栗瘿蜂生物学及其防治研究

栗瘿蜂的蛹可化分为前蛹、白蛹和黑蛹。生殖方式为孤雌生殖,平均单瘿内幼虫数与每米枝条瘿数为正相关关系。自然种群密度呈周期性猖獗发生,其主要原因是寄生天敌的作用,研究中查获我省寄生蜂28种,主要天敌有10种。发生期的预测可根据板粟的物候期进行。发生量的预测可用有效基数预测式的简式“(1-d)(1-M)”,进行种群数量变动趋势的估测。采用早春人工修剪,邻地助迁、枯瘿挂笼等保护利用寄生蜂的方法,并适当辅助以化学防治:涂环内吸防治瘿内幼虫及成虫期喷雾等综合防治措施。使防治区比对照区当年虫口减退率达95％以上。     

日本柳枝瘿蚊生物学及防治

日本柳枝瘿蚊Lygococisyanagi（Shinji）属双翅目、瘿蚊科、瘿蚊亚科。它是旱柳、垂柳、龙爪柳等树种的主要害虫之一。作者近10年来在前文［4］的基础上,对该虫的形态特征、生物学、生态学和防治措施等研究方面有突破。同时根据此虫分类特征,鉴定为日本柳枝瘿蚊。现将研究结果报告如下。1形态特征成虫：下颚须4节。推虫触角20（2＋18）节（图1：G）,雌虫触角19（2＋17）节,鞭节颈短（图1：A）。复眼占头的大部分。眼桥中部5～6个小眼宽。足细长,深褐色,被毛2附爪简单,不具齿。前翅被微毛和黑色鳞片,R。脉和C脉在翅端相接。雄虫外…     

中国林匙胸瘿蜂属二新种记述（膜翅目：环腹瘿蜂科）

记述采自中国大陆的林匙胸瘿蜂属及其2新种:华燕林匙胸瘿蜂L.huayana sp.nov.和光林匙胸瘿蜂 L.laotudingzila sp.nov..     

樱桃新害虫黑腹果蝇的生物学特性

果蝇是近几年发现危害樱桃果实的一类重要害虫,在国内外樱桃产区均有发生。天水地区危害甜樱桃的果蝇有3个种,分别是黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen、铃木氏果蝇Drosophila suzukii(Matsumura)和海德氏果蝇Drosophila hydei(Sturtevant),黑腹果蝇为优势种。作者记述黑腹果蝇对甜樱桃果实的危害情况、寄主范围及其生活史、生活习性、发育历期与温度的关系等,调查发现蚂蚁是樱桃果蝇的天敌之一。     

外来入侵害虫刺槐叶瘿蚊的重要天敌——刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂

外来入侵害虫刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldemann) 原产北美洲东部, 2006 年在中国发现, 危害刺槐叶片, 严重影响刺槐的健康生长, 已经列入我国检疫性害虫名单。在河北省秦皇岛市野外调查, 发现了一种广腹细蜂科天敌--叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂Platygaster robiniae Buhl and Duso, 该寄生蜂属中国新记录种。野外观察表明其对刺槐叶瘿蚊最高寄生率达84.8%, 具有良好的生物防治应用前景。本文对该广腹细蜂的外部形态和初步观察的生物学特性进行了描述。     

中蜂扁腹茧蜂生物学和防治

中蜂扁腹茧蜂隶茧蜂科。本文报道其危害、形态、生活史;成虫羽化、性比、交尾产卵、寿命,寄生率;幼虫和蛹的特性;并提出防治意见。     

桑螟绒茧蜂的生物学特性

采用不定期随机取样的方式 ,连续 3年就桑螟绒茧蜂ApantelesheterusiaeWilkinson对桑螟DiaphaniapyloalisWalker的自然寄生率进行了调查。结果表明 ,桑螟绒茧蜂在苏州一带的发生十分普遍 ,其自然寄生率为 2 2. 95 %～ 5 5. 41 % ,平均 3 3 . 99% ,全年各代都处于相对较高的水平 ,其中 9月份第 5代的自然寄生率最高 ,达 5 5 . 41 % ,是当地的优势天敌种群 ,对于桑螟的发生与危害具有明显的控制作用。该文报道了桑螟绒茧蜂的自然寄生情况及其成虫的生物学习性 ,为进一步开展桑螟的生物防治奠定了基础。     

Resistance of Drosophila suzukii to the larval parasitoids Leptopilina heterotoma and Asobara japonica is related to haemocyte load

