基于着生藻类的太子河流域水生态系统健康评价

本研究以辽宁省太子河流域为研究范例,调查了全流域范围内69个样点的着生藻类群落和水环境理化特征,并在此基础上应用硅藻生物评价指数(DBI)和生物完整性评价指数(P-IBI),同时结合栖息地环境质量评价指数(QHEI),对太子河流域水生态系统进行健康评价。结果表明,太子河流域着生藻类群落结构具有明显的空间异质性,CCA结果显示驱动着生藻类群落结构形成的水环境因子为电导率、总溶解固体和总氮。虽然DBI、P-IBI和QHEI在太子河流域某些河段上的评价结果有较大出入,但从全流域尺度上看,DBI、P-IBI和QHEI的评价结果基本一致,表现为太子河上游健康状况较好,中游健康状况一般,而下游健康状况较差。文中讨论了水环境理化因子与着生藻类群落结构的相互关系,并对比分析了DBI、P-IBI和QHEI这三种河流健康评价方法。     

基于周丛藻类的雅鲁藏布江流域水生态系统健康评价

为评估雅鲁藏布江流域水生态系统的健康状态, 研究于2013年10月、2014年4月和2014年7月, 在雅鲁藏布江流域干流及其4大支流上设置了26个采样点, 先对河流每个点位的海拔、坐标、河道底质类型及构成比例、河岸植被类型、水电工程等环境数据进行收集, 随后采集周丛藻类群落数据, 并在此基础上构建了周丛藻类生物完整性指数(P-IBI)评价指标体系, 结果显示: 调查期间, 雅鲁藏布江流域干支流共观察到周丛藻类7门10纲23目34科70属(种), 硅藻门(35.71%)、绿藻门(32.86%)和蓝藻门(20.00%)为前3个优势门类, 周丛藻类的优势种均属于硅藻门, 该水域属硅藻-绿藻-蓝藻型水体。周丛藻类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的变幅为4.84—9.41, Pielou均匀度指数的变幅为2.41—4.80, 则表明雅鲁藏布江流域整体为轻污型-清洁型水体。周丛藻类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数与P-IBI评价指标体系共同说明: 雅鲁藏布江流域干流上下游及其4大支流水生态系统的健康状态优于雅鲁藏布江流域干流中游的健康状态。研究雅鲁藏布江流域水生态系统周丛藻类的群落特征和水环境的健康状态, 一方面能为西藏土著鱼类食性、摄食机制等的研究提供饵料数据基础, 另一方面能对河流水生态系统的健康状况进行科学评价, 从而保障西藏水生态安全。     

新疆额尔齐斯河周丛藻类群落结构特征研究

周丛藻类是新疆跨境河流土著及特有鱼类重要的基础饵料资源, 然而在该地区有关周丛藻类的研究目前尚属空白。有鉴于此, 2012年7、8、10月对新疆跨境河流额尔齐斯河全流域的周丛藻类群落结构进行了系统的调查分析。结果表明, 周丛藻类隶属7门70属178种, 由硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门、裸藻门、黄藻门、金藻门和甲藻门组成, 其中硅藻门有92种并占据绝对优势(51.7%), 绿藻门49种(30.3%), 蓝藻门20种(11.8%), 裸藻门5种(2.8%), 黄藻门3种(1.7%), 金藻门2种(0.1%), 甲藻门仅1种(0.6%), 周丛藻类在不同月份的种类数存在显著差异(P 0.01)。优势种主要为硅藻门的嗜盐舟形藻(Navicula halophila)、钝脆杆藻(Fragilaria capucina Desm)、极小桥弯藻(Cymbella perpusilla Cl)以及蓝藻门的皮状席藻(Phormidium corium Gom)等。研究期间, 额尔齐斯河周丛藻类的密度和生物量的均值分别为1105.5106 ind./m2和2692.0 mg/m2, 不同月份间密度和生物量的分布差异不显著, 但在空间分布上整体趋势为中下游地区高于上游地区。水温和营养盐成为影响其分布的主要环境因子。Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数的平均值分别是0.38、3.04、0.66和2.55。运用多样性指数和藻类丰度对额尔齐斯河水质评价为轻度污染。       

