人谷氨酰胺:6-磷酸果糖酰胺转移酶的体外表达、纯化及活性检测

目的:制备重组谷氨酰胺∶6-磷酸果糖酰胺转移酶(GFAT),检测其活性。方法:利用RT-PCR扩增人肝脏cDNA中GFAT1基因全长片段,克隆到表达载体pET32b中;在大肠杆菌Origami(DE3)中诱导表达,用镍离子螯合柱(Ni-NTA)纯化重组GFAT1;用体外酶学的方法检测GFAT的活性。结果:构建了pET32b-GFAT1质粒,经诱导表达及纯化,得到具有一定生物活性的GFAT。结论:利用原核表达系统可得到具有良好生物学活性的重组人GFAT1。     

肺炎链球菌SpxA蛋白的原核表达、纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

目的 构建肺炎链球菌SpxA蛋白的原核表达系统,制备其多克隆抗体.方法 设计引物,利用PCR技术扩增肺炎链球菌D39菌株的spxA基因,并插入表达载体pET-28a（＋）内,测序鉴定.重组质粒转化至大肠埃希菌BL21（DE3）中,以IPTG诱导表达含6个组氨酸标签的SpxA重组蛋白,经Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化后,以其为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体.用ELISA及Western印迹方法分别检测多克隆抗体的效价及特异性.结果 从大肠埃希菌中诱导出高表达的SpxA重组蛋白,纯化后免疫小鼠获得抗血清,ELISA测定其效价可达1：2 560 000以上,Western印迹结果显示其能特异性地作用于肺炎链球菌SpxA.结论 成功构建了pET-28a（＋）-spxA原核表达质粒,获得了高纯度的目的 蛋白和高滴度、高特异性的多克隆抗体.     

琥珀酰辅酶A转移酶的表达纯化及抗体制备

目的:琥珀酰辅酶A转移酶(SCOT)是酮体代谢过程中的关键限速酶,此酶缺陷多由SCOT基因突变引起,患者多有酮症酸中毒表现。为了进一步研究SCOT的功能,采用原核表达系统表达并纯化重组SCOT,制备SCOT多克隆抗体。方法:选择蛋鸡、肉鸡模式生物为研究对象,通过生物信息学对其抗原性和属间同源性进行分析,通过RT-PCR从鸡的骨骼肌cDNA中扩增了SCOT基因N端半长片段,克隆到表达载体pET28b中,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,并用镍离子螯合柱(Ni-NTA)纯化重组SCOT;用纯化的重组SCOT免疫小鼠后得到多克隆抗体。结果:Western印迹表明,制备的SCOT抗体具有较高的特异性,可特异性识别鸡的SCOT蛋白,同时可特异性识别小鼠和人的相应SCOT蛋白。结论:SCOT多克隆抗体的制备为后续在鸡、鼠和人中研究SCOT基因提供基础。     

人生长分化因子15的原核表达、纯化与多克隆抗体制备

目的:原核表达并纯化、鉴定人生长分化因子15(GDF-15),制备其多克隆抗体。方法:从人结肠癌细胞系HT29的cDNA扩增出GDF-15基因片段并插入pET-32a(+)原核表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达重组GDF-15,用镍亲和柱纯化,SDS-PAGE、Western印迹鉴定重组蛋白。用纯化的重组GDF-15免疫BALB/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体,鉴定并检测其效价。结果:制备了pET-32a(+)-GDF-15表达载体;经IPTG诱导重组蛋白表达后,采用Ni亲和柱纯化蛋白,并经SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹鉴定;免疫BALB/c小鼠后获得了GDF-15多克隆抗体,ELISA检测抗体效价为1∶100000,并应用于肿瘤细胞的GDF-15检测中。结论:用基因工程和免疫学方法制备了重组人GDF-15及其多克隆抗体,为后续的分子机制和靶向治疗研究奠定了基础。     

