生境类型影响了茚虫威饵剂对红火蚁的防治效果

本文在3个类型生境中使用同一剂量茚虫威饵剂处理3个密度红火蚁区域,评价了该饵剂对红火蚁活蚁巢、工蚁的防治效果。结果显示,不同生境中随着处理时间的延长,茚虫威饵剂对低密度、中等密度、高密度红火蚁的防效总体变化动态趋势相近,均为由低到高,并趋于稳定;生境植被越茂盛,该饵剂对红火蚁的防效越低,由低到高以依次为浅草草坪、深草草坪、荒草地;蚁巢密度越大,同一剂量饵剂对蚁巢防效越低,由高到低依次为1-3个/100 m~2、4-7个/100 m~2、8个/100 m~2。研究结果表明,生境植被、红火蚁密度会对毒饵剂的防效产生明显影响。     

不同浓度茚虫威对红火蚁的防治效果

为探索适合防治红火蚁的茚虫威浓度,利用丙酮溶解茚虫威原药,使用雾化手段与载体和配方其他试剂充分混合,干燥后保存,进行野外试验测定其防治红火蚁的药效。结果表明,研制的0.025%茚虫威饵剂综合防治效果达85.30%,0.05%茚虫威饵剂达100%,0.1%茚虫威饵剂达100%。3个浓度的茚虫威饵剂拥有良好的防治红火蚁药效,0.05%浓度最适合研制红火蚁饵剂。     

0.7％氟蚁腙饵剂对红火蚁的毒杀效果及行为影响

本文评价了0.7%氟蚁腙饵剂对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren中型工蚁毒杀效果、聚集率、抓附能力和行走能力的影响。试验结果表明0.7%氟蚁腙饵剂对红火蚁具有较好的毒杀效果,并能有效降低红火蚁的聚集、抓附和行走能力。0.7%氟蚁腙饵剂处理0、1、2和3 d后,工蚁死亡率分别为7.50%、48.06%、86.04%和96.74%;聚集率分别为88.52%、83.89%、77.79%和0;抓附率分别为64.32%、33.88%、27.30%和0;正常行走率为86.30%、79.72%、61.27%和55.56%,行走速率分别为1.83 cm/s、1.50 cm/s、0.56 cm/s和0.27 cm/s。与饲喂氟蚁腙饵剂与空白饵料或糖水混合物相比,单独饲喂氟蚁腙饵剂,短时间内会产生更高的死亡率,但最终死亡率无显著性差异。本研究可为氟蚁腙饵剂控制红火蚁提供可行性参考,为氟蚁腙科学合理防治红火蚁技术提供数据支持。     

大家白蚁对几种饵剂的选择性

在木材检疫中利用对白蚁有引诱作用的几种物质,进行不同的配比,对白蚁的食物选择性进行研究。室内结果表明:在5种配比中TB04(甘蔗粉+棕檬醛)的效果最好,其取食率、泥被面积及泥被覆盖率分别达到47.74%±4.69%、(8.06±0.18)cm2和89.53%±1.96%。室外诱集试验表明:TB03(甘蔗粉+木耳粉)、TB04均有较好的效果。温湿度试验表明:大家白蚁Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren取食的最佳温度为23~29℃,湿度高的条件下的诱集效果明显高于干燥条件下的诱集效果。诱集时间试验表明,随着时间的延长诱集效果逐渐明显,72h诱集数量趋于稳定。     

不同剂量灭蚁威饵剂对红火蚁的田间防治效果评价

【目标】明确红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren毒饵最佳使用剂量有助于有效控制红火蚁、降低防治成本和保护生态安全。【方法】采用活动蚁巢减退率、工蚁减退率与蚁群级别降低率综合评价了单蚁巢点施不同剂量灭蚁威饵剂对红火蚁的田间防治效果。【结果】结果表明,地表有效体积大小一致的蚁巢实施25、20、15、10、5 g饵剂处理25 d后,对应的活动蚁巢减退率分别为80%、90%、100%、90%、90%,工蚁减退率分别为100%、100%、100%、98.1%、99.2%,蚁群级别降低率为86.7%、90%、100%、80%、76.7%。同时,在最适投饵量基础上,针对不同地表有效体积大小的蚁巢投施相应饵剂量,综合防治效果达94%以上。【结论】上述结果可见,对蚁巢地表有效体积大小0.066 m~3的蚁巢施用15 g灭蚁威饵剂能起到最佳的防治效果,而且每0.03 m~3蚁巢地表有效体积大小相对应的饵剂量为5 g。     