汾河源头周丛藻类植物群落结构特征

基于对汾河源头流域周丛藻类植物群落进行的生态调查,共鉴定出周丛藻类植物24属47种,分别隶属于蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、红藻(Rhodophyta)、黄藻(Xanthophyta)、硅藻(Bacillariophyta)和绿藻(Chlorophyta)5个门。汾河源头流域的周丛藻类群落主要有5类,即颤藻群落(Oscillatoria community)、刚毛藻群落(Cladophora community)、无隔藻群落(Vaucheria community)、水绵-双星藻群落(Spirogyra-Zygnema community)和串珠藻群落(Batrachospermum community)。文章还对该地区的周丛藻类群落的种类组成、结构特征等进行了研究,分析了该流域中不同海拔梯度的变化对周丛藻类群落种类数的影响。结果表明海拔对周丛藻类植物的生长影响不明显,周丛藻类植物种数与水流速度之间存在负相关性。通过对周丛藻类植物种类组成、群落结构特征的研究,为汾河源头流域的环境保护和生物资源保护提供基础资料。     

Phytoperiphyton of the Samarga River basin (Primorskii Krai)

In the periphyton of the Samarga River basin, 313 species of algae (337, including infraspecific taxa) from eight divisions have been found. The groups of algae from the river main flow, creeks, streams, and the mouth are described. Data on the density and biomass of periphyton algae are presented. A decrease in these parameters after a flood is shown. In algal flora composition, benthic oligohalobic species of algae, preferring a slightly alkaline environment, dominate. At the river mouth a significant amount of mesohalobic species has been observed. A sanitary and biological evaluation of water quality has shown that the mass development of xenoand oligosaprobic algae defines the excellent quality of the river water. All parts of the main flow correspond to the oligosaprobic purification zone, class II of water purity (saprobic index of 0.95–1.48). The good quality of the Samarga River water is ensured by the absence of pollution sources and the satisfactory condition of its catchment area forests.     

浑河水系着生藻类的群落结构与生物完整性

以辽宁省浑河水系为研究范例,调查了全流域范围内62个样点的着生藻类群落和水环境理化特征,并应用着生藻类生物完整性评价指数(P-IBI),结合栖息地环境质量评价指数(QHEI),对浑河流域水生态系统进行健康评价.结果表明:浑河水系着生藻类群落结构具有明显的空间异质性,浑河水系的采样点可划分为4组(Group),不同组间的着生藻类群落结构、物种多度、密度和香农多样性指数均存在明显差异.典范对应分析(CCA)结果显示,驱动浑河着生藻类群落结构形成的水环境因子为铵氮( NH4+-N)和活性磷(PO43--P).P-IBI和QHEI在浑河水系某些河段上的评价结果有较大出入,但从全流域尺度上看,P-IBI和QHEI的评价结果基本一致,表现为浑河上游的苏子河健康状况较好,而上游的浑河以及中下游的浑河干流健康状况较差.     

Feeding habits of Schizothorax oconnori Lloyd, 1908 in the Yarlung Zangbo River,Tibet

Seasonal, ontogenetic and sexual feeding habits of Schizothorax oconnori in the Yarlung Zangbo River were studied using percentages by number, weight and index of relative importance (IRI). The Schoener overlap index was applied to compare diets related to season, fish size and sex. The feeding intensity exhibited seasonal trends, with a minimum food intake in summer. Overall, 103 prey taxa belonging to seven prey categories (diatoms, green algae, cyanophytes, other algae, small invertebrates, macroinvertebrates and remains) were identified in 136 guts. Highest feeding diversity and evenness were recorded in summer, while lowest values of both indices occurred in autumn. S. oconnori fed almost exclusively on periphyton. Diatoms were the most important prey in terms of number, weight and IRI, followed by macroinvertebrates; other prey were also occasionally ingested. S. oconnori is a generalized and opportunistic feeder relying upon a wide trophic spectrum, but mainly feeds on diatoms as they are the most prevalent periphyton. There were high diet overlaps among seasons, fish sizes and between sexes. S. oconnori showed no dietary preference for any of the other prey available in the periphyton community.     

应用生物完整性指数评价水生态系统健康的研究进展

生物完整性指数(IBI)法是评价水生态系统健康的一种重要且被广泛应用的方法.本文综述了生物完整性指数的指示物种选择原因、构建方法以及在水生态系统健康评价中的应用,并总结了现阶段生态系统评估常用的鱼类完整性指数（F_IBI）、底栖无脊椎动物完整性指数（B_IBI）和着生藻类完整性指数（P_IBI)中候选生物状况参数指标,提出了使用微生物完整性指数(M_IBI)评价水生态系统健康的可行性和必要性.     

