红瓜叶营养成分及作为野生蔬菜的评价

分析了红瓜(Coccinia gradis)嫩茎叶的矿物质、微量元素、蛋白质、氨基酸和维生素含量,并与常用7种栽培蔬菜的含量进行了比较。结果发现,红瓜嫩茎叶中矿物质K、P(除芹菜),微量元素Fe、Mg(除蕹菜)、Se和Zn的含量均高于7种蔬菜。红瓜嫩叶中硫氨素、核黄素和尼克酸含量远高于对照的7种栽培蔬菜。采用模糊识别法和氨基酸系数比值法,分别以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准蛋白,以WHO／FAO必需氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对红瓜嫩茎叶中蛋白质营养价值进行了评价,并与7种栽培蔬菜蛋白质进行对照比较。结果表明红瓜嫩茎叶蛋白质含量为2．1％(鲜重),蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全,氨基酸含量93．8％,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的42％,第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸(Met Cys)。红瓜嫩茎叶蛋白质中必需氨基酸贴近度(以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准)0．8070,氨基酸比值系数分(以WHO／FAO必需氨基酸参考模式)71．946,均高于对照的7种栽培蔬菜。     

Nutritional characterization of some tropical urban market crop wastes

Market crop wastes of banana (Musa acuminata) leaves and pseudo-stem sheaths, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) vines and Solanum aethiopicum (traditionally known as nakati) were collected from three major markets in Kampala (Uganda). The wastes were evaluated for chemical composition during the dry and wet seasons, rumen degradation using three cannulated indigenous mature ewes, and digestibility using 12 indigenous intact growing male goats, 4–6 months old and weighing 15.8 kg (S.D. 2.1). The goats in the digestibility study were kept in metabolism cages and fed the wastes as sole diets, either fresh or wilted.

Mean dry matter (DM) content was 97, 121, 197 and 216 g/kg for pseudo-stem sheaths, nakati, sweet potato vines and banana leaves, respectively. Crude protein (CP) was 34, 109, 112 and 114 g/kg DM for pseudo-stem sheaths, banana leaves, sweet potato vines and nakati, respectively. The chemical composition was similar among seasons and markets for the banana based wastes. However, for sweet potato vines and nakati, the wet season wastes had significantly higher CP and lower NDFom and ADFom. Chemical composition was different (P<0.05) among the markets for nakati. Effective degradability differed (P<0.05) between the wastes, averaging 0.43 (banana leaves), 0.47 (pseudo-stem sheaths) and 0.56 (nakati) to 0.69 g/g DM incubated (sweet potato vines). DM intake, N retention and digestibility were not significantly affected by wilting. Average DM intake was 176, 270 and 559 g/day; CP intake was 26, 30 and 63 g/day, while metabolizable energy (ME) intake was 1.3, 1.7 and 5.1 MJ/day for nakati, banana leaves and sweet potato vines, respectively. N retention (as a fraction of N intake) was −0.51 (banana leaves), 0.62 (nakati) and 0.39 (sweet potato vines). The organic matter (OM) and CP digestibilities of banana leaves were low, averaging 0.52 and 0.49, respectively. The high moisture content of nakati wastes resulted in low intake, whereas banana leaves had a low degradation rate and a low N retention. Market sweet potato vine wastes were sufficient to provide the CP and ME required by growing goats under tropical conditions.     

基因表达系列分析技术在动物科学中的研究进展

基因表达系列分析（serialanalysisofgeneexpression,SAGE）是一种快速分析特定组织或细胞内基因表达信息的技术,不但可以比较不同组织细胞在不同时间、空间条件下基因表达的差异,还能发现新基因。近几年来,SAGE技术在动物基因表达研究中的应用取得了飞速发展。就SAGE技术的原理、实验路线、优缺点和改进以及SAGE在动物科学研究中的研究现状及应用前景作一简要介绍。     

Nutritional ecology of dimorphic herbivores: digestion and passage rates in Nubian ibex

We compared forage digestion and passage rates among three groups of Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) — mature males, non-lactating females, and lactating females — to test hypotheses relating intraspecific digestive ability to body mass and reproduction costs. We hypothesized that large males (60 kg) would exhibit longer forage retention times and more complete digestion of fermentable cell walls than adult females (23 kg). We tested these predictions by measuring digestion and retention of a grass hay and an alfalfa hay, forages that exhibited contrasting rates and extents of cell wall digestion. Consistent with predictions, males retained both forages longer than non-lactating females. However, by substantially increasing gut fill, lactating females increased both intake and retention time with respect to non-lactating females. Contrary to predictions, all three groups digested the grass (66% digestible) and alfalfa hay (63%) equally well. Alfalfa cell wall was less digestible than that of grass hay (60% vs 69% digestible), and retention time of alfalfa was consistently, but not statistically significantly, shorter. Fiber digestion was not correlated with retention time, emphasizing the ability of behavioral processes to modify digestion rate. We postulate that females achieved their greater digestion rate by masticating forages much more thoroughly than males.     