诱饵诱集时间与红火蚁工蚁诱集量的关系研究

为了明确诱饵诱集时间与红火蚁工蚁诱集量之间的关系,确定最佳的诱饵放置时间,本研究采用火腿肠诱饵诱集法,观察不同季节、不同时间段红火蚁诱集的个体数量,利用房室模型分析诱饵诱集时间与红火蚁工蚁诱集量之间的关系。结果表明,随着诱饵放置时间的增加,红火蚁工蚁的诱集数量会出现一个高峰,春季诱集高峰出现在诱饵放置后38-44 min,秋季出现在诱饵放置后24-29 min,并建立了不同季节、不同时间段红火蚁诱集量与时间的关系模型,分别为Y=12764.8807×e(-0.029102 X)"12820.4625×e(-0.030064 X)(春季上午)、Y=16166.6800×e(-0.023994 X)"16217.0808×e(-0.024866 X)(春季下午)、Y=12211.9095×e(-0.040576 X)"12275.2496×e(-0.041620 X)(秋季上午)、Y=12306.4111×e(-0.049724 X)"12383.6907×e(-0.051217 X)(秋季下午)。因此,在利用火腿肠诱饵监测红火蚁时,春季诱饵放置的最适时间约为40 min,秋季的最适时间约为30 min。     

烯啶虫胺肠衣饵剂对黑翅土白蚁的防治效果

[目的]为了开发一种高效环保型白蚁饵剂.[方法]选定烯啶虫胺和溴虫腈对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus进行室内毒力测定,根据室内毒力测定结果筛选毒力较高药剂进行驱避试验,并制备3种不同剂量的肠衣饵剂,开展室内白蚁毒杀效果试验和园林白蚁防治效果试验;选用合适剂量肠衣饵剂进行堤坝黑翅土白蚁诱杀试验,并用挖巢法检测肠衣饵剂对堤坝黑翅土白蚁的诱杀效果.[结果]1.6tg/mL烯啶虫胺处理黑翅土白蚁72 h后校正死亡率达100％,16 μtg/mL溴虫腈处理72 h后黑翅土白蚁校正死亡率也达到100％.室内毒力测定结果表明烯啶虫胺对黑翅土白蚁的LC5o值低于溴虫腈,100 μtg/mL烯啶虫胺处理8h后对黑翅土白蚁无显著驱避作用.3种剂量烯啶虫胺肠衣饵剂处理72 h后,黑翅土白蚁校正死亡率均在60％以上.将不同剂量的烯啶虫胺肠衣饵剂投放到园林中45 d后,肠衣饵剂基本被食空,施药点周围无白蚁及活动迹象.在福建省水库大坝周围投放60 μtg/g烯啶虫胺肠衣饵剂,3个月后肠衣饵剂未发霉且基本被食空,6个月后挖巢发现蚁道内无黑翅土白蚁活动,白蚁巢体出现死亡和坍塌情况.[结论]60 μg/g烯啶虫胺肠衣饵剂对园林和堤坝中的黑翅土白蚁具有良好的诱杀效果,是一种高效环保型白蚁肠衣饵剂.     

