼苗对Cd的积累,提高Cd耐性。     

喷洒药物对低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗伤害程度的影响

试验分别用抗寒剂（K1）、PP333（P）、（K2）溶液喷洒黄瓜幼苗。在零上低温6℃光照条件下培养1、3、5d,测定膜脂过氧化水平和其它相关的生理指标。结果表明：黄瓜幼苗真叶组织中超氧物歧化酶（SOD）活性下降;膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）累积量增加;叶绿素含量降低;细胞质相对膜透性增大。受伤害程度随着低温时间的延长而加深。当胁迫1d常温恢复3d后SOD活性和叶绿素含量继续降低;MDA含量和膜透性恢复到接近零时水平。当胁迫3d,恢复3d后几个指标伤害程度都有不同程度的加深。结果还表明：几种药物处理的黄瓜幼苗比对照的受伤害程度有所减轻,其中以K2效果最为显著。     

二倍体和四倍体杂交兰幼苗对低温胁迫的生理响应差异分析

为探究不同倍性杂交兰（Cymbidium hybrid）对低温胁迫的生理响应差异,对低温胁迫下（昼温10℃、夜温4℃）二倍体杂交兰以及四倍体杂交兰株系T1和T2幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、MDA和叶绿素含量,O-·2产生速率以及SOD、POD和CAT活性的动态变化进行了测定和分析;在此基础上,比较了二倍体和四倍体杂交兰的耐低温特性差异。结果显示：随着胁迫时间的延长,二倍体杂交兰和四倍体杂交兰株系T1和T2幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量,O-·2产生速率以及POD和CAT活性总体呈逐渐增加的趋势;叶绿素含量呈逐渐下降的趋势;SOD活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,并分别在胁迫后第9天和第6天达到峰值。在常温（25℃）下恢复生长3d后,二倍体杂交兰和四倍体杂交兰株系T1和T2幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量,O-·2产生速率以及SOD、POD和CAT活性均降低,而叶绿素含量升高。总体上,二倍体杂交兰叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD、POD和CAT活性的增幅明显小于四倍体杂交兰,MDA含量和O-·2产生速率的增幅则大于四倍体杂交兰,而叶绿素含量的降幅则明显大于四倍体杂交兰。综合分析结果表明：在低温胁迫下,四倍体杂交兰叶片中渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性均较高,其对低温的耐性强于二倍体杂交兰。     

三唑酮对黄瓜幼苗生长及抗寒性的影响

研究了不同浓度三唑酮浸种对黄瓜幼苗生物量及抗寒性的影响。结果表明,20～100μmol·L^-1三唑酮能显著抑制黄瓜幼苗的株高、根长,增加了根重、根冠比和叶绿素含量,30d幼苗经过3d低温胁迫后,10～50μmol·L^-1三唑酮处理能保持较高的叶绿素含量,有效地降低质膜相对透性,维持较高的SOD活性,50μmol·L^-1三唑酮处理明显减缓低温胁迫过程中MDA的累积。另外,50μmol·L^-1三唑酮处理在低温胁迫第1d促进脯氨酸的累积,在第3d脯氨酸反而低于对照。但高浓度(>100μmol·L^-1)三唑酮不利于幼苗抵御低温伤害,总的来看,三唑酮增强了黄瓜幼苗的耐寒性。     

四种园林植物对土壤镉污染的耐受性

采用模拟Cd污染土壤培养法,测定了Cd胁迫下山矾、桑树、绣线菊、山茶4种园林植物幼苗的生长、生物量变化,根茎叶的Cd含量,光合色素含量与MDA含量,对耐性指数(Ti)、转移系数(TF)、生物富集系数(BCF)进行了评价。结果表明:(1)山矾、桑树、绣线菊和山茶的平均耐性指数分别为93.99、82.33、82.10和87.25;(2)4个树种幼苗根茎叶的Cd含量都随着Cd处理浓度的增加而增加,转移系数值(TF)都小于1,转移能力为山矾山茶绣线菊桑树。对Cd累积能力为山矾山茶桑树绣线菊;山矾和山茶生物量吸收的Cd总量显著高于绣线菊和桑树。(3)Cd处理浓度的不断增加,叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值与对照相比变化不显著,类胡萝卜素的含量持续增加;桑树、山茶、山矾和绣线菊MDA含量分别平均上升为15%、10.17%、9.69%、12.86%。不同Cd浓度下,MDA上升幅度顺序为桑树绣线菊山茶山矾。研究表明山矾具有很高的Cd耐性、转移能力、以及地上部分积累镉的能力,是一种抗Cd污染较好的园林绿化树种。     

