刻叶紫堇的生物碱成分分析

Thirteen alkaloid compounds isolated from whole plant of Corydalis incisa （Thunb.）Pers. were identified. These compounds are （＋）-14-epieorynoline （Ⅰ）, N-trans-feruloyltyramine （Ⅱ）, corynoline （Ⅲ）, acetylcorynoline （Ⅳ）, corynoloxine （Ⅴ）, protopine （Ⅵ）, corycavine （Ⅶ）, （＋）-corytuberine （Ⅷ）, corydamine （Ⅸ）, corysamine（Ⅹ）, eoptisine （Ⅺ）, dehydroeheilanthifoline （Ⅻ） and 12-hydroxycorynoline （ⅩⅢ）. Compound Ⅱ, Ⅷ and Ⅻ are obtained from C. incisa for the first time.     

Novel Neolignan from Penthorum chinense

A new neolignan （7＇E）-2＇,4,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-2,4＇-epoxy-8,5＇-neolign-7＇-en-7-one （1） was isolated from the whole plants of Penthorum chinense Pursh, along with Iupeol （2）, betulinic acid （3）, glyceryl monopalmitate （4）, β-sitosterol （5）, palmitic acid （5）, ursolic acid （7）, 2β,3β,23-trihydroxy-urs-12-ene-28-oic acid （8）, glyceryl monolaurate （9）, scopoletin （10）, （-）syringaresinol （11）, 9,9＇-O-diferuIoyl-（-）-secoisolariciresionl （12）, pinocembrin （13）, apigenin （14）, kaempferol （15）, Iuteolin （16）, β-daucosterol （17）, quercetin （18）, 1-O-（β-D-glucopyranosyl）-（2S, 2＇R, 3R,4E,8E）-2-（2＇-hydroxyhexadecanoy- lamino）-4,8-octdecadiene-1,3-diol （19）, gallic acid （20）, pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucoside （21）, and quercetin-3-O-β-D- glucoside （22）. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence.     

国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛理论试卷（四）参考答案

国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛理论试卷（四）参考答案１．Ｉ（０２）１（０５）２．Ｉ（０１）！（０１）巨（０４）３．１,２,４,５,８．９４１,３,４,５,８,ｇｓｔ！,４,５,８,９４．互（ｘ）巨（Ｖ）１（ｘ）５．（ｌ）０３（２）０５（３）０２（４）０８（５...     

Positive Periodic Solution for a Neutral Delay Model in Population

IIntroductionIn1993,KuangY［11gavetheopenp毗fern9．2：恤tainsufficientCOnditionsfortheeds－tenceofpO8ltlvependIc劝utionsinN”（t）＝N（t）［a（t）一B（t）N（）一b（t）N（t—r（t））－c（t）N”（t一巾》】（1）wherea（t）,尸（t）,b（t）,c（t）,,（t）are。＂negativecontinuouspo。odlcfunctionswithpenodT．Inthispaper,weconsideraspecialcasewheng（t）。0,b（t）＞0,c（t）。c,r（t）。,,i．e．O鹏idertheexlstenceOfp用tlvependicdutionsOftkforirlBynsf叩ofsomenewtechnicsandtoPOloglcaldeg…     

中立型时滞模型周期正解的一个充分条件

研究了一类中立型时滞模型：Ｎ’（ｔ）＝Ｎ（ｔ）「α（ｔ）－β（ｔ）Ｎ（ｔ）－ｂ（ｔ）Ｎ（ｔ－τ（ｔ））－ｃ（ｔ）Ｎ’（ｔ－τ（ｔ））」周期正解的存在性,其中α（ｔ）,β（ｔ）,ｂ（ｔ）,ｃ（ｔ）,τ（ｔ）是周期Ｔ的非负连续函数。一个新的充分条件被给出,这一结果肯定的回答了文「１」的分开问题９．２。     

窄叶鲜卑花的化学成分研究

从窄叶鲜卑花（Sibiraeaangustata（Rehd．）Hand-Mazz．）枝叶中分离得到7个结晶,经解析各种光谱数据,分别鉴定为：白桦脂醇（betulinol）（Ⅰ）、灵芝酸Z（ganoderiacidZ）（Ⅱ）、熊果酸（ursolicacid）（Ⅲ）、正三十烷醇（n－triacontanol）（Ⅳ）、正二十四烷酸（n-tetracosanoicacid）（Ⅴ）、二十九烷醇-10（10－nonacosanol）（Ⅵ）、二十二烷醇-10（10-docosanol（Ⅶ）.除熊果酸（Ⅲ）外,其它6个化合物均系首次从该植物中获得。     

Chemical Constituents of Phacellaria compressa Benth.

