拟水狼蛛的生物学生态学特性

运用田间观察与室内外饲养相结合的方法,对稻田蛛蛛优势种拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus的生物学生态学特性进行了研究。拟水狼蛛在重庆地区1a发生3－4代,第4代不完整,以第2代历期最短,第3代（越冬代）历期最长;以成蛛或幼蛛越冬;5月初即由田埂向稻田内迁移,在水稻生育期间出现3次卵高峰、2次种群密度高峰;在田间具掘土作穴习性,室内发现4龄后的幼蛛在袋状网内蜕皮、交配期和携卵期有结袋状网或幕状网的习性;属游猎型蜘蛛,可步行、跳跃在植株、水面、陆地等处捕食飞虱、叶蝉、粘虫、螟虫等多种稻虫,捕食量与龄期、蜕皮和性别有关;受惊时,能入水中潜行和潜伏。雌雄蛛均可多次交配,雌蛛一生可产卵3－6次,卵囊含卵量25－130粒,平均75粒。平均孵化率90．5％。孵化的幼蛛,先群集在雌蛛的背部,3－5d后离开雌蛛分散捕食。幼蛛一般蜕皮7－8次,出卵囊前已蜕皮至少1次。拟水狼蛛的产卵前期2－6d,平均3d;卵期9－15d,平均11.4d;幼蛛期57－133d,平均81.6d;成蛛期128－186d,平均140d左右,雌蛛较雄蛛长24－51d,平均39.6d。性比除第1代外的各代均为雌多于雄蛛。论文详细记载了拟水狼蛛求偶与交配行为过程、产卵与护卵习性、孵化及携幼行为、幼蛛生长、蜕皮、各龄期形态特征、亚成蛛及性成熟。幼蛛出卵囊后至性成熟的成活率为21．4％－56．3％,平均达35．0％。室内饲养发现在一定湿度条件下,不提供食物成蛛可存活28－57d,平均42．7d。     

水稻-褐飞虱-拟水狼蛛食物链的定量研究

应用荧光物质稀土元素铕示踪法对水稻褐飞虱拟水狼蛛食物链进行了定量分析研究。所施荧光物质的三种浓度20 mg/L、50 mg/L和100 mg/L 均为有效浓度,对水稻生长无可见的影响,孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期和黄熟期四个生育期水稻、褐飞虱和拟水狼蛛的荧光物含量均随所施荧光物质浓度的增高而增高。褐飞虱对不同生育期水稻的取食量依次为抽穗期>孕穗期>乳熟期>黄熟期,分别为每克褐飞虱生物量在24 h内摄食水稻17.5910 g, 17.4510 g, 13.8290 g和8.7070 g。拟水狼蛛对褐飞虱的捕食量为乳熟期>孕穗期>抽穗期>黄熟期,分别为每克拟水狼蛛生物量24 h捕食褐飞虱3.6380 g, 3.0830 g, 3.0770和2.8000 g。根据田间调查数据换算为每头拟水狼蛛捕食褐飞虱在孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期和黄熟期分别为11头、11头、13头和10头。     

不同生境汞对拟水狼蛛抗氧化系统的影响

以拟水狼蛛为研究对象,采用原子吸收光谱法测定了不同生境汞在土壤和蜘蛛体内的含量,研究了不同生境汞对拟水狼蛛抗氧化酶的影响.结果 表明:4个采集样点(S1、S2、S3和S4)拟水狼蛛体内重金属汞的含量差异显著(P<0.05).在重金属胁迫下,重金属汞含量高(S1、S2和S3)的拟水狼蛛体内GSH含量显著高于对照组(S4),是对照组的2.4~3.8倍.GSH含量与重金属汞含量显著正相关(r2=0.9624,P<0.01).对于GST、CAT和SOD,重金属汞含量高则酶活性低,GST、CAT和SOD酶活性与重金属汞含量显著负相关.因此检测拟水狼蛛体内的酶活性变化即可知环境中重金属汞的污染程度,提示拟水狼蛛可以作为重金属污染的重要监测指示生物.     

