松毛虫赤眼蜂对不同植物的行为反应

松毛虫赤眼蜂是马昆松毛虫卵的重要寄生蜂,亦能寄生亚洲玉米螟卵,但平均寄生率很低,仅为5％。在松毛虫赤眼蜂对植物定向中,颜色是一个因素,但寄主植物散发的气味显然起着重要的作用。在天敌和寄主长期协同进化中,松毛虫赤眼蜂对其寄主植物互利素(Synomone)的专一性形成了极好的适应性。     

温湿度对松毛虫赤眼蜂种群增长的影响

在13—33℃、35％—95％R.H.范围内的7个恒温、13个温湿度组合下,测定了松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura)的发育、存活和生殖情况。结果表明,该蜂在13—30℃(75％R.H.)范围内,卵至羽化的发育速率与温度呈逻辑斯蒂曲线关系;发育起点温度为10.1±0.03℃,有效积温常数为140.2±0.29日度;幼期存活率在26℃左右最高;成虫寿命随温度升高而缩短,生殖力以23—28℃最高;内禀增长力(r_m)随温度升高而增大,28℃时达最大,随后急剧下降,至31℃时巳为负值。低湿和高湿在低温下有使发育速率减缓,而在适温和高温下则有使发育速率加快的趋势;低温低湿和高温高湿有使幼期存活率下降的趋势;在低温、高温下,75％R.H.对成虫存活、生殖最有利,95％R.H.次之;在适温下湿度对生殖力无影响,成虫寿命在低湿下最短。33℃下,3种湿度下均未产生雌性后代。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂羧酸酯酶性质比较研究

该文对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi和螟黄赤眼蜂T.Chilonis羧酸酯酶的毒理学和生物化学性质进行了初步研究。由时间进程曲线确定了赤眼蜂羧酸酯酶活性测定中的最适反应时间为40min。对两种赤眼蜂单头羧酸酯酶活性的测定表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂羧酸酯酶活性主要分布在0—1OD/(mg·min)之间,而螟黄赤眼蜂羧酸酯酶活性主要分布在1-4OD/(mg·min)之间。比较两种赤眼蜂羧酸酯酶米氏常数(K_m)值,螟黄赤眼蜂羧酸酯酶对底物的亲和力比松毛虫赤眼蜂羧酸酯酶对底物的亲和力高。对氧磷对螟黄赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂羧酸酯酶的抑制作用没有明显差异,而对氧磷对松毛虫赤眼蜂羧酸酯酶的抑制作用明显强于磷酸三苯酯(TPP)。该文还将棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)羧酸酯酶部分性质与两种赤眼蜂作了比较。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂对被害与未被害马尾松的趋性选择

分别利用培养皿和“Y”形嗅觉仪的测定方法,研究了松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimiMatsumura对马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatusWalker危害的马尾松针(Pinus massoniana)与未被害马尾松针的趋性选择反应。发现未被害松针和被害松针对松毛虫赤眼蜂均具显著的引诱作用,但是在被害与未被害松针两者之间,松毛虫赤眼蜂明显选择被害松针;对于不同被害程度而言,松毛虫赤眼蜂倾向于选择被害程度严重的松针,而与松针是否被马尾松毛虫连续危害的关系不明显。即松毛虫赤眼蜂可以通过马尾松毛虫被害后的寄主植物(马尾松)所散发的气味以对寄主栖息地定向,跟踪、寻找马尾松毛虫。     

新疆棉铃虫赤眼蜂种系筛选——对寄主的选择性

对寄生棉铃虫的暗黑赤眼蜂(Tnchogramma pintoi)和广赤眼蜂(T.eianescens)等2蜂种的6个地理品系(4个采自新疆棉铃虫,2个从乌孜别克斯坦引进)进行了寄主选择性测定.当同时面临棉铃虫卵和米蛾卵时,根据接触卵次数和寄生量等特性,暗黑赤眼蜂乌兹别克Ⅱ品系对棉铃虫卵表现很强的选择性,其次是暗黑赤眼蜂库尔勒品系,其余品系对棉铃虫卵的选择性不明显或对米蛾卵表现强选择性.     

