导水管周围灰质参与电针对防御反应的抑制效应

在清醒家兔中,双侧损毁导水管周围灰质(PAG)的腹侧部或在双侧PAG腹侧部微量注射阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮,可明显阻断电针对刺激下丘脑背内侧区引起的防御反应的抑制效应。双侧损毁PAG腹侧部或在双侧PAG腹侧部微量注射纳洛酮,也都能减低直接兴奋弓状核区对防御反应的抑制作用的程度,在PAG 腹侧部微量注射阿片受体激动剂吗啡则可抑制刺激下丘脑引起的防御反应。以上实验结果提示,PAG 腹侧部的阿片受体可能参与电针抑制防御反应的机制。本文讨论了电针可能激活弓状核的内啡肽神经元并激活PAG 腹侧部的阿片受体而对防御反应发生抑制作用的可能性。     

大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质微量注射孤啡肽对痛和针刺镇痛的影响

孤啡肽是新近发现的神经肽,结构与内阿片肽相似,但作用明显不同。本文采用脑核团内微量注射方法,在大鼠电刺激甩尾测痛模型上,观察ＯＦＱ在中脑导水管周围灰质内对痛和针刺镇痛的影响。结果表明：ＰＡＧ内微量注射ＯＦＱ可使大鼠痛阈降低,并明显对抗针刺镇痛;另外还发现,ＯＦＱ在ＰＡＧ内还可以对抗μ受体激动剂羟甲芬太尼加强针刺镇痛的效应。     

褪黑素对大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质内阿片肽释放的影响

本文采用推挽灌流技术、放射免疫测定法,观察褪黑素（ｍｅｌａｔｏｎｉｎ,ＭＥＬ）对大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质（ＰＡＧ）推挽灌流液中β－内啡肽（β－Ｅｐ）、亮氨酸脑啡肽（Ｌ－ＥＫ）含量的影响,以探讨ＭＥＬ镇痛效应的中枢机制。结果显示,给药组大鼠腹腔注射（ｉｐ）ＭＥＬ１１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ后３０－５０ｍｉｎ,ＰＡＧ灌流液中β－Ｅｐ含量显著增加,而Ｌ－ＥＫ含量未见显著变化;在推挽灌流同时用５０℃热水刺激甩尾法测定痛     

导水管周围灰质微量注射阿片肽拮抗剂阻断甲醛致痛时脊髓背角P物质的变化

在大鼠脚掌注射福尔马林溶液后（２．５％,０．４ｍｌ）,在中脑导水管周围灰质内微量注射纳洛酮或β－内啡肽抗血清。用免疫组织化学方法结合计算机图像分析技术,观察到脊髓背角Ｐ物质样免疫阳性物质在福尔马林＋载液组的光密度（３．４２０８±０．４６２８）高于单纯载液组（１．５１８９±０．１４６５）,Ｐ＜０．０１;福尔马林＋纳洛酮组（１．８７０７±０．６６６４）与福尔马林＋β－内啡肽抗血清组（１．８５４７±０．７５３７）均明显低于福尔马林＋载液组,Ｐ＜０．０５;单纯注射纳洛酮或β－内啡肽抗血清组无明显变化。结果表明,导水管周围灰质内微量注射纳洛酮和β－内啡肽抗血清可以易化动物脚掌注射福尔马林引起的痛反应,并阻断脊髓背角Ｐ物质的增加。提示伤害性刺激可以引起中脑导水管周围灰质内β－内啡肽的释放,与相应的阿片受体作用,调制脊髓背角Ｐ物质的释放。     

中脑导水管周围灰质NO在应激大鼠高血压形成中的作用及其机制探讨

目的：探讨大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）内NO在应激性高血压（SIH）发病中的作用。方法：采用电击足底结合噪声建立应激性高血压大鼠模型,NADPH－d组化方法显示PAG内一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元的变化,核团微注法和放免法检测PAG内微量注射L－NNA对动物血压和延髓头端腹外侧区（RVLM）内Ach含量的影响。结果：（1）应激性高血压大鼠血压升高,PAG背外侧区NOS阳性神经元数量明显减少,平均灰度值增高,且RVLM内Ach含量也增多。（2）PAG内微量注射L－NNA 100mmol/L 0.1μl后,对照组大鼠的平均动脉压（MAP）升高,RVLM内Ach含量增多,而应激性高血压组大鼠MAP的变化显著小于对照组。结论：应激性高血压大鼠PAG内NOS阳性神经元发生的可塑性变化,可能经RVLM内Ach介导,参与了该病的形成。     

中脑导水管周围灰质内注射抗阿片肽血清对神经降压素增强电针镇痛的 …

本工作以钾离子透入引起大鼠甩尾反应作为痛反应指标,观察纳洛酮（ＮＸ）和抗阿片肽血清对大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质（ＰＡＧ）内微量注射神经降压素（ＮＴ）增强电针镇痛作用的影响。     

