中国兴安落叶松天然林地理分布及其气候适宜性

准确评估兴安落叶松林潜在分布及其气候适宜性对科学指导森林经营和管理具有重要的现实意义。基于可能影响兴安落叶松林地理分布的8个气候变量:最冷月平均温度(Tc)、最暖月平均温度(Tw)、气温年较差(DTY)、≥5℃积温(GDD5)、年均降水量(P)、秋冬季平均降水量(Paw)、湿润指数(MI)和年辐射量(RAD),利用最大熵模型确定了影响中国兴安落叶松林地理分布的主导气候因子,并构建了兴安落叶松林地理分布与气候的关系模型。结果表明:影响中国兴安落叶松林地理分布的主导气候因子是Tc、DTY、RAD和GDD5,累积贡献率达87.8%,表明热量(温度与辐射)是兴安落叶松林存在与否的决定因素,而水分限制作用相当有限。中国兴安落叶松林主要分布在中、低气候适宜区域,其气候特征为:-28.8℃≤Tc≤-19.5℃;39.0℃≤DTY≤46.2℃;2871.7 MJ·m-2≤RAD≤3519.8 MJ·m-2;1000.0℃·d≤GDD5≤2100.0℃·d。     

我国单季稻种植区的气候适宜性

从国家层次和年尺度阐明影响我国单季稻种植区分布的主导气候因子, 揭示我国单季稻种植区的潜在分布及其气候适宜性,可为我国优化单季稻生产布局、改进种植制度和引种提供科学依据.本文从国家层次和年尺度选取影响我国单季稻分布的潜在气候因子, 利用其地理分布信息,结合最大熵模型和ArcGIS的空间分析功能, 阐明影响我国单季稻分布的主导气候因子并构建我国单季稻分布与气候的关系模型. 结果表明: 影响我国单季稻潜在种植区分布的主导气候因子是年降水量、湿润指数和稳定通过18 ℃日数, 它们对单季稻分布的累积贡献率达到了潜在气候因子的94.5%; 基于主导气候因子和单季稻种植点分布的地理信息, 结合最大熵模型构建的我国单季稻种植区分布与气候的关系模型能够很好地模拟我国单季稻种植区的潜在分布. 根据待预测区单季稻的存在概率, 明确了我国单季稻种植区潜在分布的气候低、中、高适宜区和气候不适宜区, 并分析了各气候适宜区的气候特征.     

我国春玉米潜在种植分布区的气候适宜性

根据中国气象局216个春玉米农业气象观测站资料与1971—2000年10 km×10 km空间分辨率的气候资料,基于全国区域和年尺度筛选出了影响我国玉米种植分布的潜在气候指标,利用最大熵(Maximum Entropy,MaxEnt)模型和ArcGIS空间分析技术,构建了春玉米潜在种植分布与气候因子关系模型,研究了影响我国春玉米潜在种植分布区的主导气候因子及其气候适宜性。结果表明,影响我国春玉米潜在种植分布的主导气候因子有:≥10℃积温、≥10℃的天数、最热月平均温度、年平均温度、年降水、湿润指数和气温年较差;结合春玉米存在概率,将我国春玉米潜在种植分布区划分成4个等级:气候不适宜区、次适宜区、适宜区和最适宜区,给出了各气候适宜区的气候特征。选取作物在待预测地区的存在概率这一综合反映各主导气候因子影响的指标来划分作物潜在种植分布区,有助于更加准确地进行气候区划,从而可为制定玉米应对气候变化措施提供科学依据。     