Establishing a feed value for moulded hay

Fungal invasion in forage materials can occur during plant growth, harvest or storage. End products generated from this activity include fungal biomass, mycotoxin, and fruiting body or spore formation. Spores are predominantly produced by the thermotolerant organisms during storage. Mycotoxin production is observed for forage stored at moisture levels greater than 35%; however, there is little evidence that mycotoxins will occur in hay stored at moisture levels lower than 30%. Hay exposed to precipitation for more than 1 year has not received adequate attention regarding the potential for mycotoxin content.

Fungal biomass (a combination of viable and non-viable mycelia and spores) accumulation was evaluated relative to palatability, intake, digestibility and rumen function. Given a choice, animals will select hay with low levels of fungal biomass contamination. However, results from four studies with growing animals in which hay was offered as the sole feedstuff indicate that intake is determined by the nutrient characteristics of the feedstuff and is not depressed due to presence of mould. Fed as long hay, dry matter digestibility of moulded hay does not differ from clean hay of a similar nutrient profile. Digestibility differences for these hays may become more apparent when chopped. A possible rational may be that the actions of fungal invasion reduce integrity of the forage, causing particle size reduction to be greater when processed. Rumen function does not appear to be impaired when moulded hay is fed.     

Proteomic technologies in modern biomedical science

This review highlights modern technologies employed in proteomics. Methods of sample preparations are discussed with special emphasis on the requirements for preparation of biological material, which may seriously influence the results of proteomic studies. Methods of solubilization, electrophoresis, chromatographic protein separation, and visualization of protein spots in gels are described. Modern methods of mass spectrometry used in proteomic studies include combination of protein chips with mass spectrometry. The review also describes approaches of functional proteomics, i.e., interactomics, and also bioinformatic resources used in proteomics for image analysis of 2D-gel-electrophoresis and for identification of protein sequences by mass spectra.     

Citation decay in animal science

The half-life of literature in animal science is about 5–6 years, which is short in comparison to many other fields of scientific research. Only about 10% of the citations in animal-science articles refer to articles which were published more than 20 years before the appearance of the papers which cite them. Probably only a small proportion of the older works cited deserve to be called classics. Historical reviews of literature in scientific specialisations are likely to recover many still useful data and ideas.     

Novel GM animal technologies and their governance

Scientific advances in methods of producing genetically modified (GM) animals continue, yet few such animals have reached commercial production. Existing regulations designed for early techniques of genetic modification pose formidable barriers to commercial applications. Radically improved techniques for producing GM animals invite a re-examination of current regulatory regimes. We critically examine current GM animal regulations, with a particular focus on the European Union, through a framework that recognises the importance of interactions among regulatory regimes, innovation outcomes and industry sectors. The current focus on the regulation of risk is necessary but is unable to discriminate among applications and tends to close down broad areas of application rather than facilitate innovation and positive industry interactions. Furthermore, the fields of innovative animal biosciences appear to lack networks of organisations with co-ordinated future oriented actions. Such networks could drive coherent programmes of innovation towards particular visions and contribute actively to the development of regulatory systems for GM animals. The analysis presented makes the case for regulatory consideration of each animal bioscience related innovation on the basis of the nature of the product itself and not the process by which it was developed.     

樱桃李与蓝莓果的营养价值

本文论述了野樱桃李、蓝莓果的营养成分,比较它们的共同点和某些差异,对其营养价值作了简要评述,为开发利用野樱桃李植物资源提供参考资料.     

Bio-processing of agro-byproducts to animal feed

Agricultural and food-industry residues constitute a major proportion (almost 30%) of worldwide agricultural production. These wastes mainly comprise lignocellulosic materials, fruit and vegetable wastes, sugar-industry wastes as well as animal and fisheries refuse and byproducts. Agro-residues are rich in many bioactive and nutraceutical compounds, such as polyphenolics, carotenoids and dietary fiber among others. Agro residues are a major valuable biomass and present potential solutions to problems of animal nutrition and the worldwide supply of protein and calories, if appropriate technologies can be used for their valorization by nutrient enrichment. Technologies available for protein enrichment of these wastes include solid substrate fermentation, ensiling, and high solid or slurry processes. Technologies to be developed for the reprocessing of these wastes need to take account of the peculiarities of individual wastes and the environment in which they are generated, reprocessed, and used. In particular, such technologies need to deliver products that are safe, not just for animal feed use, but also from the perspective of human feeding. This review focuses on the major current applications of solid-state fermentation in relation to the feed sector.     

