农牧交错区面临的问题及其解决的途径——以内蒙古多伦县为例

对农牧交错区典型地段内蒙古多伦县存在的问题及解决途径进行了研究．结果表明,产业结构不合理。要求多伦必须走压缩一产(主要指规模)提高二产和鼓励发展三产的经济发展道路,并着重提高生产效益．土地利用结构不合理,要求必须减少耕地面积,扩大林地、草地面积．在资源利用上,应着重抓好水资源的合理利用,发挥农牧区资源互补的优势,发展高效益、集约型的农牧业．     

C3和C4植物光合途径的适应性变化和进化

 高等植物大多为C₃植物, C₄植物和景天酸代谢(Crassulacean acid metabolism, CAM)植物是由C₃植物进化而来的。C₄途径的多源进化表明, 光合途径由C₃途径向C₄途径的转变相对简单。该文分析研究了植物光合途径的进化前景, 指出C₄植物是从C₃植物进化而来的高光效种类, 且地质时期以来降低的大气CO₂浓度和升高的大气温度以及干旱和盐渍化是C₄途径进化的外部动力。C₃植物的C₄途径的发现说明植物的光合途径并非是一成不变的, C₃和C₄植物的光合特征具有极大的可塑性, 某些环境的变化会引起植物光合途径在C₃和C₄途径之间转变。C₃植物具有的C₄途径是环境调控的产物, 是对逆境的适应性进化结果, 因而光合途径的转变也适用于干旱地区植被的适应性生存机理研究。该文还利用国外最新的C₄光合进化模型介绍了植物在进化C₄途径中所经历的7个重要时期(从分子基础到形态基础、结构基础, 再到物质代谢水平、光合酶活水平, 直到C3和C4途径协调运转时期, 最后达到形态与功能最优化阶段), 并结合全球气候变化的特点对国内外相关领域的研究进行了分析, 总结了植物光合途径的适应性转变和进化的研究成果, 为今后的相关工作提出建议。     

新的C4及CAM光合途径植物

以稳定性碳同位素比(δ¹³C)鉴别禾本科、莎草科、苋科和萝摩科共46种植物的光合作用途径,发现了36种新的C₄植物(δ¹³C-10.43到-13.66‰)和1种CAM植物(δ¹³C-15.24‰)。根据Hattersley区分C₄植物三种亚类型的不同δ¹³C值,提出在36种C₄中有8种具δ₁₃C值-10.4到-10.9‰者是NADP-ME型,6种具δ¹³C值-13‰左右的是NAD-ME型,其余种类可能是NADP-ME或PCK型。     

黄河干流河岸带C4植物群落特征及其对水库生态效应的指示

于2008年9月16日至10月31日对黄河干流河岸带植物群落开展了系统调查。共采集高等植物124种,分属于32科、97属,其中C4植物9科、24属、34种,占科、属、种总数的28%、25%和27%。对该区域的研究结果还表明：（1）C4植物主要分布于单子叶植物纲的禾本科和莎草科,两者共占C4植物总种数的61%。（2）从上游到下游C4植物种数递增,但中游C4/C3比、C4植物密度和生物量要明显高于上游和下游。（3）C4植物种数及C4/C3比与海拔、年均气温、年均降水量及年均流量均有相关关系,C4植物生物量仅和年均降水量显著相关。（4）水库位置的C4/C3比要明显高于其临近样区,说明C4植物对水库干扰下河岸带植被的动态变化具有一定的指示作用。     

松嫩平原农牧交错区牲畜放牧场的空间转移

研究了松嫩平原农牧交错区牲畜放牧场空间转移动态、不同放牧场对当地畜牧业的贡献率。研究结果表明 :松嫩平原农牧交错区的牲畜放牧场月际变化很大 ,草地、防护林草地和农田在不同阶段是牲畜的主要放牧场 ;牲畜放牧场具有明显的空间转移现象 ,总体趋势为农田 (1～ 3月份 )→草地 (4～ 6月份 )→防护林草地 (7～ 10月份 )→农田 (11～ 12月份 ) ;3种放牧场在不同时期对畜牧业的贡献率变化也很大 ,其变化趋势与放牧场空间转移趋势基本一致 ;草地、防护林草地和农田对松嫩平原农牧交错区畜牧业均起着重要作用 ,贡献率大小分别为农田 (38.8% ) >防护林草地 (31.8% ) >草地 (2 9.4 % )。草地在当地畜牧业中的地位明显下降 ,农田和防护林草地对当地畜牧业的贡献已相当重要。因此 ,应加强松嫩平原农牧交错区防护林草地放牧和农田放牧研究 ,在保护防护林的基础上合理利用防护林草地和杨树叶资源 ,充分利用农田杂草和农田残茬 ,增加可获得性牧草资源 ,促进地区畜牧业发展。     