我国单季稻种植区的气候适宜性

从国家层次和年尺度阐明影响我国单季稻种植区分布的主导气候因子, 揭示我国单季稻种植区的潜在分布及其气候适宜性,可为我国优化单季稻生产布局、改进种植制度和引种提供科学依据.本文从国家层次和年尺度选取影响我国单季稻分布的潜在气候因子, 利用其地理分布信息,结合最大熵模型和ArcGIS的空间分析功能, 阐明影响我国单季稻分布的主导气候因子并构建我国单季稻分布与气候的关系模型. 结果表明: 影响我国单季稻潜在种植区分布的主导气候因子是年降水量、湿润指数和稳定通过18 ℃日数, 它们对单季稻分布的累积贡献率达到了潜在气候因子的94.5%; 基于主导气候因子和单季稻种植点分布的地理信息, 结合最大熵模型构建的我国单季稻种植区分布与气候的关系模型能够很好地模拟我国单季稻种植区的潜在分布. 根据待预测区单季稻的存在概率, 明确了我国单季稻种植区潜在分布的气候低、中、高适宜区和气候不适宜区, 并分析了各气候适宜区的气候特征.     

气候变暖对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄热量资源及冷冻害的影响

利用宁夏贺兰山东麓各地1981年以来气象资料,分析了气候变暖对酿酒葡萄生育关键期主要热量资源和冷冻害的影响。结果表明:1981年以来,随着气候变暖,贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄发育期4—9月各地各月平均气温显著上升,1997年前后发生突变,突变后部分年份较常年同期偏高1℃以上,其中放条萌芽期4月平均气温上升显著,但月内波动幅度增大,酿酒葡萄遭受霜冻或强降温危害的风险增加;7—8月浆果生长和成熟期低温事件发生的可能性仍然较大;气候变暖使活动积温显著增加,中晚熟品种积温保证率达100%,4—9月3300℃(成熟度高,葡萄酒质量好的临界积温)的积温保证率明显提高;无霜期延长,晚熟品种的保证率提高,部分年份活动积温和无霜期满足极晚熟品需求;大部分地区冬季低温冻害相关要素变化趋势都不显著,其中出现持续低于-17℃(冬季受冻临界气温)日数减少,极端最低气温升高,但仍然低于-17℃,惠农、贺兰、平罗、银川20 cm深度-4℃以下日数减少;春季适宜放条期后出现霜冻的年份和日数增多,霜冻过程的最低气温明显降低,出现伴随霜冻的中等及以上强度冷空气频率和次数增加,强度增强。气候变暖对宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄生产有利有弊,不同品种酿酒葡萄对气候的适用性不同,因此在酿酒葡萄生育各关键期,仍需加强极端天气气候事件和气象灾害的监测和防范工作,减轻或避免气候条件变化对酿酒葡萄产业发展的不利影响。     

中国普通油茶种植气候适宜性区划

发展油茶产业可有效增加农民收益,促进精准扶贫并改善生态环境.对油茶进行全国尺度的气候适宜性区划,可以为油茶产业的发展提供科学依据.本研究以中国分布面积最广、产量最高的普通油茶为对象,选择年平均气温、1月和7月平均气温、年降水量和日照时数为关键气候因子,计算主产区(即种植面积在6667 hm2以上的县市)的关键因子值.基...     

基于MaxEnt模型的中国鲜食杏气候适宜性区划

基于中国鲜食杏地理分布数据和1981—2020年全国2303个气象站点的逐日气象观测数据,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和GIS技术,在综合考虑热量条件、水分条件、光照条件、耐受极端天气/灾害程度、地形条件等自然要素的基础上,确定了影响中国鲜食杏地理分布的主导环境因子,根据自然断点分级法将中国鲜食杏气候适宜性划分为高适宜区、较适宜区、次适宜区和不适宜区4个等级,厘定不同区划等级的主导环境因子阈值。结果表明：影响我国鲜食杏地理分布的主导环境因子为年降水量、海拔、春霜冻概率和最冷月平均气温;鲜食杏种植的适生区主要集中在华北、黄土高原、西北和西南地区,与我国鲜食杏地理标志产品的产地吻合较好,其中鲜食杏的高适宜区集中分布在我国的黄土高原、黄河故道和环渤海湾地区。本研究可为合理规划我国鲜食杏生产布局提供科学依据。     

