红花檵木病害的研究进展

红花檵木为一种珍贵的彩叶园林观赏树种,被广泛应用于城市园林绿化中,近年来,红花檵木病害成为影响其观赏价值和苗木生产的重要因素之一.查阅整理了大量国内外相关研究的文献资料,从红花檵木已知的侵染性病害种类、表现症状及防治措施三个方面进行综述,指出了我国红花檵木病害研究目前存在的问题及研究发展趋势,为红花檵木致病机理、病害监...     

檵木与红花檵木的解剖结构研究

对7个不同地点的野生檵木、野生红花檵木、栽培红花檵木花的解剖结构进行了研究,浏阳大围山野生檵木花的数性遗传结构与其它地区的野生檵木有较大差异,4数性花和5～6数性花各占50%;红花檵木野生和栽培类型均以5数性花数量居多,不同于文献记载的檵木属植物4数性花的分类属征(每朵花花瓣、雄蕊、退化雄蕊及萼片均为4数).利用花的结构遗传变异探讨了红花檵木的起源和品种演化历史.     

红花檵木LcFLS1基因的克隆及其表达与转化研究

该研究以红花檵木(Loropetalum chinense var.rubrum)为材料,根据转录组测序结果和PCR方法克隆到1个黄酮醇合成酶(FLS)同源基因,命名为LcFLS1。生物信息学分析显示,LcFLS1的开放阅读框为996bp,编码331个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析显示,LcFLS1具有典型的2-酮戊二酸和铁依赖性双加氧酶结构域;蛋白结构预测表明,球形蛋白结构的核心区域存在10个与2-酮戊二酸配体互作的位点。进化树分析结果表明,LcFLS1与茶树(Camellia sinensis)等木本植物的亲缘关系较近,而与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)等草本植物的亲缘关系较远。荧光定量PCR检测显示,LcFLS1在红花檵木的花中相对表达量最高,而在茎中最少。成功构建了LcFLS1基因的过表达载体pLcFLS1-SUPER1300,经农杆菌侵染花序法将pLcFLS1-SUPER1300质粒转入拟南芥中获得转基因植株,PCR鉴定表明获得了转LcFLS1基因拟南芥阳性植株。该研究结果为红花檵木黄酮醇的生物合成机制研究,以及药用价值的开发利用奠定了基础。     

4种灌木地被植物耐旱指标探讨

对城市绿化中4种灌木类地被植物的抗旱性进行研究。结果表明,4种植物抗旱性强弱依次为:小叶蚊母树、火棘、红花檵木、水桅子。其中,小叶蚊母树适应性强,干旱条件下成活率高,可成为当今园林绿化中重点选择的色块植物之一。     

种内竞争和残落物覆盖对杉木和檵木细根形态特征的影响

细根对生态系统养分、水分和碳循环至关重要。然而,目前关于森林生态系统细根可塑性的研究多集中于乔木树种,对灌木少有研究。本研究以杉木(乔木)和檵木(灌木)为研究对象,采用根袋法研究种内竞争和残落物覆盖对2物种1级和2级细根形态特征(比根长、直径和分枝比)及养分吸收能力的影响,揭示种内竞争和林下管理措施(残落物覆盖)对2物种细根塑性和养分吸收策略的影响机制。结果表明:残落物覆盖、种内竞争及二者的交互作用对杉木细根形态特征各指标均无显著影响。残落物覆盖显著提高了檵木1、2级根分枝比,残落物覆盖、种内竞争及二者的交互作用均显著降低了檵木1级根的直径。檵木细根属性的这些变化增加了其细根的养分吸收速率。因此,增加杉木林残落物覆盖使林下檵木细根形态特征的变化更利于土壤养分的高效吸收,进而可能会与同土层中塑性差的杉木细根产生养分竞争。     

红檵木种质资源及深层次开发利用

红檵木是湖南省80年代以来开发的优良的盆景素材与园林绿化树种,现已列为省级保护植物.本文首先介绍了红檵木种质资源及开发利用现状,最后指出红檵木有不少新的变异类型和优良株系,但没有分类择优开发,导致良莠混杂、商品价值不高,因此,建立种质资源库和育种基地,不断开发新的品种,增强红檵木的发展后劲是关键.     