黑腹狼蛛和拟环纹豹蛛各龄期的比较

黑腹狼蛛和拟环纹豹蛛为我国农田的重要害虫天敌。两种蜘蛛成蛛外形较易区别,但其各龄幼蛛形态变化较小,容易混淆。本文将这两种蜘蛛幼蛛各龄形态特征进行了比较。     

水稻-白背飞虱-拟水狼蛛食物链中生物量流动的定量研究

采用荧光物质示踪技术对早稻稻田生态系统中的水稻-白背飞虱拟水狼蛛食物链在抽穗期与乳熟期中营养物质流动进行了定量测定。结果表明: 在所施荧光示踪物质3种质量浓度20、50、100 mg/L中,水稻、白背飞虱、拟水狼蛛的荧光物含量［μg/鲜重(g)］随所施荧光物浓度的增加而增加,浓度组间差异达到显著水平,呈现出较为稳定的规律性。早稻抽穗期每头白背飞虱每24 h取食水稻0.0636 g,平均每头拟水狼蛛每24 h捕食白背飞虱0.0336 g,约6～7头;在早稻乳熟期每头白背飞虱每24 h取食水稻0.0155 g,平均每头拟水狼蛛每24 h捕食白背飞虱0.0416 g,约16头。结合田间调查数据分析,抽穗期白背飞虱危害低于乳熟期,差异显著;两个水稻生育期3～4龄拟水狼蛛的控虫力差异显著,乳熟期高于抽穗期。     

Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在水稻-褐飞虱-拟水狼蛛食物链中转移与富集

采用ELISA方法检测了2个转cry1Ab基因水稻（Bt水稻）品系KMD1和KMD2不同生育期叶鞘内Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的含量及其通过褐飞虱和拟水狼蛛的转移和富集情况。结果表明,这2个品系中抽穗期和黄熟期叶鞘内Cry1Ab的含量均显著低于苗期、分蘖期和孕穗期,KMD1和KMD2中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白可以通过食物链转移到Bt水稻非靶标害虫褐飞虱及其天敌拟水狼蛛体内。褐飞虱在KMD1或KMD2上取食2 d后,体内均含有Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,但连续取食2、4、6、8和10 d后,其体内含量并未因取食时间的延长而呈现明显增加的趋势。当拟水狼蛛捕食以KMD1或KMD2为食的褐飞虱时,在捕食2、4、6、8和10 d后,其体内均可检测到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,其含量并未随捕食时间的延长而明显上升,但均显著高于相应时间褐飞虱体内的含量。可见,该蛋白可通过水稻转移至褐飞虱,再转移至拟水狼蛛,并存在明显的富集现象,而这种富集并不随蜘蛛捕食时间的延长而加强。拟水狼蛛捕食以KMD1或KMD2为食的褐飞虱时,其捕食量未受到显著影响,其中肠酶粗提物对Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白具有明显的降解作用。     

中国水狼蛛属一新纪录种(蜘蛛目:狼蛛科)

记述了采自内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的水狼蛛属Pirata一新纪录种,盗水狼蛛Pirata praedo Kulczyński,1885.提供了该种外生殖器手绘图和显微照片,同时也给出了其近似种——真水狼蛛Pirata piraticus(Clerck,1757)的显微照片.标本现保存于西南大学生命科学学院.     

茭白田蜘蛛的群落结构及多样性调查

对茭白田中的蜘蛛Spider群落进行了系统的采样调查,对茭白田和蔬菜地、蚕豆地、小麦地、冬闲田、田埂和荒地等生境中的越冬蜘蛛的群落结构和多样性进行了比较,并就茭白田对邻近稻田蛛量的影响进行了初步研究.结果表明,茭白田越冬蜘蛛种类有11科、31属、48种.在茭白田中越冬的蜘蛛密度是其它生境的4倍～40倍.拟水狼蛛Piratasubpiraticus是茭白田蜘蛛的优势种,占总数的50%以上.茭白田可提高邻近稻田蛛量约30%.茭白田是蜘蛛尤其是拟水狼蛛在稻田生态系统主要的越冬场所和避难所,对保护稻田蜘蛛起到重要的作用.     