新疆棉铃虫赤眼蜂种系筛选-对温湿度的反应

对采自新疆棉铃虫的2个暗黑赤眼蜂地理品系和1个广赤眼蜂品系以及从乌孜别克斯坦引进的2个暗黑赤眼蜂地理品系进行了对温湿度反应的比较研究.各赤眼蜂种(系)后代性比之间的差异受温湿度组合的影响较小.同一种系中,雌蜂倾向于在较高温度下产更多的卵,达到更高的寄生率,但性比(雄/雌)随温度升高而增大.在高温(35℃)低湿(45%)条件下,暗黑赤眼蜂吐鲁番品系的后代中雌性所占比较最高,其羽化率和发育历期与最高的种(系)无显著差异,尽管其寄生率仅次于最高的暗黑赤眼蜂喀什种群.说明赤眼蜂吐鲁番种群最能适应新疆高温干旱的气候环境,是一比较好的侯选品系.     

释放松毛虫赤眼蜂数量与防治效果的关系

释放使用松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi)不同数量,分别在龙江县错海林场、桦川县横头山林场、鸡西市柳毛林场进行2.5万头/亩、3万头/亩和3.5万头/亩防治落叶松毛虫的试验,释放后对部分释放地进行了跟踪调查,统计寄生率和虫口密度;结果表明,防治寄生率分别为:42.73%,39.25%,44.20%;根据分析,在赤眼蜂释放数量相同的条件下,其寄生率随每株卵量增加而下降,但下降幅度不大。其数据表明,对于株卵量较大的落叶松人工林可采取连续释放赤眼蜂控制松毛虫的虫口密度。由于松毛虫种群密度逐渐被压低,尽管每年释放同样的蜂量,其最高寄生率可提高9.5%以上。该结果可为今后针对不同虫口密度确定赤眼蜂的释放数量提供依据。     

棉田四种常用杀虫剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂不同虫态的杀伤力

棉田四种常用杀虫剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂不同虫态的杀伤力差异显著。溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、久效磷、甲胺磷对玉米螟赤眼蜂成虫的杀伤力均很强;溴氰菊酯和甲胺磷对玉米螟赤眼蜂卵至蛹各个虫态的杀伤力较强;而氰戊菊酯对卵、久效磷对幼虫有较强的杀伤力。久效磷对玉米螟赤眼蜂成虫的残留毒杀力最强。玉米螟赤眼蜂成虫是玉米螟赤眼蜂一生中对农药最敏感的时期,其次是卵和幼虫,而预蛹和蛹耐药性较强。     

短期高温对感染Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂发育和繁殖的影响

感染了沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura营孤雌产雌生殖方式,但高温可能影响这一特性。为了模拟该赤眼蜂在田间遇到短期高温后的受影响情况,研究了柞蚕卵繁殖的Wolbachia感染了Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂孤雌产雌品系,于蛹中期和蛹后期经历6h32,35,38℃高温单次冲击处理,对当代羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率、寿命4个指标和处理子代羽化出蜂率、有效繁殖个体、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率4个指标的影响。结果表明,短期高温刺激会对孤雌产雌的松毛虫赤眼蜂产生不利影响,尤其是38℃高温不利影响明显,主要表现在羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数两指标明显降低;高温冲击对子代蜂各指标影响不明显。2代赤眼蜂均未有雄峰出现,表明短期高温冲击不能对Wolbachia调控其宿主生殖方式的作用产生影响。     