松嫩平原农牧交错区牧草资源特点及畜牧业发展

以长岭县为例,对松嫩平原农牧交错区的牧草资源分布格局、牧草资源承载力和利用现状等进行分析。结果表明：放牧系统（草地-林地-农田组成）提供的牧草资源已不能满足当地畜牧业对牧草资源的需求。草地承载力仅占当前实际载畜量的16．6％,草地-林地-农田放牧系统承载力为实际载畜量的47．3％;作物秸秆转化为牧草资源的潜力巨大。经估算,作物秸秆占总牧草资源的78．3％,是当前畜牧业对牧草资源需求量的2．4倍。当前,农牧交错区牧草资源的粗蛋白含量普遍偏低,不能完全满足动物生长的需要,制约了当地畜牧业发展。根据当地畜牧业现状、牧草资源潜力,提出：应合理利用草地-林地-农田3个放牧子系统所提供的牧草资源,充分利用其它牧草资源,如作物秸秆;有汁划地建立高产优质、富含粗蛋白的人工牧草基地,增加牧草粗蛋白含量,提高牲畜对牧草资源的利用效率（吸收率）;充分有效地利用各种牧草资源,减轻草地放牧压力,实现畜牧业可持续发展与生态保护的协调统一。     

放牧对松嫩平原农牧交错区防护林下草地的影响

针对当前防护林草地已成为松嫩平原农牧交错区牲畜主要放牧场的实际情况,分析了不同放牧强度对防护林草地的影响．结果表明,未放牧防护林草地严重退化,与极度放牧防护林草地最为相似．未放牧和极度放牧均抑制了防护林草地的生长,轻度放牧和中度放牧却促进了防护林草地的生长,草地产量和质量均明显提高,并合理地利用了杨树叶资源．未放牧防护林草地质量指数仅为15．51。属严重退化草地范畴;轻度放牧草地质量指数为86．4,随着放牧强度的增加,草地质量逐渐下降．因此,应提倡轻度放牧、中度放牧,防止未放牧和极度放牧现象出现,促进防护林草地生长,并充分利用杨树叶资源增加畜牧业牧草的来源．     

中国东北样带羊草群落C3和C4植物功能群生物量及其对环境变化的响应

在全球动态植被模型的发展中, 受限于人力、物力和财力使得在物种水平上的研究变得既不可能也无必要。 植物功能群的划分是从生态学的, 而不是系统发育的角度来相互比较地对待不同地区的植物, 从而削减了植被变化研究中植物分类群的数量, 已成为研究植被变化及生物多样性对生态系统功能作用的重要单位。 植物的不同光合途径(C₃、C₄和CAM)从叶片组织结构到生理功能, 从生态适应到地理分布均表现出对不同水、热、光环境的响应, 是理想的植物功能群分类。 为此,分析了中国东北样带以羊草(Leymus chinensis)为建群种或共建种的草原群落植物光合类型功能群生物量及其与群落初级生产力和环境变化的关系。 结果表明:  (1)C₄植物生物量具有明显的变化规律, 且对环境变化的响应显著, 其变异性较高, 更能反映样地间环境变化的差异; (2)C₄与C₃植物变化具有明显的互补性, 并且多数C4植物常在逆境中起到更大作用, 如干旱化、盐碱化和放牧干扰; (3)C₄植物种类少,在所有调查样方中仅出现7种,占总出现种类的9.72%。这些特点说明C₄植物可以考虑作为评估和预测我国温带草原植被及其生态系统变化的重要植物功能群。     

吉林省西部与内蒙古东部农牧交错区草地退化现状及管理对策

吉林西部和内蒙古东部的农牧交错区是半湿润与半干旱气候的过渡地带,草地退化严重,主要表现为盐碱化和沙化。人为因素是导致草地退化的主要因素,人口压力和不合理利用是加速草地退化的主导因素。提出了要对现有草地开展健康诊断,对健康草地实施保护,对已受损的草地实施恢复与重建,建立科学管理制度等解决对策。     