猪FcγRIII的原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

目的：构建猪FcγRIII 基因的原核表达载体,诱导表达重组蛋白,制备鼠抗猪 FcγRIII 抗血清。方法：从质粒pTG19-T-FcγRIII中用PCR方法克隆到编码完整猪FcγRIII蛋白分子的基因片段,将其插入到原核表达载体pET-32a中,构建了猪FcγRIII 原核表达载体pET-FcγRIII ,转化大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) ,IPTG诱导蛋白表达,经尿素洗涤纯化后,以纯化后的融合蛋白FcγRIII-His 为抗原免疫小鼠,获得抗血清。Western blotting、ELISA 法鉴定获得的抗血清,ELISA 结果显示抗体效价为1∶16000,具有高度特异性,免疫印迹结果显示制备的多抗可以与重组猪FcγRIII蛋白特异性结合。结果：成功构建猪FcγRIII原核表达载体,纯化到融合蛋白FcγRIII-His,用纯化的融合蛋白免疫小鼠制备了多克隆抗体,Western blotting、ELISA 法证实多克隆抗体制备成功。结论：成功获得了猪 FcγRIII 多克隆抗体,为进一步研究猪FcγRIII 蛋白的功能奠定了基础。     

小鼠黑色素瘤相关抗原MART1的原核表达及抗体制备

目的:利用基因重组技术获得鼠黑色素瘤相关抗原MART1,并制备兔抗鼠多克隆抗体。方法:采用RT-PCR方法从小鼠黑素瘤B16-F1细胞株总RNA中扩增MART1的编码c DNA序列,并构建p ET32a-MART1原核表达质粒,将此质粒转化大肠杆菌Rosseta(DE3)菌株后用IPTG诱导表达,获得的MART1融合蛋白依次用Ni-NTA亲和层析和制备性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离纯化,纯化的MART1融合蛋白用SDS-PAGE和Western印迹鉴定;以纯化的MART1融合蛋白为抗原,皮内接种日本大耳白兔,制备多克隆抗体,采用ELISA、Western印迹和细胞免疫荧光法分别检测兔血清中抗体的效价及抗原的特异性。结果:构建出MART1原核表达质粒,小鼠MART1基因在大肠杆菌Rosseta(DE3)中可诱导性表达并有效纯化;用纯化的MART1蛋白在日本大耳白兔中制备出高效价的多克隆抗体(效价1∶1 024 000),该抗体可与原核及真核表达的MART1蛋白特异性结合。结论:建立了鼠MART1蛋白原核表达和纯化技术,制备出的高效价和特异性抗MART1多克隆抗体将为黑色素瘤的防治研究提供技术支撑。     

DNA损伤检查点蛋白调节子1片段的表达纯化及抗体制备

目的：原核表达、纯化DNA损伤检查点蛋白调节子1（MDC1）片段,并制备其多克隆抗体。方法：设计特异引物,通过RT-PCR扩增编码MDC1 N端194个氨基酸残基的基因片段,测序正确后插入含GST基因的原核表达载体pGEX-KG中,以IPTG诱导表达,并经谷胱甘肽琼脂糖珠纯化融合蛋白;用纯化的蛋白免疫小鼠制备多克隆抗体,用ELISA测定抗体的效价,Western印迹鉴定抗体的特异性。结果：原核表达并纯化了MDC1 N端片段,并获得了抗MDC1的多克隆抗体,抗体效价达到1∶12800,Western印迹显示该抗血清能特异识别原核及真核细胞表达的MDC1。结论：MDC1 N端片段能够诱导小鼠产生具有较高效价和特异性的多克隆抗体,为进一步研究MDC1在Fhit特异信号通路中的作用奠定了基础。     

果蝇Hsp83多克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的制备和鉴定抗Hsp83蛋白的多克隆抗体。方法利用PCR技术从果蝇cDNA中获得hsp83基因片段,构建重组质粒;将其转化到BL21(DE3)菌株中诱导蛋白表达,利用Ni-NTA亲和法纯化重组蛋白;再将纯化的蛋白免疫BALB/C小鼠制备多克隆抗体;利用免疫印迹法(Western blot)和免疫荧光染色法检测多克隆抗体的特异性。结果构建的pET28ahsp83质粒在大肠杆菌中成功表达了Hsp83融合蛋白,蛋白纯化后作为抗原免疫小鼠,获得了抗Hsp83的多克隆抗体。免疫印迹法和免疫荧光染色法检测显示,抗果蝇Hsp83多克隆抗体具有较高的特异性,并能检测出内源性Hsp83蛋白。果蝇卵巢免疫荧光染色显示,Hsp83蛋白定位在卵巢细胞的细胞质中。结论成功制备了小鼠抗Hsp83蛋白的特异性抗体,此工作为深入研究Hsp83蛋白的功能奠定了基础。     