镉污染对不同生境拟水狼蛛氧化酶和金属硫蛋白应激的影响

为探讨镉(Cd)对机体抗氧化功能及金属硫蛋白(MT)的影响,在室内分别用不添加Cd2 和添加浓度为20 mgkg-1 Cd2 培养基培养的黑腹果蝇来饲喂4种不同生境下(S1,S2,S3和S4)拟水狼蛛,于饲喂5d、10d和20d后,分别测定其体内MT和丙二醛 (MDA)的含量及超抗氧化酶(GST、SOD和CAT)活性。结果表明：1,不同生境拟水狼蛛用不添加Cd2 培养基培养的黑腹果蝇饲喂后,不添加Cd2 对照组拟水狼蛛镉的积累量和MT含量无显著变化,但均显著低于添加Cd2 污染组。添加Cd2 污染组拟水狼蛛镉的积累量和MT含量都显著高于对照组,且均随着饲喂时间的延长而显著升高,具有明显的时间–效应关系(p<0.05)。2,在饲喂5d和10d后,不添加Cd饲喂的拟水狼蛛MDA含量和抗氧化酶系差异都不显著。添加Cd2 污染组(S1,S2和S3)MDA含量显著高于对照组(S4),MDA含量与饲喂时间呈显著正相关(p<0.05);GST、SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性污染组显著低于对照组,与饲喂时间呈显著负相关(p<0.05);饲喂20d后,污染组MDA含量和抗氧化酶（SOD和CAT）活性均与对照组无显著差异,但GST活性差异显著。     

Interference by the mantispid Mantispa uhleri with the development of the spider Lycosa rabida

Abstract. 1. The larvae of Mantispa uhleri Banks (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) board spiders to await the production of an egg sac containing their obligate developmental food. While aboard the spider, larvae maintain themselves by feeding on spider blood. This parasitic behaviour was investigated by allowing larvae to board sixth instar Lycosa rabida Walckenaer (Araneae: Lycosidae). Larval parasitism has a direct and indirect effect on the developmental physiology of the spider.
2. The direct effect, equal in both spider sexes, is an increase in development time and a decrease in adult size.
3. The indirect effect on development time and adult size is brought about by the loss of an instar in female spiders only. Parasitized females were mature at nine or ten instars; control females at ten or eleven. Male instar number was not affected; both control and parasitized males were mature at nine or ten instars.
4. The net result is that parasitized female spiders are even smaller than would be predicted from the direct effect alone, but actually mature faster than control females. In males there is only the direct effect. The adaptive significance of this sexually dimorphic response is discussed.     

Local dispersal of maleHelicoverpa zea

Local dispersal ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) males as they emerged following the F₁ and F₂ generations in dent corn was examined in a 4 km diam. area in South Carolina, USA. Males were marked at artificial nectar feeding stations using RbCl, and recovered in traps baited with a synthetic pheromone. Effects of nocturnal boundary layer winds, crop pattern at the pheromone traps, and crop pattern between the marking area and pheromone traps were examined. Local movement of captured male moths was predominantly downwind in both flights in both years of the study. Crop pattern at the traps had no effect on capture of marked moths. During some flights, flowering crops between the marking area and traps had a negative effect on the number of marked moths captured.     

铷对两种盲蝽及其寄主植物的标记与影响

微量元素铷(Rb)标记技术花费低、易操作、对环境安全,是昆虫生态学研究中一种常用的标记技术。本文测定了不同浓度的RbCl溶液对2种主要有害棉盲蝽的标记效果以及对其生命参数的影响。结果表明2 000和4 000 ppm的RbCl溶液喷洒绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)、中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev及其寄主植物,可以有效地标记2种盲蝽及其寄主植物,且对2种盲蝽的生命活动无显著影响,是最理想的标记浓度。Rb在盲蝽体内可滞留6～7 d,在寄主植物体内可滞留至少10 d。这为利用铷标记技术进行2种有害盲蝽的生态学研究奠定了基础。     