新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂对四种赤眼蜂成蜂急性毒性和安全性评价

为了明确新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂对天敌赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.的影响, 在室内采用药膜法测定了其对稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、 亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen、 拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani和广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens Westwood成蜂的急性毒性, 并进行了安全性评价。急性毒性测定结果表明： 在测定的新烟碱类药剂中, 噻虫嗪对拟澳洲赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂表现出最高的急性毒性, 其LC₅₀分别为0.24 (0.21~0.27) 和0.40 (0.37~0.44) mg a.i./L; 其次为烯啶虫胺, 该药剂对上述两种赤眼蜂的LC₅₀分别为0.83 (0.74~0.96) 和0.72 (0.65~0.80) mg a.i./L; 而吡虫啉对亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂的毒性最低, 其LC₅₀分别为502.13 (459.80~549.62)和752.62 (687.51~828.63) mg a.i./L。在测定的大环内酯类药剂中, 阿维菌素对稻螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性最高, 其LC₅₀为0.49 (0.46~0.65) mg a.i./L, 而甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对拟澳洲赤眼蜂表现出最低的急性毒性, 其LC₅₀为21.76 (19.59~24.40) mg a.i./L。安全性评价结果表明, 吡虫啉、 啶虫脒、 氯噻啉和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对4种赤眼蜂为低风险~中等风险性, 安全性系数为0.57~23.54; 噻虫啉和依维菌素对4种赤眼蜂却为中等风险~高风险性, 安全性系数为0.16~3.45; 而烯啶虫胺、 噻虫嗪和阿维菌素对4种赤眼蜂为高风险~极高风险性, 安全性系数为0.01~0.15。本研究测定的大部分杀虫剂对赤眼蜂都有一定的急性毒性风险。因此, 在害虫综合治理中应谨慎使用新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂尤其是烯啶虫胺、 噻虫嗪和阿维菌素, 以免造成对赤眼蜂的大量杀伤。     

抗胆碱酯酶剂亚致死剂量对棉铃虫毒力的影响及对乙酰胆碱酯酶的诱导作用

辛硫磷、马拉硫磷和灭多威3种抗胆碱酯酶剂亚致死剂量（LD10）预处理棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 3龄幼虫24 h后,对辛硫磷、马拉硫磷、灭多威、溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯5种杀虫药剂的毒力影响有明显差异。酶动力学研究表明：在48 h内,辛硫磷亚致死剂量对棉铃虫乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力有一定的抑制作用,24 h仅为对照组的0.56倍;马拉硫磷、灭多威则可以诱导乙酰胆碱酯酶的比活力增加,诱导最大值时间分别为3 h和12 h。通过对米氏常数（K_m）值分析表明,辛硫磷诱导48 h内对乙酰胆碱酯酶与底物亲和力的影响不大,马拉硫磷、灭多威诱导48 h内乙酰胆碱酯酶对底物亲和力有所下降,其中灭多威诱导组最为明显。3种药剂亚致死剂量处理24 h后,通过蔗糖密度梯度离心表明5%蔗糖梯度层乙酰胆碱酯酶分布百分数明显高于对照组,而20%蔗糖梯度层却明显低于对照组,说明亚致死剂量处理可能引起乙酰胆碱酯酶分子型及不同分子型分布比例的变化。     