内蒙古农牧交错区草地蝗虫防治对策与技术的研究初报

报道了2005年和2006年在内蒙古农牧交错区应用生物制剂防治蝗虫的试验,并提出其控制策略。草地试验区应用蝗虫微孢子虫(Nosema locustae)3×1010个孢子.hm-2剂量防治蝗虫,25 d后虫口校正死亡率可达60%-80%,2005年微孢子虫所引起宽须蚁蝗感染率第10天为14.4%,第45天为59.6%;2006年混合种群的感染率最高为16.7%。应用绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliaevar.acridum)3×1012个孢子.hm-2剂量防治蝗虫,20 d后虫口校正死亡率为40%-60%;将微孢子虫1.5×1010个孢子.hm-2剂量和绿僵菌3×1012个孢子.hm-2剂量协调应用治蝗,10 d后可使防效达到80%以上。在农田周遍草地应用卡死克150 mL.hm-2剂量作为保护带来防治蝗虫,其校正死亡率在75%以上,以阻止蝗虫侵入农田危害。由此提出在农田周围草地建立化学农药保护带,防止蝗虫入侵农田危害;草地蝗虫密度不高时单独使用蝗虫微孢子虫和绿僵菌,或协调应用二者长期控制虫口密度的防治策略。     

Photosynthetic pathway and morphological functional types in the vegetation from North-Beijing agro-pastoral ecotone, China

Photosynthetic pathways (C₃, C₄, and CAM) and morphological functional types were identified for the species from vegetation in agro-pastoral ecotone, North Beijing. 792 vascular plant species (nearly half of the total species in the ecotone), in 66 families and 317 genera, were identified with C₃, C₄, and CAM photosynthesis (Table 1). 710 species (90 % of the identified species in Table 1) in 268 genera and 64 families were found with C₃ photosynthesis, 68 species (9 % of the total identified species) in 40 genera and 7 families with C₄ photosynthesis, and 14 species in 4 genera and 1 family with CAM photosynthesis. Gramineae is the leading family with C₄ photosynthesis (43 species), Cyperaceae ranks the second (16 species) followed by Chenopodiaceae (5 species). The significant increase of C₄ proportion (C₄/total species) with land deterioration suggested the plants of this type are remarkably responsive to land use in the ecotone. 792 species were classified into nine morphological functional types and the changes of most of these types (e.g. perennial forbs (PEF), annual grasses (ANG), and annual forbs (ANF)) were consistent with habitats and vegetation dynamics in the agro-pastoral ecotone. Hence the photosynthetic pathways, combined with the morphological functional types, are efficient indications for studying the linkage between species and ecosystems in the ecotone.     

The occurrence of C4 plants and their morphological functional types in the vegetation of Xinjiang, China

Floristic composition, morphological functional types and habitat distributions for C₄ species were studied in Xinjiang, North-western China. 89 species, in 9 families and 41 genera, were identified with C₄ photosynthesis. 48 % of these C₄ species were found in Monocotyledoneae, e.g. Cyperaceae (5 species), Gramineae (38 species), the other 52 % was in Dicotyledoneae, e.g. Chenopodiaceae (29 species), Amaranthaceae (7 species), and Polygonaceae (5 species). Compared with those in semi-arid grasslands in North China and tropical forests in South China, more plant families were found with the occurrence of C₄ plants in this arid region. Relatively higher annual species (63 %), shrubs (18 %), and Chenopodiaceae C₄ species (33 %) compositions were the primary characteristics for the C₄ species occurring in Xinjiang, and this was remarkably related with its arid environment. More Chenopodiaceae C₄ species occurring in the region suggested that this type of C₄ species may have higher capacity to fit the air and soil droughts. There was a strong relationship between C₄ occurrence and habitat distributions, more than half of the total 89 C₄ species were found in disturbed and cultivated lands and early stages of vegetation successions, indicating C₄ occurrence was not only related with climate changes, but also with land uses and vegetation dynamics.     

Photosynthetic and morphological functional types from different steppe communities in Inner Mongolia, North China

Morphological functional types and photosynthetic pathway types were identified for the forage species from steppe communities in Inner Mongolia, China, using the data of both field survey and published papers. Seven typical steppe communities were selected to investigate the morphological functional type and photosynthetic pathway type compositions and plant functional type (PFT) diversity in steppe communities at regional scale. Morphological functional types, based on plant height and leaf type combined with life span, were optimal for comparing the community differences in the region, while photosynthetic pathway types were fairly coarse for such studies. Of the seven morphological functional types in the steppe communities, perennial forbs (PEF) were the dominant type, and 60 % of species belonged to this type. Each of the high perennial grass (HPG), short perennial grass (SPG), and annual grass (ANG) types represented less than 10 % of the total, even though the grass species were dominant in the seven steppe communities. The differences of PFTs between the steppe communities were remarkable, and the PFT richness and diversity increased from the communities with moist conditions to the ones with dry environments.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