Two new compounds, 1-（3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl）-3-（3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl）-propane （1） and 5, 7, 3＇-trlmethyoxyflavan-4＇-O-β-D-glucopyranoslde （2） were Isolated from the ethanol extract of the dried aerial parts of Phacellarla compressa Benth., together with 2,3-bis[（4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl）-methyl]-1,4- butanedlol （3）, ethyl 3,4,5-trlhydroxybenzoate （4）, methyl 3, 4, 5-trlhydroxybenzoete （5）, β-sltoeterol （6）, 5, 7, 3＇, 4＇- tetrahydroxyfiavan （7）, lupeol （8）, zhebelreslnol （9）, quercetln-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoslde （10）, （＋）-cetechin （11）, betulln （12）, β-daucosterol （13）, （＋）-sydngareslnol （14）, scopoletln （15）, and proxlmadlol （16）. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectral evidence or by comparing them with authentic samples. Compound 9 showed α-amylase Inhibitory activity of 57.55% at a concentration of 50 μg/mL.     

广东土牛膝的化学成分

广东土牛膝为菊科泽兰属植物华泽兰（Eupatorium chinense）的干燥根。从其甲醇提取物中共分离得到11个化合物,其中eupatorinA（1）为一新化合物,经波谱学方法鉴定为（threo）-3-O-acetyl-1-（4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl）-2-[4-（3-hydroxy-1-（E）-propenyl）-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]propyl-β-D-glucopy-ranoside。已知化合物分别鉴定为（threo）-3-hydroxy-1-（4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl）-2-[4-（3-hydroxy-1-（E）-propenyl）-2,6-dimethoxyphenox-y]-propyl-β-D-glucopyranoside（2）,ardisiacrispinA（3）,ardisiac-rispinB（4）,euparone（5）,3-（2,3-dihydroxy-isopen-tyl）-4-hydroxyacetophenone（6）,12,13-di-hydroxy-euparin（7）,gymnastone（8）,N-（2′-hydroxy-tetracosanosyl）-2-amino-1,3,4-trihydroxy-octa-dec-8-（E）-ene（9）,stigmasterol（10）和stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（11）。化合物2-4为首次从菊科植物,5-8为首次从泽兰属植物中分离得到。     

假酸浆中新的醉茄内酯类化合物

从假酸浆（Nicandra physaloides）全草中分离得到12个化合物,其中两个为新的醉茄内酯类化合物,经波谱学方法将其结构鉴定为nicandrenone methyl ether （1） 和26S-nicandrenone methyl ether （2）;已知化合物为三个醉茄内酯,nicandrenone （3）,Nic-7 （4）,nicaphysalin E （5）,以及pinosylvin monomethyl ether （6）,2S-pinocembrin （7）,（1S, 2R）-1, 2-bis （4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl）-1, 3-propanediol （8）,vanillin （9）,indole-3-carboxylic acid （10）,vanillic acid （11） 和drummondol （12）。     

瑞香狼毒化学成分的研究北大核心CSCD

采用硅胶、反相RP．18、SephadexLH-20凝胶和制备HPLC色谱技术对瑞香狼毒（StellerachamaejasmeL．）根的化学成分进行分离和纯化。通过核磁、质谱等方法鉴定了其中18个化合物：去甲络石苷元（1）,异落叶松脂素（2）,（＋）-开环异落叶松树脂酚（3）,豆甾4．烯-3,6-二酮（4）,rel-（-）-（3R,3’R,4R,4’R）-6,6＇-dimethoxy-[3,3＇-blchroman]-4,4＇-diol（5）,methyl3-（2-hydroxy-4-（（7-hydmxy-6-methoxy-2-oxo-2H—ehromen-3-y1）oxy）phen-y1）pmpanoate（6）,狼毒素A（7）,异狼毒素B（8）,狼毒素B（9）,雁皮素A（10）,异雁皮素A（11）,狼毒色原酮（12）,mohsenone（13）,丁香酸（14）,二氢瑞香素乙（15）,西瑞香索（16）,β-谷甾醇（17）,3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸（18）。其中化合物1—6均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.