Contrasting effects of an invasive crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) on two temperate stream communities

1. The effects of omnivorous exotic species on native communities are often difficult to predict because of the broad diets and behavioural flexibility of the omnivore, and the diverse abiotic and biotic characteristics of invaded systems. We investigated experimentally the effects of a gradient of density of the introduced, omnivorous red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Cambaridae) on two stream communities in southern California, U.S.A. 2. The Ventura River is a clear, flowing stream with a cobble substratum, with abundant algae but low densities of large invertebrates, small herbivores and snails. The Santa Ynez River at the time of the study consisted of a series of drying pools underlain by sand, with abundant charophytes, large predatory invertebrates and herbivores, including snails. 3. In the Ventura River, periphyton biomass and inorganic sediment decreased with increasing crayfish abundance, but in the Santa Ynez River, periphyton and sediment were unrelated to crayfish densities. 4. In the Ventura River, the biomass and density of all benthic invertebrates combined, chironomids, micropredators, the meiofauna (chydorid cladocerans, copepods and ostracods), and specific predatory and herbivorous taxa, as well as taxon richness, were negatively related to crayfish density. In the Santa Ynez River, the biomass and average body size of benthic invertebrates, predatory invertebrates, herbivores and chironomids, but not total invertebrate density or taxon richness, were negatively related to crayfish density. 5. Fewer large predatory invertebrates and snails (Physella gyrina) in both streams, and baetid mayflies in the Ventura River, were visible at night in channels where crayfish were abundant. Snails responded to crayfish by moving above the water line in the Santa Ynez River, but not in the Ventura River. 6. We suggest that the same omnivore had different effects on these neighbouring streams because of crayfish predation on large invertebrates in the Santa Ynez River and the scarcity of such prey in the Ventura River, leading to increased crayfish grazing on periphyton, and reductions in periphyton‐associated invertebrates, in the Ventura River.     

Periphyton community responses to elevated metal concentrations in a Rocky Mountain stream

The effects of elevated metals on stream periphyton in the Eagle River, a mining impacted river in central Colorado, were assessed in 1991 and 1992 using assemblage information (taxa richness, community similarity) and non-taxonomic measures (biomass, chlorophyll a, autotrophic index). The number of periphyton genera collected ranged from 2 at a site adjacent to abandoned mining operations to 21 at a downstream site, but was not significantly correlated with dissolved metals concentrations. Fragilaria and Achnanthes were the dominant genera at all sites, with Fragilaria dominating the less impacted sites and Achnanthesdominating at the more impacted sites. Taxonomic similarity was greatest among those sites receiving the greatest inputs of metals from mining operations, where the coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.87 to 0.99. Cluster analyses revealed significant differences among sites adjacent to the mine and either the upstream or downstream sites. Chlorophyll a content of periphyton and the autotrophic index in both years showed significant downstream decreases associated with increasing dissolved metals concentrations. Overall, the periphyton community data were able to separate metal contaminated sites from reference or less impacted sites, and responded in predictable ways to increasing metal concentrations of Eagle River water.     

Seasonal variations of metal concentrations in periphyton and taxonomic composition of the algal community at a Yenisei River littoral site

The concentrations of metals K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co and Cr, in the water and periphyton (epilithic algal communities) were studied at a site in the middle stream of the Yenisei River (Siberia, Russia) during three years using monthly sampling frequencies. Despite considerable seasonal variations in aquatic concentrations of some metals, there was no correlation between metal contents in the water and in periphyton. Seasonal concentration variations of some metals in periphyton were related to the species (taxonomic) composition of periphytic microalgae and cyanobacteria. Enhanced levels of Ni and Co in periphyton in late autumn, winter, and early spring were likely caused by the predominance of cyanobacteria in the periphytic community, and annual maximum levels of K in periphyton in late spring and early summer were attributed to the domination of Chlorophyta, primarily Ulothrix zonata.     