放牧强度对华北农牧交错带典型草地土壤化学计量特征的短期影响

放牧是天然草地的主要利用方式之一,不同放牧强度可能通过影响家畜的选择性采食、凋落物输入和微生物的组成及结构等影响草地土壤化学计量特征。本研究通过在华北农牧交错带典型草地一个连续3年(2017—2019年)的生长季放牧试验,测定了土壤全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和可溶性氮(DN)含量,以及土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN),分析这些参数间的化学计量特征,研究放牧强度对该地区草地土壤计量化学特征的影响。结果表明: 连续3年不同强度的放牧(1、2、4 sheep·0.2 hm^-2)对土壤TC含量没有显著影响,2019年中度放牧显著降低了10～20 cm土层中TN含量,轻度、中度和重度放牧显著提高10～20 cm层土壤的C/N。连续3年不同强度的放牧对土壤DOC、DN含量以及DOC/DN均没有显著影响,而DOC和DN含量在2019年呈现出随放牧强度增加而减少的趋势,表明持续高强度的放牧可能会引起土壤可溶性养分减少。随着放牧年限的增长,轻度放牧显著增加了土壤MBC,重度放牧显著降低了土壤MBC,而土壤MBN及MBC/MBN在不同放牧强度下变化不显著。     

Photosynthetic and morphological functional types from different steppe communities in Inner Mongolia,North China

Morphological functional types and photosynthetic pathway types were identified for the forage species from steppe communities in Inner Mongolia, China, using the data of both field survey and published papers. Seven typical steppe communities were selected to investigate the morphological functional type and photosynthetic pathway type compositions and plant functional type (PFT) diversity in steppe communities at regional scale. Morphological functional types, based on plant height and leaf type combined with life span, were optimal for comparing the community differences in the region, while photosynthetic pathway types were fairly coarse for such studies. Of the seven morphological functional types in the steppe communities, perennial forbs (PEF) were the dominant type, and 60 % of species belonged to this type. Each of the high perennial grass (HPG), short perennial grass (SPG), and annual grass (ANG) types represented less than 10 % of the total, even though the grass species were dominant in the seven steppe communities. The differences of PFTs between the steppe communities were remarkable, and the PFT richness and diversity increased from the communities with moist conditions to the ones with dry environments.     

Isotyping of component C4 of human complement using differences in the functional activity of isotypes C4A and C4B

The difference in the functional activity of the isotypes A and B of component C4 of human complement was used to determine their ratio and to detect the inherited deficiency of the isotypes. ELISA methods were developed for the quantitative assay of component C4 (conventional sandwich method) and its functional activity. When determining the functional activity, the classic pathway of the complement and therefore of component C4 was activated on activators sorbed on ELISA microplates: immunoglobulin IgG3 or liposaccharide of theShigella sonnei cell walls, which activates the complement by binding component C1. The nascent fragment C4b is covalently bound to the target activator; C4Ab binds better to the target protein (immunoglobulin), and C4Bb to the target carbohydrate (liposaccharide). Therefore, when immunoglobulin is a target activator, isotype C4A is bound and determined; and when the complement is activated with liposaccharide, isotype C4B is determined. The radio of the activities determined by the two methods indicates the deficiency in the individual isotypes of component C4 or its absence. The rabbit polyclonal monospecific antibodies against the human component C4 and the conjugates of these antibodies with horseradish peroxidase were used in the methods described.     

Recent developments in mesophyll conductance in C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism plants

The conductance of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the substomatal cavities to the initial sites of CO₂ fixation (g_m) can significantly reduce the availability of CO₂ for photosynthesis. There have been many recent reviews on: (i) the importance of g_m for accurately modelling net rates of CO₂ assimilation, (ii) on how leaf biochemical and anatomical factors influence g_m, (iii) the technical limitation of estimating g_m, which cannot be directly measured, and (iv) how g_m responds to long‐ and short‐term changes in growth and measurement environmental conditions. Therefore, this review will highlight these previous publications but will attempt not to repeat what has already been published. We will instead initially focus on the recent developments on the two‐resistance model of g_m that describe the potential of photorespiratory and respiratory CO₂ released within the mitochondria to diffuse directly into both the chloroplast and the cytosol. Subsequently, we summarize recent developments in the three‐dimensional (3‐D) reaction‐diffusion models and 3‐D image analysis that are providing new insights into how the complex structure and organization of the leaf influences g_m. Finally, because most of the reviews and literature on g_m have traditionally focused on C₃ plants we review in the final sections some of the recent developments, current understanding and measurement techniques of g_m in C₄ and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. These plants have both specialized leaf anatomy and either a spatially or temporally separated CO₂ concentrating mechanisms (C₄ and CAM, respectively) that influence how we interpret and estimate g_m compared with a C₃ plants.     