红火蚁蚁丘大小与诱集工蚁数量的关系

采用诱饵诱集法研究了荒地、绿化带生境中红火蚁蚁丘体积、蚁丘表面基部面积与诱集工蚁数量之间的关系.结果表明：在荒地生境中,随着蚁丘体积的增大,诱集工蚁数量表现为先迅速增加、后增大减缓、最终趋于平衡的规律,当蚁丘体积、蚁丘表面基部面积分别为11634 cm³、1308 cm²时,诱集工蚁数达到最大值,为每诱饵291 头;在绿化带生境中,随着蚁丘体积的增大,诱集工蚁数量动态与荒地生境相似,当蚁丘体积>18089 cm³时,诱集工蚁数量的增幅明显变缓,当蚁丘体积为25974 cm³时,诱集工蚁数达到最大值,为每诱饵232头.韦布尔函数方程可较好地描述诱集的红火蚁工蚁数量与蚁丘体积、蚁丘表面基部面积间的关系.     

红火蚁工蚁受侵扰的行为反应强度与蚁巢大小和侵扰强度之间的关系研究

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren的防御行为是其被认定为社会性昆虫的关键特征之一。红火蚁蚁巢受到侵扰时,工蚁会快速涌出搜寻侵扰物并展开攻击。然而,蚁巢受侵扰后工蚁的行为反应与蚁巢大小和侵扰强度之间的关系有待进一步明确。为此,本研究通过野外视频记录并结合室内统计分析的方法来明确不同大小的红火蚁蚁巢受侵扰后工蚁反侵扰行为的动态过程。结果表明,蚁巢大小和受侵扰强度对蚁巢受侵扰后工蚁的反应速度具有显著影响。同等侵扰强度下,与中、大型蚁巢相比,小型蚁巢的工蚁往往表现出更慢的行为反应。尤其在低侵扰强度时,小蚁巢工蚁的反应时间平均0.8 s,而中蚁巢和大蚁巢均仅为0.34 s。当侵扰强度相同时,蚁巢越大,受侵扰后召集工蚁的数量越多;当蚁巢大小相同时,侵扰强度越高,召集工蚁的数量越多。但无论是蚁巢大小还是侵扰强度的不同,红火蚁蚁巢受侵扰后,召集工蚁的数量到达峰值的时间均为30 s左右。研究结果为进一步了解红火蚁的防御行为,科学预防红火蚁的攻击,以及有效开展红火蚁的防治提供了重要的实验依据。     

红火蚁与扶桑绵粉蚧互惠关系对松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂和美棘蓟马的影响

蚂蚁与蜜源昆虫互作是物种间重要的关系之一,发挥着重要的生态功能。红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是重要的入侵害虫,对生物多样性的影响已被熟知,但它与蜜源昆虫互作的生态学效应却不被充分理解。本研究评价了红火蚁与扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley这两种入侵害虫之间的互作对寄生性天敌和粉蚧竞争性昆虫的影响。研究发现红火蚁的照看显著减少了寄主植物上粉蚧重要寄生蜂松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei Hayat的种群数量,提高了寄主上粉蚧的存活率,有利于寄主上粉蚧种群的扩增和繁殖。同时红火蚁的存在也显著降低扶桑寄主上粉蚧竞争性昆虫美棘蓟马Echinothrips americanus Morgan成虫和幼虫的数量,抑制了美棘蓟马种群的竞争力,使得粉蚧可以占有更多的寄主植物,为粉蚧种群的繁殖提供了更好的条件。可见,红火蚁与扶桑绵粉蚧的互惠关系的生态效应可能是通过它们与多物种互作综合形成的结果。     

灭蚁威对不同生境下红火蚁的药效评价

在红火蚁发生区域选农田、山坡地、绿化带、草坪等4个不同生境地块,采用灭蚁威毒饵进行防治试验,并对其药效进行调查。结果显示,药后10 d,灭蚁威对红火蚁蚁巢的防效较差,且表现出不同生境而有所差异;但在药后35 d时,其对蚁巢和工蚁的校正防效均在95%以上,表现出良好的防治效果。本试验结果表明,灭蚁威的药效需一个月后才能充分发挥;在红火蚁发生区,对不同的生境均可采用灭蚁威饵剂进行防治。     

甘氨酸和赤藓糖醇胶饵对红火蚁工蚁的毒杀效果

前期研究发现甘氨酸和赤藓糖醇对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren有较好的毒杀效果,为进一步挖掘这两种物质的实际应用价值,在室内测试了甘氨酸和赤藓糖醇不同浓度配比的水溶液及胶状饵剂对红火蚁工蚁的毒杀效果.结果显示,20％的配比为1∶3、3∶1的赤藓糖醇和甘氨酸溶液喂饲48 h红火蚁工蚁的死亡率分别为8...     