Pb、Cd单一及复合胁迫对花菖蒲幼苗生长及部分生理指标的影响

采用液体培养法研究了Pb、 Cd单一胁迫及Pb-Cd复合胁迫(500 mg·L-1Pb、 25 mg·L-1Cd、 500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd)对花菖蒲(Iris ensata Thunb. var. hortensis Makino et Nemoto)幼苗生长和部分生理指标的影响.结果显示,在500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫条件下,花菖蒲幼苗地上部分(叶片)和地下部分(包括根茎和根系)的干质量及耐性指数与对照差异不显著(P>0.05);而在25 mg·L-1Cd单一胁迫和500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗地上部分和地下部分的干质量及耐性指数显著下降(P<0.05), 其中耐性指数分别仅为0.86和0.79.在500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫条件下,叶片中的光合色素(包括叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素)含量和地下部分的丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于对照,地上部分的MDA含量显著低于对照,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性则与对照差异不显著;在25 mg·L-1Cd单一胁迫条件下,叶片中的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著低于对照,类胡萝卜素含量和地上部分的MDA含量以及地上部分和地下部分的POD活性均显著高于对照,而地下部分的MDA含量与对照差异不显著;在500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd复合胁迫条件下,叶片中的光合色素含量均显著低于对照,地上部分和地下部分的MDA含量和POD活性均显著高于对照,其中MDA含量分别是对照的1.7和2.7倍、POD活性分别是对照的2.5和3.4倍.研究结果表明,花菖蒲幼苗对500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫具有一定的耐受性;在复合胁迫条件下Pb和Cd具有协同作用,对花菖蒲幼苗的生长和代谢有显著的抑制作用.     

外源NO对镉胁迫下番茄活性氧代谢及光合特性的影响

采用水培方法,研究了外源一氧化氮（NO）对镉（Cd）胁迫下番茄幼苗活性氧代谢及光合特性的影响.结果表明：在Cd胁迫下,外施100 μmol·L^-1 硝普钠（SNP）显著增强了番茄超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）等抗氧化酶活性,提高了叶片、根系中Ca、Fe等元素含量,提高了叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和气孔导度（G_s）,降低了过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）.但SNP对Cd胁迫下的缓解效应可被牛血红蛋白（Hb,NO的清除剂）消除.在Cd处理液中加入100 μmol·L^-1 NO_x^-（NO的分解产物）或100 μmol·L^-1亚铁氰化钠（SNP的相似物或分解产物）,对Cd胁迫无显著改善.表明外源NO可通过提高活性氧清除能力,维持矿质营养元素平衡,缓解Cd胁迫对番茄幼苗叶片光合机构的破坏,从而维持番茄光合效率.     

外源一氧化氮对硝酸盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养试验,通过添加不同浓度(0.05、0.1、0.2、0. mmol·L^-1)的硝普钠（SNP）作为NO供体,研究外源NO对NO₃-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明： 140 mmol·L^-1 NO₃-胁迫下,外加0.1 mmol·L^-1 SNP处理1 d和7 d后,黄瓜幼苗叶片中SOD、CAT和APX活性显著升高;MDA含量显著降低,可溶性蛋白含量增加,说明外加0.1 mmol·L^-1 SNP增强了黄瓜幼苗对活性氧的清除能力,降低了膜脂过氧化程度,幼苗生长势增加,对高浓度NO₃-胁迫的抗性增强;当SNP浓度达0.3 mmol·L^-1处理7 d后,SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均开始降低,MDA含量增加,黄瓜幼苗受害加重.外加一定浓度(0.1～0.2 mmol·L^-1)的外源NO可缓解NO₃^-胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的影响.     