人工释放赤眼蜂对棉铃虫的防治作用及相关生态效应

1998～2000年在河北省南皮县棉区转Bt基因棉田及常规棉田中设置4种不同的组合处理,通过释放螟黄赤眼蜂控制棉铃虫的方法,减少化学农药的使用,达到提升和增强自然生物控制力的生态效应;并以不采取任何防治措施的常规棉田为常规棉对照田。研究表明：（1）转基因棉和常规棉棉田中自然寄生率随棉铃虫世代的增加而逐渐升高,2、3和4代棉铃虫卵被寄生率范围分别为13.3%～14.3%、26.7%～28.2%和60.8%～61.4%。（2）棉铃虫2代期,在常规棉综防田释放赤眼蜂2次,其寄生率为46.4%, 比未释放赤眼蜂的转基因棉棉田和常规棉对照田提高33.1%和32.1%; 3代期,转基因棉棉田释放赤眼蜂1次,其寄生率与常规棉综防田释放4次的效果相当,分别为73.7%和68.1%;但与转基因棉不放蜂田、常规棉化防田及对照田相比,分别提高45.5%、61. 8%和47.0%;4代期,无论放蜂与否,各处理棉田中的寄生率除化防田外（52.1%）均在60%以上。（3）常规棉化防田棉铃虫2代和3代期,分别使用农药2和3次,其自然寄生率分别为5.5%和11.9%,与对照田相比,分别降低8.8%和14.8%;与常规棉综防田相比,分别降低40.9%和56.2%;释放赤眼蜂的效果与施药时间有关,放蜂后1天内施药,寄生率仅为12.5%,施药后2天放蜂,寄生率达45.6%。（4）转基因棉棉田棉铃虫累计数和百株蕾铃被害数比常规棉综防田分别减少74.8%和73.8%,捕食性天敌增加63.0%;放蜂Bt棉田比不放蜂Bt棉田棉铃虫累计数、百株蕾铃被害数分别减少61.8%和33.3%;常规棉综防田棉铃虫累计数、百株蕾铃被害数、农药使用量比化防棉田分别减少29.7%、43.4%和60.0%,捕食性天敌数量增加63.0%。（5）转基因棉田和综防棉田的益害比（捕食性天敌/植食性害虫）分别为0.47∶1和0.30∶1, 而化防棉田为0.24∶1。上述结果表明释放赤眼蜂可弥补抗虫棉后期抗性减弱的不足,增加田间自然天敌的数量,提高对棉田害虫的自然控害功能。     

Influences of insecticides on toxicity and cuticular penetration of abamectin in Helicoverpa armigera

Synergistic actions for mixtures of abamectin with other insecticides in some insect pests were evaluated, and the possible synergistic mechanism was studied by the comparison in toxicity and cuticular penetration of abamectin between with and without other insecticides or synergists in Helicoverpa armigera larvae. The results of bioassay showed that horticultural mineral oil (HMO), hexaflumuron, chlorpyrifos, and some other insecticides were synergistic to abamectin with 152.0-420.0 of co-toxicity coefficient(CTC) in some agricultural insect pests. In topical application tests, HMO or piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased the toxicity of abamectin in larvae of H. armigera, but the mortality was not affected by s,s,s-tributylphorotrithioate (DEF) and triphenylphosphate (TPP). The synergistic action of HMO was obviously higher than PBO, and when treated simultaneously with abamectin, HMO gave a more significant synergism than if treated 2 hours ahead. The highest synergistic effect (SE) was found in the mixture of ‘abamectin HMO (1:206)‘. The mortality did not increase or the toxicity drop, when a synergist or HMO was added into the mixture of ‘abamectin HMO‘ or ‘abamectin synergist‘, respectively. Results from the isotope tracing experiments showed that HMO significantly enhanced the penetration of ^3H-abamectin through the cuticle of H.armigera larvae, which resulted in the synergism of the mixture. The cuticular penetration of ^3H-abamectin was not accumulatively affected by chlorpyrifos, nor by hexaflumuron,though there was an inhibition within 30 seconds or 1 hour after treated by these two chemicals respectively. Results suggested that the synergism of abamectin mixed with hexaflumuron or chlorpyrifos might be related to inhibition of metabolic enzymes or target sites in the larvae.     

Baseline toxicity of emamectin and spinosad to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for resistance monitoring

Acute toxicity studies of emamectin and spinosad against Helicoverpa armigera revealed that the pest is highly susceptible to both the insecticides. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of emamectin is 3.86 × 10⁻³ µg per larva. The median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of emamectin and spinosad were found to be 0.09 and 2.94 ppm, respectively. The discriminating doses were fixed based on the LC₉₅ of the susceptible population of H. armigera as 0.80 ppm for emamectin and 10 ppm for spinosad. Resistance was not observed when the discriminating doses of emamectin and spinosad were applied on field-collected populations of H. armigera from two intensive cotton growing areas, Coimbatore and Madurai, India.     