Effects of Wolbachia on mtDNA variation in two fire ant species

Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria that infect arthropods. As they are maternally transmitted, the spread of Wolbachia variants within host populations may affect host mtDNA evolution. We sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene from numerous individuals of two Wolbachia-infected fire ant species, Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri, to determine how these bacteria influence patterns of mtDNA variation. As predicted, there was a strong association between Wolbachia strain and host mtDNA lineage within and between these fire ant species. However, there was no consistent association between the presence of Wolbachia and a reduction in mtDNA diversity. Moreover, patterns of mtDNA variation within Wolbachia-infected populations did not differ consistently from neutral expectations, despite our prediction that strong positive selection acting on Wolbachia influences the evolutionary dynamics of other cytoplasmic genomes. Specifically, while values of Tajima's D consistently were less than zero for all six samples of fire ants harbouring Wolbachia, MacDonald-Kreitman tests suggested that the patterns of variation were different from those expected under neutrality in only two of the samples. We conclude that these neutrality tests do not unambiguously reveal a clear effect of Wolbachia infection on patterns of mtDNA variation and substitution in fire ants. Finally, consistent with an earlier study, our data revealed the presence of two divergent mtDNA haplotype lineages and Wolbachia strains within S. invicta. Recognition of these two lineages has important consequences for interpreting patterns of mtDNA evolution and genetic differentiation between conspecific social forms of this species.     

Effect of queen number on the production of sexuals in natural populations of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta

ABSTRACT. To determine whether the production of sexuals in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is related to queen number in the field, the numbers of sexuals in monogyne (M) and polygyne (P) colonies of this species were compared. Large colonies ( n =25 M and 25 P) were collected at random during spring, summer and fall when sexuals are actively produced, and the numbers of sexuals present were counted. The numbers of alates plus sexual pupae and larvae in M colonies far exceeded those in P colonies in each season. Significant differences between M and P colonies were also found when the numbers of alates and sexual immatures (pupae + larvae) were compared separately in each season. In addition, M colonies contained significantly more female sexuals (alates + pupae) than did P colonies in the summer and fall, and significantly more males in all three seasons. The negative relationship between queen number and number of sexuals provides evidence that queen control over the production of sexuals, previously established in laboratory experiments, also occurs under natural conditions.     

基于GC-IMS技术的不同红火蚁监测诱饵的风味成分分析

探讨不同红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren监测诱饵的风味成分,以期获得优化诱饵配方的科学依据。本文采用顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱法分析不同红火蚁监测诱饵在60℃下的气味指纹图谱,并通过主成分分析法分析其风味物质的差异。结果共鉴定出93个信号峰和87种挥发性化合物,载体物质(CK)中具有较高强度峰的化合物包括3种苯、2种醇、3种酮、2种酯、4种醛、1种呋喃和1种烯;自主配制的诱饵(JR、ZR、JZ)的风味组成相似,较高强度峰的化合物包括2种醇、1种酸、12种醛和1-8桉叶素等;市售火腿肠(HT)中的3种烯、10种酮、1种苯、5种醛、1种呋喃、3种醚、7种醇和4种酯是具有较高强度峰的化合物。主成分分析表明,CK、HT与自主研发的诱饵聚集距离较远,三者均单独聚为一类,相互风味成分区别较大。综上所述,JR、ZR和JZ诱饵中醛类物质较多,而HT中酮类与醇类物质较为丰富。上述诱饵的风味成分分析结果能为研发精准高效的红火蚁监测专用诱饵提供重要信息。     