Unlike other Drosophila species, the invasive Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) shows a remarkable pest status. Among the physiological traits that may explain the high level of resistance to parasitoids of Drosophila larvae, the haemocyte load is shown repeatedly to play an important role. To determine whether haemocyte load can explain immunity resistance of D. suzukii to parasitoids, the haemocytes of parasitized and healthy larvae are quantified in two Japanese and three French populations of D. suzukii. Parasitization tests are conducted with two larval parasitoids: the paleartic Leptopilina heterotoma Thomson (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) and the Asian Asobara japonica Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Based on morphological and functional criteria, D. suzukii has classes of haemocytes similar to those described in Drosophila melanogaster. However, healthy larvae of the five populations tested possess particularly large numbers of haemocytes compared with D. melanogaster. Haemocyte load is also higher in larvae from the French populations than in the Japanese strains. The ability of D. suzukii larvae to encapsulate eggs of L. heterotoma is associated with a particularly high load of circulating haemocytes. However, it is notable that A. japonica induces a strong depression of the haemocyte population in this resistant host associated with an inability to encapsulate parasitoid eggs. The results show that the cellular immune system plays a major role in the failure of larval parasitoids to develop in most instances in larvae of D. suzukii, possibly contributing to the success of this species as an invader.     

日本蚱的生活史及其它生物学特性

日本蚱Tetrix japonica是一种广布于东亚地区的直翅目昆虫。本文通过野外观察与室内饲养相结合的方法,研究了日本蚱的卵块和各虫龄的形态特征、生活史、若虫及成虫的主要生活习性。结果表明：日本蚱喜欢栖息于具苔藓的矮草地表,主要取食幼嫩苔藓及腐殖质;在羽化7 d后开始出现交配现象,交配时间为1~1.5 h;交配后1~3 d内将大米粒状卵粒产于苔藓泥土中,卵块的形状近似橘瓣状,卵粒数目通常为10~30粒;卵经过6~10 d可孵化为若虫;雄性共有6龄,雌性共有7龄,每个虫龄历期随虫龄的增长而增加;不同虫龄的日本蚱在形态上具有一定的差异。此外,研究还发现日本蚱的前胸背板与翅型存在多态现象,可能在进化适应中起重要作用。     

乌蔹莓鹿蛾的生物学特性

乌蔹莓Cayratia japonica(Thunb.)Gagn.是一种多年生攀援性恶性杂草,对绿篱、草坪、观赏灌木危害较大。乌蔹莓鹿蛾Amatasp.是一种以乌蔹莓为食料的单食性昆虫,以老熟幼虫在残枝落叶上作茧越冬,翌年5月上中旬化蛹,中下旬羽化,每头雌蛾平均产卵块3个,每卵块有卵几十粒至100粒不等,平均每块含卵42粒,卵期7～9天,幼虫分5龄,历期14～18d,蛹期10～14d。在江苏扬州1年可发生不完全的4代。幼虫对乌蔹莓各器官的偏嗜性程度为:花蕾>叶>果。乌蔹莓鹿蛾对乌蔹莓有明显的控制作用。     

Toxicity of venom of Asobara and Leptopilina species to Drosophila species

The Drosophila parasitoid Asobara japonica Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) has highly toxic venom that kills host larvae if its injection is not followed by an injection of lateral oviduct components along with egg‐laying. In the present study, the venoms of seven other Drosophila parasitoids (Asobara rossica, Asobara rufescens, Asobara pleuralis, Leptopilina heterotoma, Leptopilina japonica, Leptopilina ryukyuensis, and Leptopilina victoriae) are tested against three kinds of Drosophila species (i.e. Drosophila species that are suitable as host for focal parasitoids, those that are resistant to the parasitoids, and a cosmopolitan species, Drosophila simulans). Venoms of the three Asobara species are not toxic to any of Drosophila species, whereas those of the four Leptopilina species are toxic to some Drosophila species. The toxicity of venom varies among Leptopilina species, and the susceptibility to venom also varies among host Drosophila species. Furthermore, toxicity and paralytic effects of venom are not correlated. Because the toxicity of venom is not adaptive for parasitoids, it may be an inevitable side effect of some components that play an essential role in parasitism.     