Astragalar morphology of late Eocene anthropoids from the Fayum Depression (Egypt) and the origin of catarrhine primates

The phylogenetic relationships of the late Eocene anthropoids Catopithecus browni and Proteopithecus sylviae are currently a matter of debate, with opinion divided as to whether these taxa are stem or crown anthropoids. The phylogenetic position of Catopithecus is of particular interest, for, unlike the highly generalized genus Proteopithecus, this taxon shares apomorphic dental and postcranial features with more derived undoubted catarrhines that appear in the same region 1-2 Ma later. If these apomorphies are homologous and Catopithecus is a stem catarrhine, the unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features preserved in this anthropoid would have important implications for our understanding of the crown anthropoid morphotype and the pattern of morphological character transformations that occurred during the early phases of stem catarrhine evolution.Well-preserved astragali referrable to Proteopithecus, Catopithecus, and the undoubted early Oligocene stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus have provided additional morphological evidence that allows us to further evaluate competing hypotheses of interrelationships among Eocene-Oligocene Afro-Arabian anthropoids. Qualitative observations and multivariate morphometric analyses reveal that the astragalar morphology of Proteopithecus is very similar to that of early Oligocene parapithecids and living and extinct small-bodied platyrrhines, and strengthens the hypothesis that the morphological pattern shared by these taxa is primitive within crown Anthropoidea. In contrast, Catopithecus departs markedly from the predicted crown anthropoid astragalar morphotype and shares a number of apomorphic features (e.g., deep cotylar fossa, laterally projecting fibular facet, trochlear asymmetry, mediolaterally wide astragalar head) with Aegyptopithecus and Miocene-Recent catarrhines. The evidence from the astragalus complements other independent data from the dentition, humerus and femur of Catopithecus that support this taxon's stem catarrhine status, and we continue to maintain that oligopithecines are stem catarrhines that constitute the sister group of a clade containing propliopithecines and Miocene-Recent catarrhines.     

中国异极衣科地衣二新记录种

该文综合运用形态学、解剖学和化学等方法对山东大型地衣进行分类研究,发现了两个中国新记录种,即德氏蜂窝衣(Heppia despreauxii)和多孢小极衣(Lichinella myriospora)。德氏蜂窝衣隶属于蜂窝衣属(Heppia),生于光线充足且裸露的土壤上,主要识别特征为下皮层缺失、子实层IKI+蓝色;多孢小极衣隶属于小极衣属(Lichinella),生于干燥的钙质岩石上,主要识别特征为其子实层IKI+酒红色变为蓝色。该文对这两个中国新记录种进行了详细描述,与近似物种进行了对比讨论,并且提供了其地衣体、子囊盘及其解剖特征图片。同时,该文还补充报道了白棋盘蜂窝衣(Heppia solorinoides)的有性繁殖结构特征和数据。蜂窝衣属和小极衣属均为山东新记录属。以上研究结果为中国异极衣科(Lichinaceae)地衣研究提供基础资料。     

藏药多刺绿绒蒿种子萌发特性研究

多刺绿绒蒿(Meconopsis horridula)为罂粟科绿绒蒿属一年生草本植物,是一种极具观赏价值和药用价值的高山植物,目前处于濒危状态,因此研究多刺绿绒蒿种子的萌发特性对其种子育苗及人工栽培具有重要意义。为了提高多刺绿绒蒿的种子发芽率,该研究以多刺绿绒蒿的种子为材料,分析了不同消毒剂、浸种时间、温度和外源植物激素对种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:(1)最适消毒方法为75%乙醇1 min+3%H2O25 min,最适浸种时间为24 h,最适温度和光照条件为20℃/10℃(光照12 h/黑暗12 h),用无菌水浸种后的种子发芽率为49.67%。(2) GA_3100～600 mg·L~(-1)和NAA 5～30 mg·L~(-1)可以提高种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,缩短发芽启动时间和发芽持续时间,对种子的萌发有促进作用。(3) 6-BA 5 mg·L~(-1)和10 mg·L~(-1)对种子的萌发有一定的促进作用,但不显著,6-BA浓度≥15 mg·L~(-1)则抑制种子的萌发。(4)用GA3500 mg·L~(-1)浸种后的种子发芽指标最好,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为69.67%、33.00%、4.51,种子的发芽起始时间和发芽持续时间分别为10.67 d、11.67 d。     