复配杀虫剂BtA对棉铃虫的杀虫效果及对天敌中红侧沟茧蜂蛹和成虫的触杀毒性(英文)

为了科学施药, 合理保护和利用天敌对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera进行综合防治, 本研究在室内测定和比较了复配杀虫剂BtA和7种常用杀虫剂（阿维菌素、 Bt、 β-氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、定虫隆、氰戊菊酯和丁硫克百威）对棉铃虫的杀虫效果及对其天敌中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator蛹和雌成虫的触杀毒性。采用浸叶法测定杀虫剂在室内72 h内对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的杀虫效果, 结果表明： 与其他杀虫剂相比, BtA对棉铃虫幼虫具有更高的毒性和致死效应 (LC₅₀=0.7364 mg/mL)。将棉铃虫3龄幼虫接到用浓度4 mg/mL上述杀虫剂分别处理过的大白菜上24, 48和72 h, 发现其死亡率之间存在显著差异（P≤0.05）。但在72 h后, BtA和其他杀虫剂对棉铃虫幼虫的杀虫效果之间并无显著差异(P>0.05)。BtA施药后, 随着时间的延长, 棉铃虫幼虫的死亡率也在增加。另外, 通过杀虫剂对寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂蛹和雌成虫的触杀毒性的生物测定发现： 与β-氯氰菊酯、 氰戊菊酯和丁硫克百威相比, BtA对中红侧沟茧蜂蛹和雌成虫的毒性较低, 对其蛹和雌成虫致死率分别仅为13.82%和7.33%。本研究证明BtA对鳞翅目害虫具有中等毒性, 而对寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂则具有较低毒性。     

Trichogramma egg parasitism of Helicoverpa armigera on pigeonpea and sorghum in southern India

Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) only rarely parasitize eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh), while on other plants including sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)) high parasitism levels of this host are found. In this study two strategies designed to increase the parasitoid activity on pigeonpea were tested in the field: intercropping pigeonpea with sorghum and mass-releasing T. chilonis Ishii. Neither strategy led to an increase in parasitism. On pigeonpea, H. armigera oviposited >74.8% of its eggs on calyxes and pods. Parasitism levels in host eggs collected from different plant structures varied significantly with 3.6, 0.3, and 40.7% of eggs on calyxes, pods, and leaves parasitized. Earlier studies have shown that calyxes and pods possess long glandular and non-glandular trichomes, and are covered by sticky trichome exudates which inhibit parasitoid searching behaviour. Parasitism levels between 27.9 and 100% were recorded from host eggs on the intercropped sorghum. Trichogramma chilonis was the dominant parasitoid species. The mean clutch size was 2.03, but up to six parasitoids emerged per egg. Progeny sex ratio (% females) decreased with clutch size, from 63.1% at a clutch size of one to 46.0% at a clutch size of five. Sticky trap catches showed that while the parasitoid population in sorghum increased when H. armigera started ovipositing, the population within pigeonpea did not benefit from either a high parasitoid population in sorghum or a high host egg density on pigeonpea. During one of five seasons studied, however, high parasitism levels (up to 73%) were recorded on pigeonpea. During this season, H. armigera oviposited on pigeonpea plants in the vegetative growth stage and a high proportion of eggs were collected from leaves. Parasitism levels were positively correlated with the percentage of eggs collected from leaves. This study shows that the parasitization efficiency of Trichogramma spp. on pigeonpea depends mainly on the location of the host eggs. This explains why parasitism levels of H. armigera eggs on pigeonpea did not increase when intercropped with sorghum or after mass-releasing T. chilonis.     