小鼠OAZ2基因的原核表达及抗体制备

目的:克隆小鼠鸟氨酸脱羧酶抗酶2(OAZ2)功能基因,原核表达、纯化OAZ2蛋白并制备抗OAZ2多克隆抗体.方法:IRT-PCR法从鼠黑色素瘤细胞总RNA中克隆OAZ2 cDNA后,通过重叠延伸PCR技术构建无需移码即可全长翻译的功能基因.将OAZ2功能基因克隆人原核表达载体pET15b并原核表达.表达的蛋白经Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化后,用SDS-PAGE和Western Blot分析鉴定.用纯化的OAZ2蛋白作为抗原免疫Bab/C小鼠以制备多克隆抗体,制备抗体用ELISA和Western Blot检测抗体滴度和特异性.结果:成功获得小鼠OAZ2 cDNA并构建出无需移码翻译的OAZ2功能基因.OAZ2功能基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中可诱导性高表达并能用Ni-NTA树脂高效纯化.用纯化蛋白免疫Bab/C小鼠制备的抗血清经ELISA检测有较高的多克隆抗体效价(＞1∶64000),经Western blot鉴定可与纯化的OAZ2蛋白质特异性结合.结论:建立了鼠OAZ2蛋白原核表达和纯化技术,制备出高效价和特异性抗OAZ2多克隆抗体,为进一步研究OAZ2基因的功能奠定了基础.     

水稻CSN5B蛋白抗血清的制备及其应用

目的:克隆水稻COP9信号复合物5B亚基(CSN5B)的基因,原核表达CSN5B蛋白并制备多克隆抗体。方法:用RT-PCR技术从日本晴水稻中扩增得到CSN5B蛋白基因Os CSN5B并将其连接至p EASYTM-T5 Zero克隆载体,然后将其亚克隆至原核表达载体p ET-32a+,并导入大肠杆菌BL21plys S宿主菌中诱导表达;重组的CSN5B融合蛋白经Ni-NTA His.Bind Resin纯化后免疫兔子制备多克隆抗体,并经Western印迹分析。结果与结论:获得了CSN5B蛋白的特异性抗体,Western印迹显示CSN5B蛋白在水稻植株中呈高水平表达,为进一步探讨该基因的功能奠定了基础。     

Methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 deficiency does not increase high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in mice

Methionine-S-sulfoxide reductase (MsrA) protects against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance due to its antioxidant effects. To determine whether its counterpart, methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase (MsrB) has similar effects, we compared MsrB1 knockout and wild-type mice using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique. High-fat feeding for eight weeks increased body weights, fat masses, and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and triglycerides to similar extents in wild-type and MsrB1 knockout mice. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test showed no difference in blood glucose levels between the two genotypes after eight weeks on the high-fat diet. The hyperglycemic-euglycemic clamp study showed that glucose infusion rates and whole body glucose uptakes were decreased to similar extents by the high-fat diet in both wild-type and MsrB1 knockout mice. Hepatic glucose production and glucose uptake of skeletal muscle were unaffected by MsrB1 deficiency. The high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and liver was not aggravated in MsrB1-deficient mice. Interestingly, whereas MsrB1 deficiency reduced JNK protein levels to a great extent in skeletal muscle and liver, it markedly elevated phosphorylation of JNK, suggesting the involvement of MsrB1 in JNK protein activation. However, this JNK phosphorylation based on a p-JNK/JNK level did not positively correlate with insulin resistance in MsrB1-deficient mice. Taken together, our results show that, in contrast to MsrA deficiency, MsrB1 deficiency does not increase high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in mice.     

ApoA5 knockdown improves whole-body insulin sensitivity in high-fat-fed mice by reducing ectopic lipid content