scabrous Modifies Epithelial Cell Adhesion and Extends the Range of Lateral Signalling during Development of the Spaced Bristle Pattern in Drosophila

The role of scabrous (sca) in the evenly spaced bristle pattern of Drosophila is explored. Loss-of-function of sca results in development of an excess of bristles. Segregation of alternately spaced bristle precursors and epidermal cells from a group of equipotential cells relies on lateral inhibition mediated by Notch and Delta (Dl). In this process, presumptive bristle precursors inhibit the neural fate of neighbouring cells, causing them to adopt the epidermal fate. We show that Dl, a membrane-bound ligand for Notch, can inhibit adjacent cells, in direct contact with the precursor, in the absence of Sca. In contrast, inhibition of cells not adjacent to the precursor requires, in addition, Sca, a secreted molecule with a fibrinogen-related domain. Over-expression of Sca in a wild-type background, leads to increased spacing between bristles, suggesting that the range of signalling has been increased. scabrous acts nonautonomously, and we present evidence that, during bristle precursor segregation, Sca is required to maintain the normal adhesive properties of epithelial cells. The possible effects of such changes on the range of signalling are discussed. We also show that the sensory organ precursors extend numerous fine cytoplasmic extensions bearing Dl molecules, and speculate on a possible role for these structures during signalling.     

中国兰科二新记录种

兰科植物资源调查是掌握地区兰科本底资料的基础,对研究兰科植物的地理分布和资源多样性具有重要意义。该文报道了分别产自中国西藏自治区墨脱县和巴宜区的石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum Thou.)中国分布新记录种——尼泊尔大苞兰(B.raskotii J.J.Verm.,Schuit.&de Vogel)和曲唇兰属[Panisea(Lindl.)Steud.]中国分布新记录种——林芝曲唇兰(P.panchaseensis Subedi)。此二新记录种均生长在海拔约2000 m的常绿阔叶林中的树干或岩壁上。此外,还提供了二新记录种的形态特征描述和彩色图片等信息,并附有国产曲唇兰属的分种检索表。该研究结果扩充了我国兰科植物的记录,为我国兰科植物多样性和保护研究提供了新资料。     

Stratigraphy, artefact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein, member 5

A revised stratigraphy for the early hominid site of Sterkfontein (Gauteng Province, South Africa) reveals a complex distribution of infills in the main excavation area between 2.8 and 1.4 m.y.a, as well as deposits dating to the mid to late Pleistocene. New research now shows that the Member 4 australopithecine breccia (2.8-2.6 Ma) extends further west than was previously thought, while a late phase of Member 4 is recognized in a southern area. The artefact-bearing breccias were defined sedimentologically as Member 5, but one supposed part of these younger breccias, the StW 53 infill, lacks in situ stone tools, although it does appear to post-date 2.6 Ma when artefacts first appear in the archaeological record. The StW 53 hominid, previously referred to Homo habilis, is here argued to be Australopithecus. The first artefact-bearing breccia of Member 5 is the Oldowan Infill, estimated at 2-1.7 Ma. It occupies a restricted distribution in Member 5 east and contains an expedient, flake-based tool industry associated with a few fossils of Paranthropos robustus. An enlarged cave opening subsequently admitted one or more Early Acheulean infills associated in Member 5 west with Homo ergaster. The artefacts attest to a larger site accumulation between ca. 1.7 and 1.4 Ma, with more intensive use of quartzite over quartz and a subtle but important shift to large flakes and heavier-duty tools. The available information on palaeoenvironments is summarized, showing an overall change from tropical to sub-tropical gallery forest, forest fringe and woodland conditions in Member 4 to more open woodland and grassland habitats in the later units, but with suggestions of a wet localized topography in the Paranthropus -bearing Oldowan Infill.     