家兔缰核和导水管周围灰质内微量注射氯化钙拮抗电针和吗啡的镇痛作用

通过埋植套管向家兔双侧缰核或中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)注射 CaCl_2每侧15—20nmol,对痛阈并无显著影响,但可使电针镇痛和吗啡(2rag/kg)镇痛效果明显降低。注入上述核团附近脑区则无效。双侧缰核注射的作用大于单侧。PAG 内注射 CaCl_2对抗电针镇痛的作用大于其对抗吗啡镇痛的作用。ca~(2 )对抗吗啡和电针镇痛的结果提示,吗啡或电针(释放内啡素)使神经元内 Ca~(2 )水平降低可能是吗啡或电针镇痛的共同机理。     

用毛细管电泳-激光诱发荧光技术检测清醒吗啡戒断大鼠导水管周围灰质微透析液中谷氨酸和精氨酸的含量

清醒动物脑微透析技术能够用于动态观察某一特定核团中生物活性物质变化及其与行为的关系,结合高效毛细管电泳-激光诱发荧光对衍生后的透析样品进行检测,使这一技术更趋完善。本实验用荧光素异硫氰酸酯(FITC)与痕量氨基酸样品进行衍生,通过适当增加衍生温度,能明显缩短衍生时间,衍生效果与传统的室温下衍生16h无明显差别;进一步确定30℃水浴反应5h是较理想的FITC与痕量氨基酸的衍生条件。在此优化衍生条件下,成功检测了清醒吗啡戒断大鼠脑导水管周围灰质(periaqueductal gray matter,PAG)微透析液中谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)和精氨酸(arginine,Arg)含量变化。结果表明,非吗啡依赖和吗啡依赖大鼠脑PAG中L-精氨酸(L-arginine,L-Arg)和L-谷氨酸(L-glutamate,L-Glu)含量无明显差别,纳洛酮催促戒断后的第一个10min内PAG中的L-Arg和L-Glu含量显著增加,分别比戒断前增加了63％和105％,10min后含量逐渐下降,这种变化趋势与同时观察的吗啡戒断评分变化相一致。     

大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质和束旁核联系途径的电生理分析

在48只清醒大鼠的中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)记录到228个有自发放电的单位,检查了它们对束旁核(Pf)刺激和外周伤害性刺激和触刺激的反应,其中有76个单位对 pf 刺激有反应,反应型式有如下三类。8个单位在 Pf 刺激时出现逆行反应,潜伏期为3.18±0.57(SD)ms,传导速度相当于1.41m/s;这些单位的自发放电频率为1.1±0.45Hz,且不受夹尾或触尾刺激的影响。44个单位在 pf 刺激时出现顺行抑制;它们的自发放电频率为12.1±3.7(SD)Hz,且大多数单位(61.3%)在夹尾刺激时出现明显的增频反应,此反应亦可被 pf 刺激所抑制。24个单位在 pf 刺激时出现顺行兴奋;它们的自发放电频率为5.8±14(SD)Hz,对夹尾刺激表现增频或减频反应的单位数大致相等。对这些不同性质的 PAG 单位在中枢痛传递和痛感受的调制中所起的作用进行了讨论。     

Persistent Activity of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 in the Periaqueductal Gray Constrains Emergence of Chronic Neuropathic Pain

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Tac1-Expressing Neurons in the Periaqueductal Gray Facilitate the Itch-Scratching Cycle via Descending Regulation

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Rostrocaudal Somatotopy in the Neural Connections Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the Dorsal Periaqueductal Gray of the Rat Brain

Summary 1. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the dorsal periaqueductal gray area (dPAG) are two important brain structures involved in central cardiovascular control.2. In the present study, we searched for possible rostrocaudal somatotopy in the neural connections from the three subdivisions of the LH (anterior—LHa; tuberal—LHt and posterior—LHp) to the different rostrocaudal portions of the dPAG.3. The bidirectional neuronal tracer biotinylated-dextran-amine (BDA) was microinjected into different rostrocaudal coordinates of the dPAG (AP 3.4–2.7 mm) of male Wistar rats. One week later, animals were sacrificed and brain slices were processed and analyzed to detect neuronal efferent projections from the LH to the dPAG.4. Neuronal cell body staining was observed along all the rostrocaudal axis of the LH when BDA was microinjected in more rostral dPAG coordinates. When the BDA was microinjected into more caudal dPAG regions, labeled neurons were observed only in the caudal portion of the LH.5. Efferent projections from the LHa were directed only to the rostral portion of the dPAG. Projections from the rostral and medial portions of the LHt were also directed to the rostral dPAG, whereas both rostral and caudal dPAG received projections from the caudal portion of the LHt. Efferent projections from the anterior portion of the LHp were directed to both rostral and caudal dPAG, whereas projections from the caudal LHp were only directed to the rostral portion of the dPAG.6. The results suggest a somatotopic correlation in LH projections to the dPAG with main connections to the rostral dPAG, which are efferent from the three divisions of the LH. More caudal regions of the dPAG received afferents only from posterior sites in the LH.7. Moreover, the results point out to extensive and complex neural somatotopic projections from all LH subdivisions to different rostrocaudal portions of the dPAG, reinforcing the idea of significant functional interactions between the brain structures.     