桂林岩溶石山檵木群落不同恢复阶段地上生物量模型构建及分配格局

通过AIC、BIC准则结合R2选择不同恢复阶段的最佳模型,用校正系数估计值的标准误差、平均系统误差和总相对误差值评价所建立模型的精确性,并用所构建的生物量模型对檵木群落不同恢复阶段群落地上生物量和檵木地上生物量的分配格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)运用5种模型进行回归分析,不同恢复阶段树干和地上生物量估测效果极佳,叶和枝生物量次之。选用模型Ⅳ:W=a+b (D2H)建立乔灌阶段地上生物量的最优模型,选用模型Ⅲ:W=a×Db×Hc建立灌木阶段和小乔林阶段地上生物量的最优模型。(2)利用建立的檵木群落不同恢复阶段立木生物量生长模型对檵木群落的植被生物量进行估算,不同恢复阶段干生物量和地上生物量大小排列顺序为小乔林阶段乔灌阶段灌木阶段;叶生物量和枝生物量大小排列顺序为乔灌阶段小乔林阶段灌木阶段。(3)檵木群落中作为建群种的檵木,其地上生物量大小排列顺序为乔灌阶段小乔林阶段灌木阶段,檵木生物量在檵木群落不同恢复阶段的群落生物量中所占比例在持续下降。这说明随着桂林岩溶石山檵木群落自然恢复演替的进行,生态系统运行的能量基础和营养物质来源随着群落向更高级的演替阶段发展,而檵木的建群种地位可能会被逐步替代而退居亚乔木层。     

漓江流域岩溶区檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要共有种生态位变化

以空间代替时间的方法选取典型样地,采用群落学调查对漓江流域岩溶区立地条件基本一致的檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要共有种的Levins生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠进行研究,揭示檵木群落恢复过程物种的环境资源利用状况和种间关系、种群动态及群落稳定性,为漓江流域岩溶石漠化生态系统的植被恢复和重建提供依据。结果表明:(1)檵木群落不同恢复阶段乔木层主要共有种为檵木、小巴豆,灌木层主要共有种为檵木、红背山麻杆、龙须藤、火棘、白饭树、白马骨、扁片海桐、皱叶雀梅藤、亮叶崖豆藤。(2)乔木层主要共有种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠随着檵木群落的恢复呈现增大的趋势,而灌木层主要共有种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠变化趋势则相反。(3)在乔灌阶段的乔木层和乔林阶段的灌木层主要共有种的生态位宽度均小于1.0,灌木层中主要共有种对间的低生态位重叠值(0～0.6)的种对数随着群落恢复增多,而高生态位重叠值(0.8～0.9)的种对数减少。(4)乔木层中的主要共有种檵木和小巴豆协同发展,在相当长的时间内将共同主导群落的整体恢复方向;灌木层中的主要共有种随着群落的恢复对环境资源需求进一步分化或者生态位进一步分离,檵木的优势地位进一步削弱。     

桂林岩溶石山檵木种群空间格局及其关联性

种群的空间分布格局及其关联性反映了种群演替方式和对环境因子的适应策略,对植被的恢复与重建、生物多样性保护等具有重要的意义和价值.为了解桂林岩溶石山檵木种群的空间分布格局及其关联性,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,采用点格局方法,以Ripley K函数为基础,运用其衍生的成对相关函数和Ripley L函数对檵木种群的空间分布格局以及不同径级之间关联性进行分析.结果表明:檵木种群的径级结构呈倒“J”型分布,小径级个体占较大比例,种群自然更新状况良好,属增长型种群;檵木种群3个径级的个体在小尺度上呈聚集分布,但随着空间尺度的增大,聚集强度逐渐减弱,趋向随机分布;檵木种群3个不同径级的个体间在小尺度下均呈现无关联,随着尺度增大,不同径级个体的空间关联性呈现正关联或负关联;檵木种群个体间径级差异越大,它们的空间关联性越弱,甚至可能逐渐转变为负关联.本研究结果有助于了解桂林岩溶石山檵木种群在生长发育过程中的生态策略和物种共存的尺度依赖性特征及其形成机制,从而为岩溶石山森林植被的恢复与重建、保护和经营管理提供参考.     

不同光质对红花檵木愈伤组织生长及黄酮类物质含量的影响

该试验以红花檵木叶片诱导的愈伤组织为试验材料,以黑暗(CK)为对照,分别进行白光(W)、红光(R)、蓝光(B)、蓝紫光(BP)、蓝光+UV-A(B+UV A)和UV-A处理15d和30 d,通过对愈伤组织的生长、生理指标、花色素苷和总黄酮含量的比较分析,探讨光质对红花檵木愈伤组织生长和黄酮类物质含量的影响.结果 显示:...     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa

The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme.The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations.Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。