Laboratory validation of rubidium marking of herbivorous insects and their predators

A simple and effective marking technique is an invaluable tool for tracking the movement of invertebrates in the field. In order to do this, the technique must be validated in a controlled setting. In the first study, two soft bodied herbivores with different feeding strategies and two of their insect predators, also with different feeding strategies, were marked with rubidium (Rb), an elemental marker previously shown to be effective in marking herbivorous invertebrates. The naturally occurring concentration of Rb was determined for both the herbivores and their predators. Rb concentrations were determined in (1) the herbivore species over several days of feeding on rubidium chloride (RbCl) marked plants; (2) in the predatory species immediately after consuming prey marked at different rates with Rb; and (3) in the predatory species for several days after consuming a single meal of Rb marked prey. The concentration of Rb within the marked herbivores was found to be significantly higher than the naturally occurring concentration after eating RbCl marked plants for to up 8 days. A significantly higher concentration of Rb was found in both predators when fed prey that had been on the RbCl sprayed plants for 2 or 8 days compared with naturally occurring concentrations. There was also a significant difference between the Rb concentrations in the controls and each of days 5, 10 and 15 since feeding in both predators. A second smaller study was carried out to examine the effect of feeding Rb marked prey to spiders. The concentration of Rb in the spiders fed marked prey was significantly higher than that of the controls. This suggests that Rb is an effective way of marking both herbivores and their insect and arachnid predators enabling them to be tracked in the field and to determine their movements across habitats.     

Experimental manipulations of social tendencies in the subsocial spiderCoelotes terrestris

Summary In the subsocial terricolous spiderCoelotes terrestris, the young usually leave the maternal tube and disperse after a 4–6-week gregarious period. In the present experiment they were artificially prevented from dispersing, while being liberally provided with prey. Under such conditions they appeared to maintain a certain level of organization: reproduction, structured silken production, and stabilized mortality. This last characteristic was shown, using specifically designed tests, to be due to a higher tolerance level in group-maintained as compared to freely dispersed, adult spiders. The influence of social situations on tolerance tendencies was further assessed (together with the determining influence of the mother) by prematurely separating spiderlings from their brood. Such phenomena may be considered evidence of preadaptations to permanent social life in this subsocial species.     

Ballooning dispersal in arthropod taxa: conditions at take-off

We have solved a long-standing and seemingly paradoxical set of questions that relate to the conditions which govern spider ballooning. We show that observations of spider ballooning excursions are best explained by meteorological conditions which maximize dispersal. Dispersal is predicted to be most effective in terms of distance when the stability of the atmosphere is non-ideally convective and is less effective during purely convective or neutrally stable conditions. Ballooners are most likely to travel a few hundred metres, but dispersal distances of several hundred kilometres are possible.     

Spiders provide important resources for an endangered lizard

Conservation management requires knowledge of how a target species interacts with other species. Some relatively common species can modify the environment to the advantage of rarer, endangered species. Thus, local enhancement of those common species can positively influence remaining populations of the rarer species. The endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard Tiliqua adelaidensis inhabits burrows that are constructed by lycosid and mygalomorph spiders. We recorded 490 burrows in a 1 ha plot at the end of one season, and then observed at regular intervals the formation and loss of burrows, and the changes in occupancy status of each burrow over the next season. We found spiders in 94% of all newly constructed burrows and deduced that they had built the burrows. We found no evidence that lizards dug new burrows or deepened existing burrows. The numbers of both lizards and spiders in the burrows declined over the spring and summer, with lizards moving from their burrows more often early in the season than later. However, there was no strong trend for lizards to replace spiders in burrows. In fact, lizards tended to occupy deeper burrows than spiders, suggesting little negative impact of lizards on spiders. However, spiders had a positive impact on lizards by providing the refuge burrows central for lizard survival. Although lizards readily accept artificial burrows, long-term conservation for the lizards must include viable spider populations to maintain a supply of suitable burrow refuges.