无刺蜂蜂胶化学成分及生物学活性的研究进展

无刺蜂蜂胶化学组成复杂,具有丰富而突出的生物学活性,但目前有关其研究相对较少。本文以国内外研究文献为基础,系统归纳了无刺蜂蜂胶已探明的包括35种黄酮类、13种酚酸类和53种萜烯类化合物在内的主要化学成分,并阐述了其在抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌等方面的生物学活性,以期为无刺蜂蜂胶化学标准化及质量控制的研究提供依据,并为全面评价无刺蜂蜂胶的药用价值及其开发利用提供参考。     

哈茎蜂族二新属三新种（膜翅目：茎蜂科）

本文是中国茎蜂科昆虫系统分类研究之七,报道中国茎蜂科哈茎蜂族昆虫２新属３新种;兰胸柄腹茎蜂,长鞘大茎蜂,无目无刺茎蜂,无刺茎蜂属系一罕见属,是中国新纪录属。     

栗喉蜂虎（Merops philippinus）繁殖生态的研究进展

栗喉蜂虎（Merops philippinus）属于蜂虎科蜂虎属鸟类,被列入《国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录》。从栗喉蜂虎的捕食、营巢行为与巢洞特征等方面进行综述,对以往研究结果中的不同观点进行讨论,并对未来的研究进行展望和建议。由于栗喉蜂虎具有集群凿洞的营巢行为,特别有利于验证生物学中的自私牧群原理,研究不同巢位洞穴的繁殖成效随时间和空间的变化,以及揭示天敌捕食压力对栗喉蜂虎选择单独或集群营巢策略的影响。     

蜜蜂杀敌新手段:围裹天敌并令其窒息而死

欧洲研究人员最新发现，蜜蜂能够围裹天敌并令其窒息而死。 该研究成果表明，蜜蜂有3种杀敌方式：等同于自杀式攻击的蜇刺；形成蜂团围裹以体温将目标热死；形成蜂团围裹闷死天敌。研究人员将蜜蜂的这种防御战略，称作‘闷杀蜂团’，据称塞浦路斯蜜蜂就是这样包围黄蜂并把后者闷死的。     

介绍几种有毒刺的蜂类

有毒刺的蜂类是指腹部末端生有毒腺，并有与之相连的螫刺的蜂类；这样的蜂类多能通过螫刺伤人，把毒腺内的毒液注入人体；引起局部红肿，有烧灼感等不适，对蜂毒过敏的人可引起过敏休克，甚至死亡。所以有毒刺的蜂类除蜜蜂外多为害虫。我国有毒刺的蜂类主要有蜜蜂（中华蜜蜂，A户。sce。naFabridu）、意蜂（意大利蜂A户Smel扛h。Linnaeus）、马蜂（长脚黄蜂，PolistesyokohamaeRad）、胡蜂（黄唇螺赢蜂，Rhynchi－umb。neumFabr。c。us）、华黄蜂（Polisteschi－nens。sSauss）、斑胡蜂（Vespamanda。maSin．）、大斑土蜂（Scoliacb户…     

中国具刺甲盖茧蜂属一新种(膜翅目:茧蜂科)(英文)

中华具刺甲盖茧蜂Physaraiasinensissp．nov，新种与苏门答腊具刺甲盖茧蜂Physaraiasumatrana（Enderlein）相似，正模♀，周至宏于1981年10月31日采自广西罗城龙岸，正模存放在湖南农业大学昆虫标本室，副模存放在英国自然历史博物馆。     

蜂毒过敏原磷脂酶A2

蜂毒 (ｂｅｅｖｅｎｏｍ)是由工蜂毒腺和副腺分泌的、具有芳香气味的一种透明液体 ,贮藏在毒囊中 ,在蜜蜂蛰刺时由蛰针排出[1] 。蜂毒具有抗菌、消炎、镇痛、降血压、抗辐射、预防癌症等药理作用 ,可用于治疗风湿性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、哮喘、神经痛等多种疑难杂症。目前世界上许多国家都已开展蜂针疗法 ,并有各种类型的蜂毒软膏和针剂生产。但由于蜂毒易使人产生过敏反应 ,致使蜂针疗法不能得到广泛推广。鉴于这一点 ,国内外许多学者对主要引起人类过敏的蜂毒组分———磷脂酶Ａ2 (ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐａｓｅＡ2 )进行了研究 ,并且取…     

苹果绵蚜密度及聚集度对日光蜂寄生作用的影响

苹果绵蚜日光蜂(Aphelinus mali Hald.)是苹果绵蚜的主要寄生蜂。1879年L.O.Howard首次发现了这种寄生蜂。此后,国内外对其生物学特性、杂交育种及在生物防治中的应用作了大量研究。利用日光蜂防治苹果绵蚜的效果一方面取决于它的生物学和生态学特性。日光蜂世代历期、食性范围、寄生时期和绵蚜活动时期的重叠度、日光蜂自然增长率、日光蜂自身密度和环境适应能力等都会影响它的寄生效果。     

侧沟茧蜂触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

扫描电镜观察表明:侧沟茧蜂Microplitis sp.的触角上存在5种感觉器,分别为毛状感觉器A型、B型、C型,槽状感觉器,锥形乳头状感觉器,刺形感觉器和钟形感觉器.对触角感觉器的形态和分布进行了描述,并对两性间的差别进行了讨论,为研究该蜂寻找生境和寄生行为提供依据.     

入侵植物黄花刺茄在新疆不同生境中的繁殖特性

外来植物的入侵与其繁殖特性密切相关,比较外来植物在不同生境中的繁殖特性将为揭示其入侵的最适生境及其入侵机制并制定合理的管理策略提供理论依据。黄花刺茄(Solanum rostratum)是一种原产新热带区和美国西南部、仅进行有性繁殖的一年生杂草,已在中国新疆等7个省/市成功入侵。本文对黄花刺茄在新疆绿洲、荒漠草原和砾质荒漠中的有性繁殖特性进行了研究,旨在比较该物种在不同生境中的繁殖能力,明确其在新疆入侵的最适生境。结果表明:(1)黄花刺茄单花开放持续时间为27–47 h。3种生境中植株每天开花时间和单花开放持续时间基本相同,但开花数/株表现为绿洲>荒漠草原>砾石荒漠,生境间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。(2)3种生境中黄花刺茄的传粉昆虫均为四条隧蜂(Halictus quadricinctus)、隧蜂(Halictus sp.)和扁柄木蜂(Xylocopa latipes),且均为蜂振传粉。其中,扁柄木蜂的访花次数极少。(3)3种生境中传粉昆虫的总访花频率表现为绿洲>荒漠草原>砾石荒漠,彼此间均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。四条隧蜂喜好低温高湿环境,而隧蜂偏好高温低湿环境,四条隧蜂的日访花高峰期早于隧蜂。(4)3种生境中黄花刺茄的结实数/株、结籽数/果实、结籽数/株及种子千粒重表现为绿洲>荒漠草原>砾石荒漠,且结实数/株与开花数/株及传粉昆虫的总访花频率均呈极显著正相关,结籽数/果实和结籽数/株与总访花频率均呈显著正相关。这些结果说明:在新疆干旱区,绿洲是黄花刺茄入侵的最适生境。黄花刺茄在绿洲中可获得较多的资源,形成较多的花以吸引更多的传粉昆虫,并产生较多且千粒重较大的种子。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.