An organic bait based on Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae) and Tephrosia candida (Fabaceae) does not control nests of Atta laevigata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in eucalyptus plantations

1. Leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta (Myrmicinae: Attini) are the main forest pests in Brazil, due to their economic damage, social complexity and geographical distribution. Chemical control with baits is the most viable and successful method to control these insects; and products with low environmental impact have been researched.
2. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mortality of Atta laevigata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests treated with Bioisca® bait, in different dosages, in eucalyptus plantations compared with those treated with sulfluramid and fipronil baits.
3. Seven treatments were used: Bioisca® (Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae) + Tephrosia candida (Fabaceae)), with 5, 10, 15 and 20 g; Blitz® (fipronil), Atta Mex-S® (sulfluramid) baits with 6 g/m² of ant nest loose soil and the control, without ant baits.
4. It took 7 days for the first colony to have its activity stopped using the Blitz® treatment. It happened only at 30 days when treated with Bioisca® and Atta-Mex-S® .
5. The mortality of nests treated with Bioisca® was very low with only one controlled out of 20 that received this bait. Bioisca® does not control the nests of A. laevigata in eucalyptus plantations.

     

Fire ant predation on native and introduced subterranean termites in the laboratory: effect of high soldier number in Coptotermes formosanus

Abstract.

• 1 Native Reticulitermes spp. Holmgren and the introduced Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) were exposed to predation in the laboratory by Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a known predator of Reticulitermes.
• 2 In one experiment, both taxa contained the 2.4% soldiers commonly found in Reticulitermes. In a second experiment, Reticulitermes contained 2.4% and C.formosanus a more normal 18.3% soldiers.
• 3 When soldier proportions were equal, C.formosanus soldiers suffered less of a decrease in survivorship due to predation compared with Reticulitermes soldiers. Little difference was found between taxa in the effect of predation on termite workers or in the effect of termites on predator survivorship.
• 4 When soldier proportions were unequal, both C.formosanus castes suffered less from predation than those of Reticulitermes. Again, little difference was found in the effect of termites on ants.
• 5 C.formosanus showed less movement into new containers when soldier number was abnormally low, compared with both taxa with normal caste proportions.

     

蚁丘被破坏程度对红火蚁蚁群迁移的影响

本文调查研究了蚁丘被破坏的程度对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren蚁群迁移的影响。结果表明,蚁巢地表部分被破坏可导致红火蚁蚁群发生分巢、搬巢等现象,蚁群的移巢比率随着蚁丘被破坏程度的增大而增大。当蚁丘体积被破坏75%时分巢比率最高,为14.44%;被破坏100%时搬巢比率、移巢比率均最高,分别为16.27%、27.00%。红火蚁蚁丘被破坏程度(D)与蚁群迁移比率(M)之间关系模型为M=4.3443+25.474D-3.4857D2。蚁丘受到破坏后,蚁群迁移距离平均为4.3m,迁移方向是随机的。     

不同土壤类型和含水量下金龟子绿僵菌对红火蚁的致病力

[背景]红火蚁是一种危险性入侵生物,虫生真菌对其防治效果会受到外界环境因子的影响。[方法]应用致病力测定的方法研究了不同剂量金龟子绿僵菌M09对红火蚁的毒力,同时研究了含水量和土壤类型对绿僵菌毒力的影响。[结果]红火蚁的死亡率与金龟子绿僵菌的剂量呈正相关,处理4d后LG50为0．37g。金龟子绿僵菌在砂土、壤土和粘土中对红火蚁的致死率均与对照差异显著,其中在砂土中的毒力最强。此外,在不同含水量的土壤中,金龟子绿僵菌的致死率也不相同（P〈0．01）。[结论与意义]土壤类型和土壤湿度会显著影响金龟子绿僵菌M09对红火蚁的防治效果。选择高湿和砂土类型的土壤施用金龟子绿僵菌M09可以达到较好的效果。