拉萨河下游周丛藻类群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为探究西藏拉萨河下游周丛藻类群落结构时空特征及其驱动因子分析,研究于2018年2月(枯水期)、6月(平水期)、9月(丰水期)采用人工基质法对拉萨河下游进行3次周丛藻类群落结构调查。调查结果显示拉萨河下游共有周丛藻类7门53属104种,优势度≥0.02的藻类有28种,全部隶属于硅藻门。其中肘状针杆藻(Synedra ulna)、长等片藻(Diatom aelongatum)和中型脆杆藻(Fragilaria intermedia)为前三优势种。拉萨河下游周丛藻类年平均生物量为0.047 mg/cm²,其中曲水县平均生物量最高(0.121 mg/cm²),其次为尼玛江热乡(0.052 mg/cm²)和拉萨市(0.04 mg/cm²),墨竹工卡县平均生物量最低(0.015 mg/cm²)。拉萨河下游周丛藻类生物量空间分布为:曲水县>尼玛江热乡>拉萨市>阿朗乡>扎雪乡>达孜县>墨竹工卡县;拉萨河下游周丛藻类丰度时间分布为:平水期>丰水期>...     

Species Diversity of Periphyton Communities in the Littoral of a Temperate Lake

Species diversity of littoral periphyton sampled from Elk Lake (B. C., Canada) was dependent on station location and period of substrate exposure. Site differences were not statistically related to physico-chemical variables. However, diversity was negatively correlated with age of the communities and standing crop, and appeared to be associated with biological interaction or competition for available substrate surface. Further investigation revealed that the Shannon-Weaver index, as commonly applied, was inappropriate for data summarization since it reflected only the changes in evenness of the most abundant species. Components of the diversity index, as illustrated by the periphyton, were discussed.     

用藻类监测和评价图们江的水污染

在图们江上、中游进行了人工基质着生藻类调查和室内栅藻检测,以监测和评价水污染状况。在所采用的野外监测指标中,以着生藻类总数与污染程度的关系最为明显。为便于比较和综合,采用了相对藻类总数(PN) 根据调查结果,提出了可作为图们江污染的指示种类。多样性指数与污染的关系,因受到其他非污染因子的影响,并不稳定。研究结果表明:图们江的主要污染源是尾矿废水(悬浮物)和纸浆废水(悬浮物、色度和有毒物质)。最严重污染江段为菜队到图们江段,次之为南坪江段。       

三峡库区古夫河着生藻类分布与水质因子的关系

于2010年12月至2011年12月,对位于长江三峡库区内的湖北省兴山县古夫河着生的藻类和水体共采样10次,共鉴定出着生藻类28属,检测水质指标12项。对水质变量进行因子分析,根据特征值大于1的原则选取4个主成分,第一主成分主要代表总氮（TN）和硝酸盐氮（NO3--N）,第二主成分主要代表pH和化学需氧量（CODCr）,第三主成分主要代表磷酸盐磷（PO34--P）、总磷（TP）和氨氮（NH4＋-N）,第四主成分主要代表电导率（Cond）和总有机碳（TOC）。将提取的9项主要水质因子与着生藻类重要属进行典型对应分析（CCA）,结果可见,古夫河主要水质因子与着生藻类类群分布相关性大小为：CODCr〉pH〉TN〉NO3--N〉TOC〉TP〉PO34--P〉Cond〉NH4＋-N。Monte Carlo显著性检验表明,CODCr和pH对古夫河着生藻类物种组成及空间分布的影响最大,其次为TN、NO3--N和TOC。pH与CODCr呈极强的负相关关系,古夫河着生藻类大多数类群均与CODCr表现出正相关关系,仅胶毛藻属（Chaetophora）倾向低CODcr和偏碱性的环境。TN和NO3--N有很强正相关性,而两者均与TOC有强负相关,它们将古夫河着生藻类大体上分为两类,即亲碳元素的类群和亲氮元素的类群。TP通常是河流生态系统中的限制性营养因子,但在古夫河流域中并不是影响着生藻类物种分布的主要水质因子。     

New Record of Red Alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thorea Hispida</Emphasis> (Thore) Desv. (Rhodophyta) in Moscow River,Russia

In Moscow oblast, Thorea hispida (Thore) Desv. was first recorded at the beginning of the 20th century. Subsequently, T. hispida was found in 2004 in Moscow River within the territory of Moscow, where it still occurs. This species is included in the Red List of the Russian Federation, the Red List of Moscow oblast, and the Red Lists of some European countries. The new data on the distribution of T. hispida in Moscow River is presented in the paper, and some problems concerning the morphology and conservation status of this species are discussed.     