ApoA5 has a critical role in the regulation of plasma TG concentrations. In order to determine whether ApoA5 also impacts ectopic lipid deposition in liver and skeletal muscle, as well as tissue insulin sensitivity, we treated mice with an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to decrease hepatic expression of ApoA5. ASO treatment reduced ApoA5 protein expression in liver by 60–70%. ApoA5 ASO-treated mice displayed approximately 3-fold higher plasma TG concentrations, which were associated with decreased plasma TG clearance. Furthermore, ApoA5 ASO-treated mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) exhibited reduced liver and skeletal muscle TG uptake and reduced liver and muscle TG and diacylglycerol (DAG) content. HFD-fed ApoA5 ASO-treated mice were protected from HFD-induced insulin resistance, as assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. This protection could be attributed to increases in both hepatic and peripheral insulin responsiveness associated with decreased DAG activation of protein kinase C (PKC)-ε and PKCθ in liver and muscle, respectively, and increased insulin-stimulated AKT2 pho­sphory­lation in these tissues. In summary, these studies demonstrate a novel role for ApoA5 as a modulator of susceptibility to diet-induced liver and muscle insulin resistance through regulation of ectopic lipid accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle.     

Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is induced by inflammatory cytokines in skeletal muscle and fat. It has been proposed that chronic iNOS induction may cause muscle insulin resistance. Here we show that iNOS expression is increased in muscle and fat of genetic and dietary models of obesity. Moreover, mice in which the gene encoding iNOS was disrupted (Nos2-/- mice) are protected from high-fat-induced insulin resistance. Whereas both wild-type and Nos2-/- mice developed obesity on the high-fat diet, obese Nos2-/- mice exhibited improved glucose tolerance, normal insulin sensitivity in vivo and normal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscles. iNOS induction in obese wild-type mice was associated with impairments in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt activation by insulin in muscle. These defects were fully prevented in obese Nos2-/- mice. These findings provide genetic evidence that iNOS is involved in the development of muscle insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity.     

Hormone-sensitive lipase knockout mice have increased hepatic insulin sensitivity and are protected from short-term diet-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and heart

Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and heart plays a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes and diabetic heart failure and may be causally associated with altered lipid metabolism. Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a rate-determining enzyme in the hydrolysis of triglyceride in adipocytes, and HSL-deficient mice have reduced circulating fatty acids and are resistant to diet-induced obesity. To determine the metabolic role of HSL, we examined the changes in tissue-specific insulin action and glucose metabolism in vivo during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps after 3 wk of high-fat or normal chow diet in awake, HSL-deficient (HSL-KO) mice. On normal diet, HSL-KO mice showed a twofold increase in hepatic insulin action but a 40% decrease in insulin-stimulated cardiac glucose uptake compared with wild-type littermates. High-fat feeding caused a similar increase in whole body fat mass in both groups of mice. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was reduced by 50-80% in skeletal muscle and heart of wild-type mice after high-fat feeding. In contrast, HSL-KO mice were protected from diet-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and heart, and these effects were associated with reduced intramuscular triglyceride and fatty acyl-CoA levels in the fat-fed HSL-KO mice. Overall, these findings demonstrate the important role of HSL on skeletal muscle, heart, and liver glucose metabolism.     

MBOAT7-driven lysophosphatidylinositol acylation in adipocytes contributes to systemic glucose homeostasis

We previously demonstrated that antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of Mboat7, the gene encoding membrane bound O-acyltransferase 7, in the liver and adipose tissue of mice promoted high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, hyperinsulinemia, and systemic insulin resistance. Thereafter, other groups showed that hepatocyte-specific genetic deletion of Mboat7 promoted striking fatty liver and NAFLD progression in mice but does not alter insulin sensitivity, suggesting the potential for cell autonomous roles. Here, we show that MBOAT7 function in adipocytes contributes to diet-induced metabolic disturbances including hyperinsulinemia and systemic insulin resistance. We generated Mboat7 floxed mice and created hepatocyte- and adipocyte-specific Mboat7 knockout mice using Cre-recombinase mice under the control of the albumin and adiponectin promoter, respectively. Here, we show that MBOAT7 function in adipocytes contributes to diet-induced metabolic disturbances including hyperinsulinemia and systemic insulin resistance. The expression of Mboat7 in white adipose tissue closely correlates with diet-induced obesity across a panel of ∼100 inbred strains of mice fed a high fat/high sucrose diet. Moreover, we found that adipocyte-specific genetic deletion of Mboat7 is sufficient to promote hyperinsulinemia, systemic insulin resistance, and mild fatty liver. Unlike in the liver, where Mboat7 plays a relatively minor role in maintaining arachidonic acid-containing PI pools, Mboat7 is the major source of arachidonic acid-containing PI pools in adipose tissue. Our data demonstrate that MBOAT7 is a critical regulator of adipose tissue PI homeostasis, and adipocyte MBOAT7-driven PI biosynthesis is closely linked to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in mice.     