宁夏农牧交错带村域景观演替及驱动机制

人类活动与景观格局的关系及其调控,一直是景观生态学研究的核心领域之一。农牧交错带因其环境波动、土地宜农宜牧和政策摇摆,自然生态和地方文化逐渐式微,保护和恢复现有的半自然景观以及由此产生的生物、生态和文化等功能的任务越来越紧迫。本研究以位于农牧交错带的宁夏盐池县皖记沟村为对象,运用遥感资料和访谈调查、地学考察相结合的方法,分析1964—2019年景观变化特征,探讨其景观演替规律及其自然和社会驱动机制,以及景观类型之间的互作机制。结果表明: 研究期间,皖记沟村由草地、耕地、沙地为主的景观结构演变为以草地、灌木林地、沙地、耕地为主的景观结构,由景观功能分离竞争向初步整合转变,形成了草地-耕地-沙地-灌木林地等确定的演替路径。景观演变的主要驱动机制是政策、人类需求和环境的综合作用。政策往往通过大型的、集中的人类活动促进景观发生改变,而环境通过生态系统内在驱动力,促使景观朝着与本底条件相适应的方向演替。景观演替的主要机理是土壤物理结构变化引起的土壤水分变化以及能适应新环境的植被变化。在资源密度较低的农牧交错带,景观功能分离是引起土地沙化的主要原因之一,景观功能的整合、协同大大缓解了生态恶化的局面。将景观分离竞争转化为景观共生,实现景观类型的互补乃至与外来资源的整合,是维持农牧交错带可持续发展的关键途径。     

Leaf anatomy and subgeneric affiliations of C3 and C4 species of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in North America

The halophytic genus Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) includes species with the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways. North American species of this genus were investigated to determine whether C3 and C4 leaf anatomy are consistent within the two sections of Suaeda, Chenopodina and Limbogermen, present on this continent. All species from section Chenopodina were found to possess C3 anatomy, whereas all species from section Limbogermen were found to be C4 species. Characteristics of leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure are similar to those reported from C3 and C4 species, respectively, from the Eastern Hemisphere. All species from section Limbogermen have the suaedoid type of leaf anatomy, characterized by differentiation of the mesophyll into palisade parenchyma and a chlorenchymatous sheath surrounding central water-storage tissue, as well as leaf carbon isotope ratios (_13C) of above -20. All species from section Chenopodina have austrobassioid leaf anatomy without a chlorenchymatous sheath and _13C values of below -20. According to our literature review, the photosynthetic pathway has now been reported for about half (44) of the Suaeda species worldwide. The C3 and C4 photosynthetic syndromes are with few exceptions distributed along sectional or subsectional lines. These findings throw new light on the infrageneric taxonomy of this genus.     

基于SEBAL模型的西北农牧交错带生长季蒸散发估算及变化特征分析

蒸散发是土壤-植被-大气系统中水循环和能量交换的主要组成部分,准确估算区域蒸散发对农业用水调度与水资源的管理至关重要。利用MODIS数据产品结合地面气象站的观测资料,基于能量平衡原理建立的SEBAL(Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land)模型对西北农牧交错带2015年生长季(4—10月)的地表蒸散发量进行反演研究,并用Penman-Monteith(P-M)公式结合作物系数对模型的估算结果进行对比,结果表明:SEBAL模型估算结果与P-M公式之间的平均绝对误差为0.79mm/d,均方根误差为0.94mm/d,R²=0.76,整体反演值偏高,但基本能满足本地区的研究需求。生长季区域日均蒸散发的变化范围为0.12—10.66mm/d,日蒸散量均值为4.31mm/d,呈东北、西南部较高,西部偏低的空间分布特征。将蒸散发估算值与地表特征参数统计分析发现蒸散发与NDVI和地表净辐射之间呈正相关,与地表温度和地表反照率之间呈负相关;不同土地利用/覆被类型的日蒸散发量由大到小依次为:耕地、林地、未利用地与草地。