湖北省马尾松精准适宜性空间分布

马尾松作为南方主要的造林树种,研究其适宜性精准空间分布对其退化评价、造林选地等具有生产指导价值。本研究采用多元线性回归克里金模型利用R语言对湖北省降雨量、气温等15个气象因子进行30×30m的空间插值,插值结果作为气象因子空间变量,插值的交叉检验结果≥90%。利用30m的DEM提取坡度、坡向、高程3个地形因子空间变量。首先利用年均温、最冷月最低温、年降水量、高程、土壤类型等限制性因子进行空间叠加排除不适宜的空间单元,然后在可能适宜的空间单元内,再基于18个空间变量和294个样方数据,利用最大熵模型(MAXENT)计算每个格网的适宜性指数,最后按照适宜指数进行适宜性分类。区别于以往大尺度区域研究,其结果是落实到地块尺度的精准计算。结果表明:ROC模型的评价效果达到较好水平(ROC=0.826),高程、土壤、降雨相对标准差、最湿季降雨量、坡度、年均温为湖北省马尾松的适宜性主要影响因子,马尾松中、强适宜区主要分布在湖北省东北部及中北部地区,主要分布在高程低于1200m、坡度在40°以下、年均温13-18℃的区域,中等及以上适生区面积共计4.65万km~2,占湖北省总面积的25.01%。     

物种丰富度对集群生物量的影响及抽样、互补效应的检验

通过8种甲藻构建不同物种丰富度梯度的集群进行室内一次性培养实验,探讨了集群生物量随物种丰富度的增长模式,运用多因素方差分析检验集群内是否存在抽样效应. 运用超产分析、相对产量之和分析和子集分析方法,检验了集群内的生态位互补效应,并运用分离加性方程法定量分离了抽样与互补效应.结果表明: 集群生物量随物种丰富度呈饱和型上升趋势;集群内存在较强的互补效应;在指数生长期,某些特定物种对集群生物量有显著影响,但在生长稳定期,集群生物量不受个别物种出现与否的影响;在生长稳定期,抽样效应总体上为负,而互补效应与净生物多样性效应则总体为正.     

Improvement of an RNA purification method for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) suitable for cDNA library construction

A method is described, which consistently yields high quality total RNA from grapevine. Dissolving of crude RNA pellets in borate-containing buffer, instead of normally used water before a selective lithium chloride precipitation, was found to be a critical step, leading to a 2.5-fold increase of yield. The resulting RNA preparations were suitable for standard downstream applications and also for cDNA library construction. The method worked efficiently and reproducibly and could easily be scaled from milligram to gram quantities of plant material grown in hydroponic culture, sandy soil or Perlite. It was applied to different kinds of grapevine tissues (leaves, stem) and, after additional adaptation of the protocol, to roots.     

施氮时期对酿酒葡萄叶片氮代谢酶及相关基因表达的影响

以10年生‘蛇龙珠’葡萄为材料,在萌芽期(S1)、新梢旺长期(S2)、开花期(S3)、果实第一次膨大期(S4)、副梢生长旺期(S5)和果实第二次膨大期(S6)分别一次性施入尿素300kg·hm-2,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),分析了花前5d(DBF5)、花后25d(DAF25)、花后55d(DAF55)和花后85d(DAF85)叶片的各项指标,以明确氮素施用时期对葡萄叶片氮代谢的调控与影响。结果表明:(1)S1和S2处理葡萄叶片中总氮及可溶性蛋白含量在DAF25时显著增加。(2)S3和S4处理的NR及GS活性在DAF85时显著高于其他处理;在DAF25时,S1和S2处理的GOGAT活性,以及S3和S4处理的GDH活性均显著高于同期对照和其他施肥处理。(3)各施肥处理叶片VvNR表达水平在不同时期均高于同期对照,S3处理VvNR表达水平在DAF25和DAF85时分别为对照的3.4倍和2.7倍;S3和S4处理的VvGS表达水平分别在DAF55和DAF85时达到最高值,S3处理的VvGOGAT和S4处理的VvGDH表达水平在DAF55和DAF85均显著高于其他处理,S3处理的VvGDH表达水平在DAF55和DAF85仅次于S4处理。研究表明,氮素通过诱导叶片氮素代谢基因的响应,从而调控叶片中氮素代谢酶活性增加,促进了氮素的积累,S3和S4处理在不同时期氮代谢酶活性和对应的基因表达水平均较高,更有利于叶片中氮素的转化和代谢。     