Periphyton density is similar on native and non‐native plant species

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空间层次及人工基质对着生藻类建群特性的影响

为全面了解着生藻类在建群中群落变化的生态学特性,揭示着生藻类的建群规律,在以丝状藻类为优势藻的生态塘中,采用花岗岩和瓷砖为附着材料,设置水体底部和中部为附着位点,进行频次为10d的采样分析。结果表明,生态塘中共检出8门73属117种着生藻类,其中以硅藻、蓝藻、绿藻为优势类群。同时不同人工基质和不同空间层次条件下着生藻类的建群特征较一致,早期以单细胞硅藻如舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、脆杆藻(Fragilaria sp.)、曲壳藻(Achnanthes sp.)等为优势,后期以丝状藻类如鞘丝藻(Lyngbya sp.)、颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)、伪鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena sp.)等为优势;研究结果发现不同人工基质(花岗岩和瓷砖)对着生藻类的种类组成、细胞密度、生物量和藻类多样性无显著影响,花岗岩和瓷砖上附着的着生藻类具有较高的相似性;但不同的空间层次对着生藻类建群特征影响明显,水体底部具有更多的硅藻种类数,中部具有更多的绿藻,随着建群时间的发展,蓝藻比例不断增加;就生物量而言,底部的着生藻类叶绿素a显著高于水体中部,但两者的细胞密度无显著性差异;随着建群过程的发展,水体底部的着生藻类生物量达峰值所需的时间比中部更长。通过相关性分析,生态塘中着生藻类的生长主要受总磷的影响。     

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF PERIPHYTON ASSEMBLAGES IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN COLORADO ROCKY MOUNTAIN STREAMS 1

We assessed relationships between chemical and physical characteristics and periphyton assemblages in stream reaches of the mineral belt in the Southern Rockies ecoregion of Colorado, United States. Using canonical ordination analyses, we contrasted results wherein assemblage structure was assessed using community metrics or species abundances. Our objectives were to identify community metrics or individual species diagnostic of the primary environmental stressors in these streams, to compare the sensitivity of these two approaches to determining the primary stressors, and to determine how these approaches may be used to differentiate the effects of these environmental stressors from other gradients. For periphyton metrics, the first axis extracted by redundancy analysis correlated with total phosphorus, substrate coarseness and embeddedness, and riparian vegetation condition, whereas the second axis correlated with dissolved metals. For species abundances, the three axes extracted by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were correlated with (1) stream size and types of in‐stream habitats; (2) total phosphorus, dissolved ions, and riparian disturbance by agriculture; and (3) sediment coarseness and embeddedness and riparian vegetation condition. Concentrations of dissolved metals were not correlated with the CCA axes. Analyses of species abundances were sensitive to effects associated with nutrients, substrates, and riparian vegetation, whereas analyses of periphyton metrics were sensitive not only to these nutrient and physical habitat effects but also to toxicological effects associated with metals. As a result, the analyses of periphyton metrics may be used to identify which metrics would be useful for a periphyton index of biotic integrity and would also be individually diagnostic of the larger scale stressors in these streams, nutrient, substrate, and riparian vegetation effects of livestock grazing and increased metal concentrations associated with metal mining.     

Phosphatase activity as an early warning indicator of wetland eutrophication: problems and prospects

A phosphorus (P) loading experiment conducted in the oligotrophic P-limited Everglades was used to assess the utility of phosphatase activity (PA) of periphyton as an early warning (EW) indicator of wetland eutrophication. Phosphorus loads of 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 12.8 g P m^–2 yr^–1 were applied to mesocosms placed in a slough community consisting of Cladium jamaicense Crantz, Eleocharis spp. and calcareous periphyton mats. Phosphatase activity, expressed on a biomass-specific basis, was not a sensitive indicator of P enrichment for epiphytic periphyton growing on acrylic dowels or floating mat periphyton. However, surface-area-specific PA was a sensitive indicator of P enrichment, responding within 2–3 weeks of the initiation of dosing. Surface-area-specific PA of unenriched periphyton ranged from 0.42 to 0.7 nmol cm^–2 min^–1, while PA of periphyton growing in the highest load (12.8 g P m^–2 yr^–1), ranged from 0.11 to 0.29 nmol cm^–2 min^–1. Conclusions drawn from PA analyses were consistent with those obtained from periphyton primary productivity and P content. Phosphatase activity is a potentially valuable EW indicator when used in conjunction with other complementary indicators.