Lipid-induced Muscle Insulin Resistance Is Mediated by GGPPS via Modulation of the RhoA/Rho Kinase Signaling Pathway

Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels are important contributors to insulin resistance in the muscle and liver, but the underlying mechanisms require further elucidation. Here, we show that geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (GGPPS), which is a branch point enzyme in the mevalonic acid pathway, promotes lipid-induced muscle insulin resistance through activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathway. We have found that metabolic perturbation would increase GGPPS expression in the skeletal muscles of db/db mice and high fat diet-fed mice. To address the metabolic effects of GGPPS activity in skeletal muscle, we generated mice with specific GGPPS deletions in their skeletal muscle tissue. Heterozygous knock-out of GGPPS in the skeletal muscle improved systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in mice fed both normal chow and high fat diets. These metabolic alterations were accompanied by activated PI3K/Akt signaling and enhanced glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle. Further investigation showed that the free fatty acid-stimulated GGPPS expression in the skeletal muscle was able to enhance the geranylgeranylation of RhoA, which further induced the inhibitory phosphorylation of IRS-1 (Ser-307) by increasing Rho kinase activity. These results implicate a crucial role of the GGPPS/RhoA/Rho kinase/IRS-1 pathway in skeletal muscle, in which it mediates lipid-induced systemic insulin resistance in obese mice. Therefore, skeletal muscle GGPPS may represent a potential pharmacological target for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related type 2 diabetes.     

Mice Lacking C1q Are Protected from High Fat Diet-induced Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Impaired Glucose Homeostasis

Complement activation is implicated in the development of obesity and insulin resistance, and loss of signaling by the anaphylatoxin C3a prevents obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice. Here we have identified C1q in the classical pathway as required for activation of complement in response to high fat diets. After 8 weeks of high fat diet, wild-type mice became obese and developed glucose intolerance. This was associated with increased apoptotic cell death and accumulation of complement activation products (C3b/iC3b/C3c) in liver and adipose tissue. Previous studies have shown that high fat diet-induced apoptosis is dependent on Bid; here we report that Bid-mediated apoptosis was required for complement activation in adipose and liver. Although C1qa deficiency had no effect on high fat diet-induced apoptosis, accumulation of complement activation products and the metabolic complications of high fat diet-induced obesity were dependent on C1q. When wild-type mice were fed a high fat diet for only 3 days, hepatic insulin resistance was associated with the accumulation of C3b/iC3b/C3c in the liver. Mice deficient in C3a receptor were protected against this early high fat diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance, whereas mice deficient in the negative complement regulator CD55/DAF were more sensitive to the high fat diet. C1qa^−/− mice were also protected from high fat diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance and complement activation. Evidence of complement activation was also detected in adipose tissue of obese women compared with lean women. Together, these studies reveal an important role for C1q in the classical pathway of complement activation in the development of high fat diet-induced insulin resistance.     

The effects of designed angiopoietin-1 variant on lipid droplet diameter, vascular endothelial cell density and metabolic parameters in diabetic db/db mice

Metabolic syndrome consists of metabolic abnormality with central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and hypertension. Adipose tissue has been known as a primary site of insulin resistance and its adipocyte size may be correlated with the degree of insulin resistance. A designed angiopoietin-1, COMP-Angiopoietin-1 (COMP-Ang1), mitigated high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. In this study, we examined effects of COMP-Ang1 on adipocyte droplet size, vascular endothelial cell density in adipose tissue and metabolic parameters in db/db mice by administering COMP-Ang1 or LacZ (as a control) adenovirus. Administration of COMP-Ang1 decreased fat droplet diameter in epididymal and abdominal visceral adipocyte and visceral fat content in db/db mice. The density of vascular endothelial cell in adipose tissue was increased in db/db mice after treatment with COMP-Ang1. Serum resistin and tumor necrosis factor-α level was lower after treatment with COMP-Ang1 in db/db mice. COMP-Ang1 caused a restoration of fasting glycemic control in db/db mice and decreased serum insulin level and insulin resistance measured by HOMA index. These findings indicate that COMP-Ang1 regulates adipocyte fat droplet diameter, vascular endothelial cell density and metabolic parameters in db/db mice.