Galloylated catechins and stilbene diglucosides in Vitis vinifera cell suspension cultures

Suspension cultures of Vitis vinifera were found to produce catechins and stilbenes. When cells were grown in a medium inducing polyphenol synthesis, (−)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, dimeric procyanidin B-2 3′-O-gallate and two resveratrol diglucosides were isolated, together with a new natural compound that was identified as cis-resveratrol-3,4′-O-β-diglucoside by spectroscopical methods.     

Interaction of pea (Pisum sativum L.) lectins with rhizobial strains

Lectins from two varieties (PG-3 and LFP-48) of pea have been purified by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The specific activity increased by 23 and 25 folds, respectively. These lectins from both the varieties were found to be specific for mannose. The purified fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) – labelled lectins showed binding reaction with homologous as well as heterologous strains of Rhizobium spp. The results revealed that pea lectins are not highly specific to their respective rhizobia. Moreover, these lectins showed a greater stimulatory effect on homologous Rhizobium leguminosarum strains.     

StP5CS基因转化结球甘蓝的研究

为研究StP5CS基因在结球甘蓝中的耐盐作用,以结球甘蓝下胚轴为外植体,采用农杆菌介导法将耐盐基因StP5CS和抗除草剂Bar基因导入结球甘蓝基因组中,在双丙氨膦的筛选下扩繁、生根,共获得了36株抗性植株。PCR扩增和Southern印迹杂交检测表明:目的基因StP5CS和Bar基因已经成功导入结球甘蓝基因组中。RT-PCR检测表明:StP5CS基因在转录水平也有表达。转基因植株耐盐试验结果显示:高浓度盐处理(400mmol/L NaCl)下,对照植株整株枯死,而转基因植株仍能正常生长;转基因植株的SOD活性、脯氨酸含量和相对膜透性均随盐浓度的升高呈上升趋势,均在400mmol/L NaCl处理下达到最大。结果表明转基因植株对高盐环境有一定的耐受性。     

Accumulation of tocopherols and tocotrienols during seed development of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albert Lavallée)

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are present in mature seeds. Yet, little is known about the physiological role and the metabolism of these compounds during seed development. Here we present data on tocopherol and tocotrienol accumulation during seed development in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albert Lavallée (Royal). This species was chosen for its ability to synthesize both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It is shown here for the first time that during seed development there are significant differences in localization and accumulation kinetics of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Tocopherols are found homogeneously dispersed throughout all tissues of the seed, in concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 microg tocopherol per g dry weight. Tocopherol levels decrease gradually during seed development. In contrast, tocotrienols are only found in the endosperm of the seeds, accumulating in a sigmoid fashion during the maturation period of seed development. Tocotrienol levels were found to be (54+/-7.4) microg/g dry seed in 90-day-old seeds of V. vinifera L. Furthermore, tocotrienol biosynthesis is demonstrated in these seeds during tocotrienol accumulation and in an endosperm fraction isolated at 75 days after flowering.     