Effects of Stimulation of the Periaqueductal Gray and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Locus Coeruleus</Emphasis> on Postsynaptic Reactions of Cat Somatosensory Cortex Neurons Activated by Nociceptors

In cats, we studied the influences of stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and locus coeruleus (LC) on postsynaptic processes evoked in neurons of the somatosensory cortex by stimulation of nociceptive (intensive stimulation of the tooth pulp) and non-nociceptive (moderate stimulations of the infraorbital nerve and ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus) afferent inputs. Twelve cells activated exclusively by nociceptors and 16 cells activated by both nociceptive and non-nociceptive influences (hereafter, nociceptive and convergent neurons, respectively) were recorded intracellularly. In neurons of both groups, responses to nociceptive stimulation (of sufficient intensity) looked like an EPSP-spike-IPSP (the latter, of significant duration, up to 200 msec) complex. Electrical stimulation of the PAG (which could itself evoke activation of the cortical neurons under study) resulted in long-term suppression of synaptic responses evoked by excitation of nociceptors (inhibition reached its maximum at a test interval of 600 to 800 msec). We observed a certain parallelism between conditioning influences of PAG activation and effects of systemic injections of morphine. Isolated stimulation of LC by a short high-frequency train of stimuli evoked primary excitatory responses (complex EPSPs) in a part of the examined cortical neurons, while in other cells high-amplitude and long-lasting IPSP (up to 120 msec) were observed. Independently of the type of the primary response to PAG stimulation, the latter resulted in long-term (several seconds) suppression of the responses evoked in cortical cells by stimulation of the nociceptive inputs. The mechanisms of modulatory influences coming from opioidergic and noradrenergic brain systems to somatosensory cortex neurons activated due to excitation of high-threshold (nociceptive) afferent inputs are discussed.Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 61–73, January–February, 2005.     

Periaqueductal gray/dorsal raphe dopamine neurons contribute to sex differences in pain-related behaviors

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Characterization of Basal and Morphine-Induced Histamine Release in the Rat Periaqueductal Gray

Abstract: Previous studies have shown that antinociceptive doses of systemic morphine increase extracellular histamine (HA) levels in the rat periaqueductal gray (PAG), although the cellular origin of basal and morphine-induced HA release in the PAG is unknown. Treatment with α-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH; 100 mg/kg, i.p.), the irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, decreased basal HA release by a maximum of 80% and prevented morphine-induced HA release in the PAG. In addition, perfusion of this area with the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (10⁻⁶ M ) decreased basal HA release by a maximum of 57% from baseline levels. When the perfusion medium was modified by substitution of magnesium for calcium, extracellular HA levels in the PAG decreased by a maximum of 72%, and morphine-induced HA release was prevented. Thioperamide (5 mg/kg, i.p.), an H₃ antagonist, increased HA release in the PAG to a maximum of 249% within the first 30–60-min period. Taken together, these results suggest that basal and morphine-induced HA release in the rat PAG have a neuronal origin.     

Sigma-1受体在慢性疼痛中的调节作用及其神经机制

Sigma-1受体(sigma-1 receptor,Sig-1R)属于配基依赖性的分子伴侣蛋白质,广泛表达于神经系统的多个区域,并可通过结合多种类型的阳离子通道及G蛋白偶联受体(G-protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs)对它们介导的细胞内效应进行调控,或是在内质网和线粒体相关膜结构上对细胞内...     

腺苷受体拮抗剂对帕金森病小鼠神经递质的影响

运用神经毒剂ＭＰＴＰ（１－ｍｅｔｈｙ－４－ｐｈｅｎｙ－１,２,３,６－ｔｅｔｒａｈｙｄｒｏｐｙｒｉｄｉｎｅ）制作的ＩＣＲ小鼠帕金森病模型,通过荧光测定方法和免疫组织化学方法,测定ＭＰＴＰ及腺甘Ａ２ａ受体拮抗剂喹唑啉（Ｑｕｉｎａｚｏｌｉｎｅ,ＣＰ６６７１３）对单胺类神经递质去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）、多巴胺（ＤＡ）、５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）及其代谢产物５－羟吲哚乙酸（５－ＨＩＡＡ）和氨基酸类神经递质γ－氨基     

A visual circuit related to the periaqueductal gray area for the antinociceptive effects of bright light treatment

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孤啡肽受体对痛觉调控作用的研究进展

孤啡肽受体是继经典的mu阿片受体、kappa阿片受体和delta阿片受体之后发现的又一类新型阿片受体,不仅在结构上具有同上述阿片受体相类似的特征,而且可介导相同或相似的细胞内生物学反应.孤啡肽受体对痛觉反应具有独特的调控模式.一方面,在背根神经节以及脊髓水平,孤啡肽受体主要介导镇痛效应,并且在脊髓水平还与其他阿片受体有协同效应以增强镇痛效果.另一方面,在脊髓上水平,孤啡肽受体往往产生痛敏而拮抗了其他阿片受体的镇痛效应.此外孤啡肽受体对痛觉的调控在不同物种间也表现一定的差异性.这为进一步阐明内源性阿片系统的痛觉调控作用提供一定的理论依据.