Essential amino acids of starch synthase IIa differentiate amylopectin structure and starch quality between <Emphasis Type="Italic">japonica</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">indica</Emphasis> rice varieties

Four amino acids were variable between the ‘active’ indica-type and ‘inactive’ japonica-type soluble starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) of rice plants; Glu-88 and Gly-604 in SSIIa of indica-cultivars IR36 and Kasalath were replaced by Asp-88 and Ser-604, respectively, in both japonica cultivars Nipponbare and Kinmaze SSIIa, whereas Val-737 and Leu-781 in indica SSIIa were replaced by Met-737 in cv. Nipponbare and Phe-781 in cv. Kinmaze SSIIa, respectively. The SSIIa gene fragments shuffling experiments revealed that Val-737 and Leu-781 are essential not only for the optimal SSIIa activity, but also for the capacity to synthesize indica-type amylopectin. Surprisingly, however, a combination of Phe-781 and Gly-604 could restore about 44% of the SSIIa activity provided that Val-737 was conserved. The introduction of the ‘active’ indica-type SSIIa gene enabled the japonica-type cv. Kinmaze to synthesize indica-type amylopectin. The starch in the transformed japonica rice plants exhibited gelatinization-resistant properties that are characteristic of indica-rice starch. Transformed lines expressing different levels of the IR36 SSIIa protein produced a variety of starches with amylopectin chain-length distribution patterns that correlated well with their onset temperatures of gelatinization. The present study confirmed that the SSIIa activity determines the type of amylopectin structure of rice starch to be either the typical indica-type or japonica-type, by playing a specific role in the synthesis of the long B₁ chains by elongating short A and B₁ chains, notwithstanding the presence of functional two additional SSII genes, a single SSI gene, two SSIII genes, and two SSIV genes in rice plants.     

不同光质对白及组培苗生长及光合特性的影响

白及的自然繁殖率极低,组培育苗是其种苗繁殖的主要方式之一。为探索提高白及组培育苗质量及缩短育苗周期的高效人工光环境,该文以紫花白及(Bletilla striata)为试验材料,研究LED光质对白及组培苗的生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明:提高红蓝光组合中的蓝光占比,有利于促进白及组培苗的生长和生物量的积累,而白及的球茎大小与红光的占比呈正相关;在红蓝组光合中增加25%的绿光(2R1B1G),可显著提高白及叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进组培苗根系和叶片的生长。综上结果表明,2R1B1G处理下的白及组培苗株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和根系发育均表现出最佳优势,2R1B1G处理的LED光谱可推荐作为白及组培育苗的光质配方。     

中国翠雀花属修订(一)

该文对中国毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)翠雀花属(Delphinium)进行了修订,收载了该属232种和55变种,并写出了检索表;同时对每个种写出了形态描述,绘出了多幅墨线图,并将全部种划分为2亚属、5组、11亚组和26系,其中包括4新亚组、11新系、15新种和5新变种。此外,还给出了此属的分类学研究简史、地理分布和经济用途。     

绿色荧光蛋白

来源于水母Aequorea victoria的绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)现已成为在生物化学和细胞生物学中研究和开发应用得最广泛的蛋白质之一. 其内源荧光基团在受到紫外光或蓝光激发时（λ_max=395 nm, 小峰在479 nm）可高效发射清晰可见的绿光. GFP的高分辨率晶体结构为了解和研究蛋白质结构和光谱学功能关系提供了一个极好的机会. GFP已成为一个监测在完整细胞和组织内基因表达和蛋白质定位的理想标记. 通过突变和蛋白质工程构建的GFP嵌合蛋白在生理指示剂、生物传感器、光化学领域以及生产发光纤维等方面展示了广阔前景.