大孢虫花生物学特性及驯化栽培

对采自辽宁省仙人洞国家级自然保护区野生大孢虫花(Isaria japonica Yasuda)的生物学特性和驯化栽培进行探究。试验结果表明:PDA培养基上适宜碳、氮源分别是蔗糖和谷氨酸,适宜p H为6;在3种供试培养料中只能在配方一(2%葡萄糖,0.1%硫酸镁,0.2%磷酸二氢钾,1.4%琼脂,96%蒸馏水,p H自然,0.3%蛋白胨)中形成子实体。     

Can competition be superior to parasitism for biological control? The case of spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii), Drosophila melanogaster and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae

Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster coexist with different but overlapping resource use in the field. When forced to completely or partially share resources in the laboratory, D. melanogaster outcompetes D. suzukii. Adult D. suzukii and D. melanogaster females were allowed to compete for access to a common oviposition resource in pairwise and population scale experiments. We tracked the offspring emergence to explore the factors across life stages that might affect the success of D. suzukii in the laboratory compared to a closed field simulation cage experiment with a generalist Drosophila parasitoid, Pachycrepoideous vindemmiae. When in competition as adults, D. melanogaster produced more offspring that survived to pupation than D. suzukii. In addition, D. melanogaster produced more offspring when in competition with a conspecific than when in competition with D. suzukii. Competitor identity did not affect the number of D. melanogaster offspring in pairwise and cage experiments. However, in the presence of D. melanogaster, the number of D. suzukii offspring in both pairwise and cage experiments was dramatically reduced than in cages without this competitor. In the presence of both D. melanogaster and P. vindemmiae, there were marginally more D. suzukii than when only D. melanogaster was present. These results suggest that competition was an important factor limiting D. suzukii numbers. Limiting D. suzukii numbers through interspecies competition may eventually be an exploitable method of biocontrol in the field.     

桉树同安钮夜蛾生物学特性及防治的研究

同安钮夜蛾(Anua indiscriminata Moore)是近年来桉树产区出现的重要害虫之一。该虫在广东蕉岭1年发生4代,以蛹越冬,幼虫6-7龄。每年仅有1个发生高峰期,一般在9月出现。室内药效测定表明:高效氯氰菊酯、保尔、锐劲特、阿维菌素、印楝素、鱼藤氰和吡虫啉对同安钮夜蛾幼虫的毒杀效果均达100%;而Bt和灭幼脲Ⅲ号的杀虫效果分别为96.3%和92.6%。林间试验表明:高效氯氰菊酯、阿维烟剂和Bt对同安钮夜蛾幼虫的杀死率分别为100%、96.6%和89.7%;用烟雾机喷施阿维烟剂10倍柴油溶液,其杀虫率为82.2%。     

The attractiveness of different odour sources from the fruit–host complex on Leptopilina boulardi, a larval parasitoid of frugivorous Drosophila spp.

In parasitoid insects, successful offspring development depends on the female’s ability to find a suitable host. Specific recognition is often based on responses to olfactory cues, but their source and nature have rarely been determined. –This paper deals with the recognition of odours involved in host location by Leptopilina boulardi[Barbotin, Carton & Kelner-Pillault] (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae), a larval parasitoid of Drosophila species that develops in mature fruits. The nature and origin of volatile stimuli recognized among odours of the host–fruit complex, and the effect of learning on this recognition, were investigated. Oriented responses to these odours were observed in a four-armed olfactometer and were analysed with the observer software (Noldus Information Technology). Fruit odours alone (banana and pear) were not spontaneously attractive to naive parasitoids, whereas naturally-infested bananas were highly attractive. The attraction was related to the odour that adult Drosophila left on the substrate but not to Drosophila oviposition activity or larval development. A synergism between some fruit odours (banana and pear) and the odour left by adult Drosophila on damp filter paper was observed. However, when testing a non-fruit substrate (mushroom), no synergism was observed. Thus, female L. boulardi may innately recognize host–food substrate odours associated with odours from the adult stage of their host. In addition, an oviposition experience on an infested banana allows L. boulardi females to memorise the fruit odour itself through associative learning. The adaptive significance of this process is discussed.     

红花木莲有性繁殖和生态生物学特性的研究

红花木莲是木莲属中较原始的种类,是我国珍贵的用材及观赏树种,被列为国家保护植物。由于它自然更新能力差,加上人为的破坏,成年植株逐渐减少,已陷人濒危的境地。本文探索了其种子生理及萌发特性,掌握了有性繁殖中的关键技术措施,并通过引种栽培观测其生态生物学特性,认为在昆明引种栽培区内具有较强的适应性。提出了在扩大迁地保护的同时,将其一部分苗木返回自然生境中,进行种群重建,以扩大其种群,对保护和持续利用这一珍贵树种具有深远意义．     

Oka株水痘病毒的生物学特性研究

将日本大阪大学微生物病研究会（BIKEN）提供的Oka水痘病毒第28代减毒株,通过MRC－5人二倍体细胞连续传递10代,建立主代及工作代毒种批,并对其后的32代,34代,36代及38代病毒按WHO规程进行全面检定,证实其生物学特性相似,免疫原性良好,确保制备水痘减毒活疫苗毒种的稳定性和一致性。