Orientation behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera egg parasitoid,Trichogramma chilonis and the larval parasitoid,Campoletis chlorideae towards different groundnut genotypes

Behavioural responses of Helicoverpa armigera egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis and the larval parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae towards the leaves of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) genotypes (ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031, ICG 2271, and ICG 1697-resistant, and the susceptible check-JL 24) were studied by using a Y-tube olfactometer. Orientation was studied in comparison to clean air, to insect resistant genotypes in relation to JL 24 and towards H. armigera damaged and undamaged leaves. Leaves of ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031 and ICG 2271 were more attractive to T. chilonis adults than to the clean air. They were strongly attracted to the leaves of ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031 and ICG 1697 than of JL 24. Insect damaged leaves of ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031 and ICG 1697 were more attractive than the respective uninfested leaves. C. chlorideae showed greater attraction towards leaves of ICGV 86699, ICG 2271 and ICG 1697 than the clean air, and were more attracted towards leaves of ICGV 86699 and ICGV 86031 than those of JL 24. The damaged leaves of ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031 and ICG 2271 were more attractive to C. chlorideae than the respective uninfested leaves. Thus insect resistant genotypes exhibited greater compatibility with the natural enemies in groundnut.     

松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育诱导及解除条件研究

【目的】以柞蚕Antheraea pernyi卵为繁殖寄主,对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolim滞育诱导及解除条件进行研究,以解决赤眼蜂工厂化生产和大面积应用中面临的的中、长期储存问题。【方法】通过观测不同发育阶段(寄生柞蚕卵在26℃培养40、96和144 h)、滞育诱导温度(10、13和16℃)和诱导时间对松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育的影响,确定松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育诱导条件;通过观测滞育诱导温度和滞育后的贮藏温度对滞育解除的影响,确定松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育解除条件。【结果】在松毛虫赤眼蜂的不同发育阶段对其进行持续的低温刺激均能使其导入滞育,但以小幼阶段(26℃培养40 h)开始效果最佳,寄生卵在26℃培养40 h后,转入10℃和13℃下连续诱导31 d,滞育率可达100%和99.12%。滞育诱导温度和滞育后的贮藏温度对松毛虫赤眼蜂解除滞育所需时间和解除滞育后的羽化出蜂率有较大影响,10℃诱导滞育后置于1℃冷藏的赤眼蜂解除滞育所需时间最短,解除滞育后的羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数更高,更耐储存。此条件下冷藏约30 d开始打破滞育,在正常发育下温度下羽化出蜂,60 d羽化出蜂率达到95.24%,冷藏4个月后羽化出蜂率仍在60%以上,单卵出蜂数高于50头。【结论】松毛虫赤眼蜂最佳滞育诱导条件为26℃培养40 h后,转入10℃连续低温诱导31 d;最佳滞育解除条件为1℃低温储存,但储存期不能超过4个月。     

Do sympatric Trichogramma species parasitize the pest insect Helicoverpa armigera and the beneficial insect Chrysoperla carnea in different proportions?

Parasitism of two host species by five Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) was studied in the laboratory. The host species were: i) the bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), an important pest of many crops in the tropics and subtropics, and ii) one of its natural enemies, the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), a predator often used as a biological control agent. The proportion of H. armigera eggs parasitized from the total number of parasitized hosts differed between Trichogramma species. The average number of parasitized eggs per female in 24 h by Trichogramma pintoi and T. bourarachae was 10 of H. armigera and about 0.5 of C. carnea. For the other three Trichogramma species (T. cordubensis, T. evanescens and T. turkestanica) these averages varied from 6 to 11 H. armigera eggs and from 3 to 4 C. carnea eggs. Total adult offspring production, contacts with hosts, secondary clutch size and sex-ratio of each Trichogramma species were determined as well. The results show that sympatric Trichogramma may parasitize target and non-target species in different proportions. If this difference corresponds to the field situation, simple laboratory tests could be performed to select not only efficient biogical control agents, but also species which are the least detrimental to non-target hosts.