Farm animal embryo technologies: achievements and perspectives

Progress and changes in embryo technology in farm animals are briefly reviewed in terms of how well embryos can be made and used and what the subject has taught us about the maintenance of pregnancy and reproduction in general. Generalizations are made about the need to not accept dogma, how initially complex techniques always become simplified and thereby more applicable, and the need for the support of long-term and basic research. Personal views are offered on how best to prepare and motivate the next generation of scientists in the field, and the need for scientists to engage in the debate of how embryo technologies should be used responsibly in countering global inequalities.     

红枣的营养成分及其保健功能

主要介绍红枣含有丰富的营养物质及生物活性成分,具有抗衰老作用、姗样作用、抗变态反应、抗肿瘤作用、免疫增强作用、增强肌肉力量、抗疲劳、保护肝脏、降压、镇静安神、抗惊厥等保健作用。     

Effect of PEG and olive cake feed blocks supply on feed intake, digestion, and health of goats given kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) foliage

Four groups of four Alpine × local male goats (20-month-old), each on kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) foliage were used to investigate nutrient intake and utilisation, blood metabolites and clinical parameters when supplemented with polyethylene-containing and polyethylene-free feed blocks and with polyethylene glycol (PEG, molecular weight 4000). PEG was used to neutralise tannins. The composition (g/kg DM) of feed blocks (B and B_PEG, respectively) was: olive cake (367 and 331), cactus fruit (90 and 80), wheat bran (243 and 218), quicklime (154 and 139), urea (73 and 66), salt (73 and 66) and PEG (0 and 100). Group 1 was not supplemented (control) and group 2 was supplemented with feed blocks (B). PEG-containing feed blocks were fed to goats in group 3 (B_PEG). The fourth group received feed blocks and PEG separately, i.e. mixed with 5 g processed barley (B+PEG). The amount of PEG distributed to the latter group was calculated so that goats supplemented with B_PEG or B+PEG consume the same amount of PEG. Animals were adapted on experimental diets for 21 days before starting a 6-day-faecal collection period. The nutritive value of kermes oak foliage was low due mainly to high levels of phenolic compounds particularly lignin (236 g/kg DM) and tannins (34.8 g equivalent tannic acid/kg DM) and low concentration of crude protein (62 g/kg DM). Accordingly, dry matter intake (34.8 g/kg W^0.75) and apparent digestibility of DM (0.527), CP (0.332) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF, 0.429) were low in goats fed on this shrub species as a sole diet. Although DM intake of feed blocks was low (113 g per day), supplementation of PEG-free blocks almost doubled consumption of kermes oak (61.2 g/kg W^0.75) and intakes of digestible organic matter and CP increased from 17.4 and 1.0 g/W^0.75, respectively, to 46.6 and 33.0 g/W^0.75. Further improvement of these parameters was not observed by incorporation of PEG in block or by PEG supply along with the block (B_PEG and B+PEG versus B, P>0.05). Irrespective of dietary treatments, blood metabolites, i.e. glucose, urea, total proteins, albumin, creatinine, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were within the normal range for local goats. Feed blocks increased serum urea (P<0.05), probably as consequence of improved N value of the diet. Biochemical parameters and clinical signs suggested a partial intoxication of goats solely on kermes oak. Supplementation with feed blocks with or without PEG improved cardiac, respiratory and rumen contraction frequencies and raised body temperature to the normal value (37 °C). Olive cake-based feed block enriched with squeezed cactus fruits was found to be a cost effective supplement to substantially improve the nutritive value of kermes oak-based diet and to maintain healthy goats.     

Digestibility of phosphorous in cereals and co-products for animal feed

Feed ingredients used in swine diets contain various levels and availabilities of nutrients. Nutritional precision evaluation of each ingredient is necessary for formulating diets of pigs. Especially, phosphorous (P) is one of important nutrients for metabolism. However, current data of P digestibility were most apparent digestibility. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate the coefficient of total tract standardized digestibility (CTTSD) of P in cereals and various co-products used in pig diet. Twelve barrows (initial BW?±?SD, 46.70?±?3.21?kg) were used in this experiment. The experimental design was a 12?×?8 incomplete Latin square with 12 diets and 8 periods. Experimental diets were consisted of barley, wheat, lupine kernel (LK), soybean meal (SBM), almond meal (AM), corn gluten meal (CGM), corn gluten feed from China (CGF-C), corn gluten feed from Korea (CGF-C), wheat bran (WB), rice bran (RB), lupine hull (LH) and P-free diet. The CTTAD of Ca was higher in AM than RB and CGF-K. The LK and CGM showed greater CTTSD of P than RB and LH. In conclusion, our results indicated that the cereals and co-products as P sources were the ideally used as an ingredient in mixed diets of the growing-finishing pigs.