沙冬青脱水素基因转化紫花苜蓿的耐寒性研究

以紫花苜蓿品种‘中苜2号’为野生型材料,采用农杆菌介导法将沙冬青脱水素基因(dehydrin,AmDHN)导入紫花苜蓿基因组中并获得转基因植株,通过PCR和Southern blot杂交鉴定转基因植株,利用RT-PCR和qRT-PCR检测转基因植株中AmDHN基因及低温胁迫相关基因的表达量,并测定低温胁迫下苜蓿叶片的脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,从分子水平和生理指标两个层面研究转基因植株的抗寒特性,为进一步获得抗寒性较强的转基因苜蓿新材料提供依据。结果显示:(1)AmDHN基因已整合在转基因苜蓿植株基因组中,而且在不同的转基因株系中AmDHN的表达量也各不相同。(2)低温(4℃)处理后转基因植株中冷胁迫相关基因CBF2、CBF3、ProDH和CAS17的表达量明显高于同期野生对照;CBF2、CBF3和CAS17表达量在冷处理5h后都显著增加并达到最大值,而ProDH表达量在冷处理7d时最高,它们的最高值分别是对照的2.5、4、1.6和3倍左右。(3)苜蓿叶片的Pro和MDA含量均随低温处理时间延长而逐渐增加,转AmDHN基因苜蓿叶片的Pro含量始终高于同期野生型植株,而其MDA含量却始终低于同期野生型植株,且两类植株间差异均在胁迫14d时达到显著水平。因此,推测转AmDHN基因苜蓿中积累的AmDHN蛋白可能对一些酶的活性及膜系统起冷冻保护作用,从而使得转AmDHN基因紫花苜蓿的植株抗寒性提高,同时AmDHN也可能通过调控与低温相关基因的表达间接调节植物的耐低温能力。     

Partitioning and mobilization of starch and N reserves in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

We followed C and N reserves of grapevines grown in trenches under semi-controlled conditions over a 3-year period after planting. Temporal mobilization of stored C and N and subsequent distribution of reserve materials within the vines were described in parallel with 15N uptake, particularly during the third growing season. Storage C in the perennial tissues (roots, trunk, canes) was mainly made of starch, which accumulated in the ray parenchyma of the wood. In the permanent tissues, starch and total nitrogen contents were found to decrease early in the development (bleeding sap, budbreak) whereas, on a concentration basis, they decreased only after stage 7 (first leaf fully expanded). Starch started to accumulate again in the perennial tissues during flowering. The same observation was made with total nitrogen, although N levels were much lower than those of starch. The 15N study showed that N uptake by the roots started at budbreak and increased with vine development, becoming predominant over reserve mobilization only after the onset of flowering. Taken together, these results indicate that the spring growth period can be divided into three main phases: In the first (dormancy to budbreak), significant losses of C and N proceed mainly via root necrosis. In the second period (first leaf to the onset of bloom), a strong mobilization of starch (and, to a lower extent, of N) occurred for supporting vegetative and reproductive growth. At that point, most of the C and N reserves used on the spring flush were those of the roots, rather than those of the old wood (trunk, canes). In the third period (bloom and early berry development), the mobilization process became low and was relieved by N uptake (and CO2 assimilation) supplying nutrients to the sink structures.     

QTLs for muscat flavor and monoterpenic odorant content in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Little is known about the genetic determinism of muscat flavor in grape, although this trait is of major importance for table grape breeding. We therefore performed a search for QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) of both muscat score and berry content in the three main free monoterpene alcohols potentially involved, linalool, nerol and geraniol, based on two years of measures. Parental and consensus framework genetic maps of the cross MTP2687-85 (Olivette × Ribol) × Muscat of Hamburg were built after genotyping the 174 offspring for 139 well-scattered SSR markers. The female, male and consensus framework maps spanned 935, 1365 and 1267 cM, respectively. For QTL detection, simple and composite interval mapping were performed, as well as non parametric Kruskal–Wallis tests. QTLs for muscat score were found on linkage groups (LGs) 1, 5 and 7. For the three ln-transformed monoterpene contents, QTLs with major effects (explaining 17–55 % of total phenotypic variance) were found to be colocated on LG 5, on the male and consensus maps in both years. One additional QTL was found for linalool on LG 2, on female and consensus maps, as well as other colocated ones for nerol and geraniol on LG 13, on male and consensus maps. These additional QTLs had lower effects (9–25%). The contribution of these results to the knowledge of muscat aroma genetic determinism is discussed, as well as their potential usefulness for marker assisted breeding of new aromatic grape varieties.